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Rykowski S, Gurda-Woźna D, Fedoruk-Wyszomirska A, Orlicka-Płocka M, Kowalczyk A, Stączek P, Denel-Bobrowska M, Biniek-Antosiak K, Rypniewski W, Wyszko E, Olejniczak AB. Carboranyl-1,8-naphthalimide intercalators induce lysosomal membrane permeabilization and ferroptosis in cancer cell lines. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2171028. [PMID: 36715272 PMCID: PMC9888480 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2171028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of carborane-1,8-naphthalimide conjugates and evaluation of their DNA-binding ability and anticancer activity were performed. A series of 4-carboranyl-3-nitro-1,8-naphthalimide derivatives, mitonafide and pinafide analogs, were synthesised via amidation and reductive amination reactions, and their calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA)-binding properties were investigated using circular dichroism, UV-vis spectroscopy, and thermal denaturation. Results showed that conjugates 34-37 interacted very strongly with ct-DNA (ΔTm = 10.00-13.00 °C), indicating their ability to intercalate with DNA, but did not inhibit the activity of topoisomerase II. The conjugates inhibited the cell growth of the HepG2 cancer cell line in vitro. The same compounds caused the G2M phase arrest. Cell lines treated with these conjugates showed an increase in reactive oxygen species, glutathione, and Fe2+ levels, lipid peroxidation, and mitochondrial membrane potential relative to controls, indicating the involvement of ferroptosis. Furthermore, these conjugates caused lysosomal membrane permeabilization in HepG2 cells but not in MRC-5 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dorota Gurda-Woźna
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | | | - Aleksandra Kowalczyk
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Paweł Stączek
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | | | | | - Wojciech Rypniewski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Eliza Wyszko
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland,CONTACT Eliza Wyszko Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka B. Olejniczak
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Łódź, Poland,Agnieszka B. Olejniczak Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Łódź, Poland
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Tomczyk MD, Matczak K, Skonieczna M, Chulkin P, Denel-Bobrowska M, Różycka D, Rykowski S, Olejniczak AB, Walczak K. Synthesis and in vitro cytotoxic activity of dye-linker-macrocycle conjugates with variable linker length and components. Bioorg Chem 2023; 140:106782. [PMID: 37659149 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
The study investigated the structure-activity relationship of newly synthesized dye-linker-macrocycle (DLM) conjugates and the effect of each component on various biological properties, including cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, intracellular localization, interaction with DNA and photodynamic effects. The conjugates were synthesized by combining 1,8-naphthalimide and thioxanthone dyes with 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (cyclen) and 1-aza-12-crown-4 (1A12C4) using alkyl linkers of different lengths. The results revealed significant differences in biological activity among the various series of conjugates. Particularly, 1A12C4 conjugates exhibited notably higher cytotoxicity compared to cyclen conjugates. Conjugation with 1A12C4 proved to be an effective strategy for increasing cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of small-molecule conjugates. In addition, the results highlighted the critical role of linker length in modulating the biological activity of DLM conjugates. It became clear that the choice of each component (dye, macrocycle and linker) could significantly alter the biological activity of the conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz D Tomczyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, Gliwice 44-100, Poland.
| | - Karolina Matczak
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, Łódź 90-236, Poland
| | - Magdalena Skonieczna
- Department of Systems Biology and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 16, Gliwice 44-100, Poland
| | - Pavel Chulkin
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, Gliwice 44-100, Poland
| | - Marta Denel-Bobrowska
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, Łódź 93-232, Poland
| | - Daria Różycka
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, Łódź 93-232, Poland
| | - Sebastian Rykowski
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, Łódź 93-232, Poland
| | - Agnieszka B Olejniczak
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, Łódź 93-232, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Walczak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, Gliwice 44-100, Poland
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Rykowski S, Gurda-Woźna D, Orlicka-Płocka M, Fedoruk-Wyszomirska A, Giel-Pietraszuk M, Wyszko E, Kowalczyk A, Stączek P, Biniek-Antosiak K, Rypniewski W, Olejniczak AB. Design of DNA Intercalators Based on 4-Carboranyl-1,8-Naphthalimides: Investigation of Their DNA-Binding Ability and Anticancer Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094598. [PMID: 35562989 PMCID: PMC9101373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we continue our work related to the synthesis of 1,8-naphthalimide and carborane conjugates and the investigation of their anticancer activity and DNA-binding ability. For this purpose, a series of 4-carboranyl-1,8-naphthalimide derivatives, mitonafide, and pinafide analogs were synthesized using click chemistry, reductive amination, amidation, and Mitsunobu reactions. The calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA)-binding properties of the synthesized compounds were investigated by circular dichroism (CD), UV–vis spectroscopy, and thermal denaturation experiments. Conjugates 54–61 interacted very strongly with ct-DNA (∆Tm = 7.67–12.33 °C), suggesting their intercalation with DNA. They were also investigated for their in vitro effects on cytotoxicity, cell migration, cell death, cell cycle, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a HepG2 cancer cell line as well as inhibition of topoisomerase IIα activity (Topo II). The cytotoxicity of these eight conjugates was in the range of 3.12–30.87 µM, with the lowest IC50 value determined for compound 57. The analyses showed that most of the conjugates could induce cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase, inhibit cell migration, and promote apoptosis. Two conjugates, namely 60 and 61, induced ROS production, which was proven by the increased level of 2′-deoxy-8-oxoguanosine in DNA. They were specifically located in lysosomes, and because of their excellent fluorescent properties, they could be easily detected within the cells. They were also found to be weak Topo II inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Rykowski
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 106 Lodowa St., 93-232 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Dorota Gurda-Woźna
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12/14 Z. Noskowskiego St., 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (D.G.-W.); (M.O.-P.); (A.F.-W.); (M.G.-P.); (E.W.); (K.B.-A.); (W.R.)
| | - Marta Orlicka-Płocka
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12/14 Z. Noskowskiego St., 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (D.G.-W.); (M.O.-P.); (A.F.-W.); (M.G.-P.); (E.W.); (K.B.-A.); (W.R.)
| | - Agnieszka Fedoruk-Wyszomirska
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12/14 Z. Noskowskiego St., 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (D.G.-W.); (M.O.-P.); (A.F.-W.); (M.G.-P.); (E.W.); (K.B.-A.); (W.R.)
| | - Małgorzata Giel-Pietraszuk
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12/14 Z. Noskowskiego St., 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (D.G.-W.); (M.O.-P.); (A.F.-W.); (M.G.-P.); (E.W.); (K.B.-A.); (W.R.)
| | - Eliza Wyszko
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12/14 Z. Noskowskiego St., 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (D.G.-W.); (M.O.-P.); (A.F.-W.); (M.G.-P.); (E.W.); (K.B.-A.); (W.R.)
| | - Aleksandra Kowalczyk
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha St., 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (A.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Paweł Stączek
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha St., 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (A.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Katarzyna Biniek-Antosiak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12/14 Z. Noskowskiego St., 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (D.G.-W.); (M.O.-P.); (A.F.-W.); (M.G.-P.); (E.W.); (K.B.-A.); (W.R.)
| | - Wojciech Rypniewski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12/14 Z. Noskowskiego St., 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (D.G.-W.); (M.O.-P.); (A.F.-W.); (M.G.-P.); (E.W.); (K.B.-A.); (W.R.)
| | - Agnieszka B. Olejniczak
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 106 Lodowa St., 93-232 Lodz, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-42-272-36-37
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Recent Developments on 1,8-Naphthalimide Moiety as Potential Target for Anticancer Agents. Bioorg Chem 2022; 121:105677. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Novel 3-Carboranyl-1,8-Naphthalimide Derivatives as Potential Anticancer Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052772. [PMID: 33803403 PMCID: PMC7967199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We synthesized a series of novel 3-carboranyl-1,8-naphthalimide derivatives, mitonafide and pinafide analogs, using click chemistry, reductive amination and amidation reactions and investigated their in vitro effects on cytotoxicity, cell death, cell cycle, and the production of reactive oxygen species in a HepG2 cancer cell line. The analyses showed that modified naphthalic anhydrides and naphthalimides bearing ortho- or meta-carboranes exhibited diversified activity. Naphthalimides were more cytotoxic than naphthalic anhydrides, with the highest IC50 value determined for compound 9 (3.10 µM). These compounds were capable of inducing cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 or G2M phase and promoting apoptosis, autophagy or ferroptosis. The most promising conjugate 35 caused strong apoptosis and induced ROS production, which was proven by the increased level of 2′-deoxy-8-oxoguanosine in DNA. The tested conjugates were found to be weak topoisomerase II inhibitors and classical DNA intercalators. Compounds 33, 34, and 36 fluorescently stained lysosomes in HepG2 cells. Additionally, we performed a similarity-based assessment of the property profile of the conjugates using the principal component analysis. The creation of an inhibitory profile and descriptor-based plane allowed forming a structure–activity landscape. Finally, a ligand-based comparative molecular field analysis was carried out to specify the (un)favorable structural modifications (pharmacophoric pattern) that are potentially important for the quantitative structure–activity relationship modeling of the carborane–naphthalimide conjugates.
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