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McAleer JP. Obesity and the microbiome in atopic dermatitis: Therapeutic implications for PPAR-γ agonists. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2023; 4:1167800. [PMID: 37051264 PMCID: PMC10083318 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1167800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory skin disease characterized by epidermal barrier disruption, Th2 immune responses to skin allergens and microbial dysbiosis within affected lesions. Studies within the past decade have revealed genetic and environmental factors contributing to AD in children. Obesity is a metabolic disorder that often manifests early in life and is associated with reduced bacterial diversity, leading to skin colonization with lipophilic bacteria and intestinal colonization with pro-inflammatory species. These changes impair epithelial barriers and promote Th17 responses, which may worsen the severity of AD symptoms. While few studies have examined the contribution of microbiota in obesity-induced allergies, there is emerging evidence that PPAR-γ may be an effective therapeutic target. This review discusses the microbiome in pediatric AD, treatment with probiotics, how disease is altered by obesity and potential therapeutic effects of PPAR-γ agonists. While healthy skin contains diverse species adapted for specific niches, lesional skin is highly colonized with Staphylococcus aureus which perpetuates the inflammatory reaction. Treatments for AD should help to restore microbial diversity in the skin and intestine, as well as epithelial barrier function. Pre-clinical models have shown that PPAR-γ agonists can suppress Th17 responses, IgE production and mast cell function, while improving the epidermal barrier and microbial homeostasis. Overall, PPAR-γ agonists may be effective in a subset of patients with AD, and future studies should distinguish their metabolic and anti-inflammatory effects in order to inform the best therapies.
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Marathe SJ, Snider MA, Flores-Torres AS, Dubin PJ, Samarasinghe AE. Human matters in asthma: Considering the microbiome in pulmonary health. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1020133. [PMID: 36532717 PMCID: PMC9755222 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities form an important symbiotic ecosystem within humans and have direct effects on health and well-being. Numerous exogenous factors including airborne triggers, diet, and drugs impact these established, but fragile communities across the human lifespan. Crosstalk between the mucosal microbiota and the immune system as well as the gut-lung axis have direct correlations to immune bias that may promote chronic diseases like asthma. Asthma initiation and pathogenesis are multifaceted and complex with input from genetic, epigenetic, and environmental components. In this review, we summarize and discuss the role of the airway microbiome in asthma, and how the environment, diet and therapeutics impact this low biomass community of microorganisms. We also focus this review on the pediatric and Black populations as high-risk groups requiring special attention, emphasizing that the whole patient must be considered during treatment. Although new culture-independent techniques have been developed and are more accessible to researchers, the exact contribution the airway microbiome makes in asthma pathogenesis is not well understood. Understanding how the airway microbiome, as a living entity in the respiratory tract, participates in lung immunity during the development and progression of asthma may lead to critical new treatments for asthma, including population-targeted interventions, or even more effective administration of currently available therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandesh J. Marathe
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy-Immunology, and Sleep, Memphis, TN, United States
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Mark A. Snider
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- Division of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Armando S. Flores-Torres
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Patricia J. Dubin
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy-Immunology, and Sleep, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Amali E. Samarasinghe
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy-Immunology, and Sleep, Memphis, TN, United States
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
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Ierardi E, Losurdo G, Giorgio F, Di Leo A. Might helicobacter pylori play a role in allergic or cross-reaction related disorders? Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 14:643-646. [PMID: 32510247 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2020.1780119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Ierardi
- Gastroenterology Section, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari , Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Losurdo
- Gastroenterology Section, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari , Bari, Italy
| | - Floriana Giorgio
- Gastroenterology Section, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari , Bari, Italy
| | - Alfredo Di Leo
- Gastroenterology Section, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari , Bari, Italy
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Evidence suggests that the microbiome of the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and airway contribute to health and disease. As we learn more about the role that the microbiota plays in allergic disease development, we can develop therapeutics to alter this pathway. RECENT FINDINGS Epidemiologic studies reveal that an association exists between environmental exposures, which alter the microbiota, and developing atopic dermatitis, food allergy, and/or asthma. In fact, samples from the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and respiratory tract reveal distinct microbiotas compared with healthy controls, with microbial changes (dysbiosis) often preceding the development of allergic disease. Mechanistic studies have confirmed that microbes can either promote skin, gut, and airway health by strengthening barrier integrity, or they can alter skin integrity and damage gut and airway epithelium. In this review, we will discuss recent studies that reveal the link between the microbiota and immune development, and we will discuss ways to influence these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Aguilera
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana School of Medicine, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, RI 2606, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Isabelle A Dagher
- Indiana University School of Medicine, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, RI 2606, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Kirsten M Kloepfer
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana School of Medicine, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, RI 2606, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Indiana University School of Medicine, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, RI 2606, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, RI 2606, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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Qv L, Yang Z, Yao M, Mao S, Li Y, Zhang J, Li L. Methods for Establishment and Maintenance of Germ-Free Rat Models. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1148. [PMID: 32670216 PMCID: PMC7326071 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that the gut microbiota plays a vital role in human health and disease development. Although the number of studies on host–microbiota interactions have increased in recent years, the underlying pathogenesis of dysbiosis-related diseases are still largely unknown. Germ-free (GF) rodent models, with the animals housed in sterile isolators and completely free of microbiota, are useful tools to advance our understanding of host–microbiota relationship in vivo. Although protocols concerning the establishment and maintenance of GF mouse models have previously been reported, the establishment, maintenance and monitoring of GF rodents are labor-intensive, tedious and take experience and skills. The aim of our study was to establish a GF rat model for the following microbiota-related researches and provide an easy-to-use protocol for the establishment and maintenance of GF rat model in detail, including steps to set up the isolator, sterilize the flexible isolator bubble, import food, water and other supplies, and methods to acquire newborn GF rats, hand rearing of suckling GF rats and reproduction of GF offspring. During the hand feeding period, the body weight of suckling GF rats was weighed once a day to ascertain the amount of artificial milk was given. Based on our results, the body weight of suckling GF rats decreased 1 week after birth and then began to increase. Methods for verifying the quality of the model like assessing the sterile status of the rat colony are also described. Moreover, possible difficulties and challenges, especially during gavage, and suggestions to avoid contamination will be discussed. The protocol presented will facilitate the establishment of GF rat models and downstream microbiota-related researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Qv
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenggang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingfei Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sunbing Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongjun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Bernardini R. Allergy in Pediatric Age: An Update. Curr Pediatr Rev 2020; 16:79-80. [PMID: 32633229 DOI: 10.2174/157339631602200611161845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bernardini
- Head Pediatric Unit "San Giuseppe" Hospital Empoli (Florence) Viale Boccaccio, 50053, Italy
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