Development & Pharmaceutical Characterization of Isoniazid Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Approach

Review of inhalable nanoparticles for the pulmonary delivery of anti-tuberculosis drugs

Tuberculosis is an airborne disease caused by the pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which predominantly affects the lungs. World Health Organization (WHO) has reported that about 85% of TB patients are cured with the existing 6-month antibiotic regimen. However, the lengthy oral administration of high-dose anti-TB drugs is associated with significant side effects and leads to drug resistance cases. Alternatively, reformulating existing anti-tubercular drugs into inhalable nanoparticulate systems is a promising strategy to overcome the challenges associated with oral treatment as they could enhance drug retention in the pulmonary region to achieve an optimal drug concentration in the infected lungs. Hence, this review provides an overview of the literature on inhalable nano-formulations for the delivery of anti-TB drugs, including their formulation techniques and preclinical evaluations between the years 2000 and 2020, gathered from electronic journals via online search engines such as Google Scholar and PubMed. Previous in vitro and in vivo studies highlighted that the nano-size, low toxicity, and high efficacy were among the factors influencing the fate of nanoparticulate system upon deposition in the lungs. Although many preclinical studies have shown that inhalable nanoparticles increased therapeutic efficacy and minimised adverse drug reactions when delivered through the pulmonary route, none of them has progressed into clinical trials to date. This could be attributed to the high cost of inhaled regimes due to the expensive production and characterisation of the nanoparticles as well as the need for an inhalation device as compared to the oral treatment. Another barrier could be the lack of medical acceptance due to insufficient number of trained staff to educate the patients on the correct usage of the inhalation device. Hence, these barriers should be addressed satisfactorily to make the inhaled nanoparticles regimen a reality for the treatment of TB.

Celecoxib-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Colon Delivery: Formulation Optimization and In Vitro Assessment of Anti-Cancer Activity

This work aimed to optimize a celecoxib (CXB)-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) colon delivery system for the enhancement of anticancer activity. An ultrasonic melt-emulsification method was employed in this work for the preparation of SLN. The physical attributes were characterized for their particle sizes, charges, morphology, and entrapment efficiency (%EE), in addition to DSC and FTIR. The in vitro drug release profiles were evaluated, and the anticancer activity was examined utilizing an MTT assay in three cancer cell lines: the colon cancer HT29, medulloblastoma Daoy, and hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. All of the prepared SLN formulations had nanoscale particle sizes ranging from 238 nm to 757 nm. High zeta-potential values (mv) within −30 s mv were reported. The %EE was in the range 86.76–96.6%. The amorphous nature of the SLN-entrapped CXB was confirmed from SLN DSC thermograms. The in vitro release profile revealed a slow constant rate of release with no burst release, which is unusual for SLN. Both the F9 and F14 demonstrated almost complete CXB release within 24 h, with only 25% completed within the first 5 h. F9 caused a significant percentage of cell death in the three cancer cell lines tested after 24 h of incubation and maintained this effect for 72 h. The prepared CXB-loaded SLN exhibited unique properties such as slow release with no burst and a high %EE. The anticancer activity of one formulation was extremely significant in all tested cancer cell lines at all incubation times, which is very promising.

Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery System: The Magic Bullet for the Treatment of Chronic Pulmonary Diseases

Chronic pulmonary diseases encompass different persistent and lethal diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), cystic fibrosis (CF), asthma, and lung cancers that affect millions of people globally. Traditional pharmacotherapeutic treatment approaches (i.e., bronchodilators, corticosteroids, chemotherapeutics, peptide-based agents, etc.) are not satisfactory to cure or impede diseases. With the advent of nanotechnology, drug delivery to an intended site is still difficult, but the nanoparticle's physicochemical properties can accomplish targeted therapeutic delivery. Based on their surface, size, density, and physical-chemical properties, nanoparticles have demonstrated enhanced pharmacokinetics of actives, achieving the spotlight in the drug delivery research field. In this review, the authors have highlighted different nanoparticle-based therapeutic delivery approaches to treat chronic pulmonary diseases along with the preparation techniques. The authors have remarked the nanosuspension delivery via nebulization and dry powder carrier is further effective in the lung delivery system since the particles released from these systems are innumerable to composite nanoparticles. The authors have also outlined the inhaled particle's toxicity, patented nanoparticle-based pulmonary formulations, and commercial pulmonary drug delivery devices (PDD) in other sections. Recently advanced formulations employing nanoparticles as therapeutic carriers for the efficient treatment of chronic pulmonary diseases are also canvassed.