Electrochemical Detection of ct-dsDNA on Nanomaterial-modified Carbon Based Electrodes

Recent advancements in the targeted delivery of etoposide nanomedicine for cancer therapy: A comprehensive review

Etoposide (ETO), a popular anticancer drug that inhibits topoisomerase II enzymes, may be administered more effectively and efficiently due to nanomedicine. The therapeutic application of ETO is constrained by its limited solubility, weak absorption, and severe side effects. This article summarizes substantial progress made in the development of ETO nanomedicine for the treatment of cancer. It discusses various organic and inorganic nanostructures used to load or affix ETOs, such as lipids, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), dendrimers, micelles, gold NPs, iron oxide NPs, and silica NPs. In addition, it evaluates the structural properties of these nanostructures, such as their size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and drug release mechanism, as well as their in vitro or in vivo performance. The article also emphasizes the co-delivery of ETO with other medications or agents to produce synergistic effects or combat drug resistance in the treatment of cancer. It concludes with a discussion of the challenges and potential avenues for clinical translation of ETO nanomedicine.

Recent advances in the highly sensitive determination of zearalenone residues in water and environmental resources with electrochemical biosensors

Zearalenone (ZEN), a significant class of mycotoxin which is considered as a xenoestrogen, permits, similar to natural estrogens, it's binding to the receptors of estrogen resulting in various reproductive diseases especially, hormonal misbalance. ZEN has toxic effects on human and animal health as a result of its teratogenicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, nephrotoxicity, genotoxicity, and immunotoxicity. To ensure water and environmental resources safety, precise, rapid, sensitive, and reliable analytical and conventional methods can be progressed for the determination of toxins such as ZEN. Different selective nanomaterial-based compounds are used in conjunction with different analytical detection approaches to achieve this goal. The current review demonstrates the state-of-the-art advances of nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensing assays including various sensing, apta-sensing and, immunosensing studies to the highly sensitive determination of various ZEN families. At first, a concise study of the occurrence, structure, toxicity, legislations, and distribution of ZEN in monitoring has been performed. Then, different conventional and clinical techniques and procedures to sensitive and selective sensing techniques have been reviewed and the efficient comparison of them has been thoroughly discussed. This study has also summarized the salient features and the requirements for applying various sensing and biosensing platforms and diverse immobilization techniques in ZEN detection. Finally, we have defined the performance of several electrochemical sensors applying diverse recognition elements couples with nanomaterials fabricated using various recognition elements coupled with nanomaterials (metal NPs, metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), graphene, and CNT) the issues limiting development, and the forthcoming tasks in successful construction with the applied nanomaterials.

Recent Advantages of Mediator Based Chemically Modified Electrodes; Powerful Approach in Electroanalytical Chemistry

Background:

Modified electrodes have advanced from the initial studies aimed at understanding electron transfer in films to applications in areas such as energy production and analytical chemistry. This review emphasizes the major classes of modified electrodes with mediators that are being explored for improving analytical methodology. Chemically modified electrodes (CMEs) have been widely used to counter the problems of poor sensitivity and selectivity faced in bare electrodes. We have briefly reviewed the organometallic and organic mediators that have been extensively employed to engineer adapted electrode surfaces for the detection of different compounds. Also, the characteristics of the materials that improve the electrocatalytic activity of the modified surfaces are discussed.

Objective:

Improvement and promotion of pragmatic CMEs have generated a diversity of novel and probable strong detection prospects for electroanalysis. While the capability of handling the chemical nature of the electrode/solution interface accurately and creatively increases , it is predictable that different mediators-based CMEs could be developed with electrocatalytic activity and completely new applications be advanced.

Complementary Square-Wave Voltammetry and LC-MS/MS Analysis to Elucidate Induced Damaged and Mutated Mitochondrial and Nuclear DNA from in Vivo Knockdown of the BRCA1 Gene in the Mouse Skeletal Muscle

Breast cancer 1 gene (BRCA1) DNA mutations impact skeletal muscle functions. Inducible skeletal muscle specific Brca1 homozygote knockout (Brca1KOsmi, KO) mice accumulate mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations resulting in loss of muscle quality.1 Complementary electrochemical andmass spectrometry analyses were utilized to rapidly assess mtDNA or nuclear DNA (nDNA) extracted directly from mouse skeletal muscles. Oxidative peak currents (Ip) from DNA immobilized layer by layer (LbL) were monitored using square-wave voltammetry (SWV) via Ru(bpy)32+ electrocatalysis. Ip significantly decreased (p < 0.05) for KO mtDNA compared to heterozygous KO (Het) or wild type (WT), indicative of decreases in the guanine content. nDNA Ip significantly increased in KO compared to WT (p < 0.05), suggesting an accumulation of damaged nDNA. Guanine or oxidatively damaged guanine content was monitored via appropriate m/z mass transitions using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS). Guanine in both KO mtDNA and nDNA was significantly lower, while oxidatively damaged guanine in KO nDNA was significantly elevated versus WT. These data demonstrate a loss of guanine content consistent with mtDNA mutation accumulation. Oxidative damage in KO nDNA suggests that repair processes associated with Brca1 are impacted. Overall, electrochemical and LC-MS/MS analysis can provide chemical-level answers to biological model phenotypic responses as a rapid and cost-effective analysis alternative to established assays.