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Peng G, Ullah N, Streiff S, De Oliveira Vigier K, Pera-Titus M, Wischert R, Jérôme F. Metal-Free Selective Synthesis of α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes from Alkenes and Formaldehyde Catalyzed by Dimethylamine. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400601. [PMID: 38489225 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
α,β-Unsaturated aldehydes are important building blocks for the synthesis of a wide range of chemicals, including polymers. The synthesis of these molecules from cheap feedstocks such as alkenes remains a scientific challenge, mainly due to the low reactivity of alkenes. Here we report a selective and metal-free access to α,β-unsaturated aldehydes from alkenes with formaldehyde. This reaction is catalyzed by dimethylamine and affords α,β-unsaturated aldehydes in yields of up to 80 %. By combining Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations and experiments, we elucidate the reaction mechanism which is based on a cascade of hydride transfer, hydrolysis and aldolization reactions. The reaction can be performed under very mild conditions (30-50 °C), in a theoretically 100 % carbon-economical fashion, with water as the only by-product. The reaction was successfully applied to non-activated linear 1-alkenes, thus opening an access to industrially relevant α,β-unsaturated aldehydes from cheap and widely abundant chemicals at large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongming Peng
- Eco-Efficient Products and Process Laboratory, Syensqo/CNRS 3966 Jin Du Rd., Xin Zhuang Industrial Zone, Shanghai, 201108, China
| | - Naseeb Ullah
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers, University of Poitiers-CNRS, 1 rue Marcel Doré, TSA, 41105, 86073, Poitiers, France
| | - Stéphane Streiff
- Eco-Efficient Products and Process Laboratory, Syensqo/CNRS 3966 Jin Du Rd., Xin Zhuang Industrial Zone, Shanghai, 201108, China
| | - Karine De Oliveira Vigier
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers, University of Poitiers-CNRS, 1 rue Marcel Doré, TSA, 41105, 86073, Poitiers, France
| | - Marc Pera-Titus
- Eco-Efficient Products and Process Laboratory, Syensqo/CNRS 3966 Jin Du Rd., Xin Zhuang Industrial Zone, Shanghai, 201108, China
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Raphael Wischert
- Eco-Efficient Products and Process Laboratory, Syensqo/CNRS 3966 Jin Du Rd., Xin Zhuang Industrial Zone, Shanghai, 201108, China
- Syensqo R&I Center Lyon, 85 Av. des Frères Perret, 69190, Saint-Fons, France
| | - François Jérôme
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers, University of Poitiers-CNRS, 1 rue Marcel Doré, TSA, 41105, 86073, Poitiers, France
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Zhao C, Gao R, Ma W, Li M, Li Y, Zhang Q, Guan W, Fu J. A facile synthesis of α,β-unsaturated imines via palladium-catalyzed dehydrogenation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4329. [PMID: 38773128 PMCID: PMC11109338 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48737-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The dehydrogenation adjacent to an electron-withdrawing group provides an efficient access to α,β-unsaturated compounds that serving as versatile synthons in organic chemistry. However, the α,β-desaturation of aliphatic imines has hitherto proven to be challenging due to easy hydrolysis and preferential dimerization. Herein, by employing a pre-fluorination and palladium-catalyzed dehydrogenation reaction sequence, the abundant simple aliphatic amides are amendable to the rapid construction of complex molecular architectures to produce α,β-unsaturated imines. Mechanistic investigations reveal a Pd(0)/Pd(II) catalytic cycle involving oxidative H-F elimination of N-fluoroamide followed by a smooth α,β-desaturation of the in-situ generated aliphatic imine intermediate. This protocol exhibits excellent functional group tolerance, and even the carbonyl groups are compatible without any competing dehydrogenation, allowing for late-stage functionalization of complex bioactive molecules. The synthetic utility of this transformation has been further demonstrated by a diversity-oriented derivatization and a concise formal synthesis of (±)-alloyohimbane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design and Synthesis and Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Rongwan Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Wenxuan Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design and Synthesis and Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design and Synthesis and Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Yifei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design and Synthesis and Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design and Synthesis and Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Wei Guan
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China.
| | - Junkai Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design and Synthesis and Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China.
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α-Functionally Substituted α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes as Fine Chemicals Reagents: Synthesis and Application. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144297. [PMID: 34299572 PMCID: PMC8306155 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Functionalized α,β-unsaturated aldehydes is an important class of compounds, which are widely used in fine organic synthesis, biology, medicine and pharmacology, chemical industry, and agriculture. Some of the 2-substituted 2-alkenals are found to be the key metabolites in plant and animal cells. Therefore, the development of efficient methods for their synthesis attracts the attention of organic chemists. This review focusses on the recent advances in the synthesis of 2-functionally substituted 2-alkenals. The approaches to the preparation of α-alkyl α,β-unsaturated aldehydes are not included in this review.
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