Design and Synthesis of Novel 5-Arylisoxazole-1,3,4-thiadiazole Hybrids as α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

Synthesis, α-Glucosidase, α-Amylase, and Aldol Reductase Inhibitory Activity with Molecular Docking Study of Novel Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine Derivatives

Inhibition ofaldose reductase (AR), α-glycosidase (α-GLY), and α-amylase (α-AMY) are some of the essential targets in diabetes mellitus (DM). Here, a series of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-based 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives (8a-k) were successfully synthesized and characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS spectroscopic techniques. The inhibition effects of the synthesized derivatives against AR, α-GLY, and α-AMY were evaluated using both in vitro and in silico methods. In vitro studies revealed that the derivatives (8a-k) showed significant inhibition activity. The results showed that the novel derivatives (8a-k) demonstrated potential inhibitory activity, with K I values covering the following ranges: 23.47 ± 2.40 to 139.60 ± 13.33 nM for AR and 6.09 ± 0.37 to 119.80 ± 12.31 μM for α-GLY, with IC50 values 81.14 to 153.51 μM for α-AMY. Furthermore, many of these compounds exhibited high inhibition activity, while some of them showed higher potency than the reference compounds. Molecular docking of the target compounds was carried out in the active sites of AR (PDB ID: 4JIR) and α-GLY (PDB ID: 5NN8).

Cyanoacetohydrazide linked to 1,2,3-triazole derivatives: a new class of α-glucosidase inhibitors

In this work, a novel series of cyanoacetohydrazide linked to 1,2,3-triazoles (9a–n) were designed and synthesized to be evaluated for their anti-α-glucosidase activity, focusing on the fact that α-glucosidase inhibitors have played a significant role in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. All synthesized compounds except 9a exhibited excellent inhibitory potential, with IC50 values ranging from 1.00 ± 0.01 to 271.17 ± 0.30 μM when compared to the standard drug acarbose (IC50 = 754.1 ± 0.5 μM). The kinetic binding study indicated that the most active derivatives 9b (IC50 = 1.50 ± 0.01 μM) and 9e (IC50 = 1.00 ± 0.01 μM) behaved as the uncompetitive inhibitors of α-glucosidase with Ki = 0.43 and 0.24 μM, respectively. Moreover, fluorescence measurements were conducted to show conformational changes of the enzyme after binding of the most potent inhibitor (9e). Calculation of standard enthalpy (ΔHm°) and entropy (ΔSm°) values confirmed the construction of hydrophobic interactions between 9e and the enzyme. Also, docking studies indicated desired interactions with important residues of the enzyme which rationalized the in vitro results.