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van Genugten EAJ, Weijers JAM, Heskamp S, Kneilling M, van den Heuvel MM, Piet B, Bussink J, Hendriks LEL, Aarntzen EHJG. Imaging the Rewired Metabolism in Lung Cancer in Relation to Immune Therapy. Front Oncol 2022; 11:786089. [PMID: 35070990 PMCID: PMC8779734 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.786089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is recognized as one of the hallmarks of cancer. Alterations in the micro-environmental metabolic characteristics are recognized as important tools for cancer cells to interact with the resident and infiltrating T-cells within this tumor microenvironment. Cancer-induced metabolic changes in the micro-environment also affect treatment outcomes. In particular, immune therapy efficacy might be blunted because of somatic mutation-driven metabolic determinants of lung cancer such as acidity and oxygenation status. Based on these observations, new onco-immunological treatment strategies increasingly include drugs that interfere with metabolic pathways that consequently affect the composition of the lung cancer tumor microenvironment (TME). Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging has developed a wide array of tracers targeting metabolic pathways, originally intended to improve cancer detection and staging. Paralleling the developments in understanding metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells, as well as its effects on stromal, immune, and endothelial cells, a wave of studies with additional imaging tracers has been published. These tracers are yet underexploited in the perspective of immune therapy. In this review, we provide an overview of currently available PET tracers for clinical studies and discuss their potential roles in the development of effective immune therapeutic strategies, with a focus on lung cancer. We report on ongoing efforts that include PET/CT to understand the outcomes of interactions between cancer cells and T-cells in the lung cancer microenvironment, and we identify areas of research which are yet unchartered. Thereby, we aim to provide a starting point for molecular imaging driven studies to understand and exploit metabolic features of lung cancer to optimize immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien A J van Genugten
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Centre (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jetty A M Weijers
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Centre (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sandra Heskamp
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Centre (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Manfred Kneilling
- Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Berber Piet
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Johan Bussink
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboudumc, Netherlands
| | - Lizza E L Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre (UMC), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Erik H J G Aarntzen
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Centre (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, Netherlands
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2
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Hedjoudje A, Peng X, Gautam A, Pardo CA, Sciubba D, Gailloud P. Case of Cowden Syndrome with 15 Spinal Arteriovenous Fistulas. World Neurosurg 2020; 139:567-576. [PMID: 32344142 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal vascular malformations are rarely multiple: fewer than 50 observations have been documented so far, with a maximum of 4 coexisting lesions per patient, always restricted to a single vertebral region (e.g., cervical or thoracic). CASE DESCRIPTION We describe the case of a 61-year-old woman with Cowden syndrome with 15 spinal arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) at the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar levels and an adrenal AVF. She was initially referred for reevaluation of an upper cervical spinal epidural spinal arteriovenous fistula diagnosed 6 years earlier. Her history included breast carcinoma, a malignant salivary gland tumor, and removal of multiple ovarian, thyroid, and gastric hamartomas. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the presence of a prominent cervical vascular lesion. Spinal digital subtraction angiography revealed the presence of 15 additional vascular anomalies. CONCLUSIONS This multiplicity of AVFs appears to result from a combination of various factors including local regional hemodynamic changes, growth factor-mediated alterations involving notably vascular endothelial growth factor pathways, and the prothrombotic state associated with abnormalities in blood vessel structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahmane Hedjoudje
- Division of Interventional Neuroradiology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - Xiao Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ayushi Gautam
- Division of Interventional Neuroradiology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Carlos A Pardo
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel Sciubba
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Philippe Gailloud
- Division of Interventional Neuroradiology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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3
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De Mello RA, Castelo-Branco L, Castelo-Branco P, Pozza DH, Vermeulen L, Palacio S, Salzberg M, Lockhart AC. What Will We Expect From Novel Therapies to Esophageal and Gastric Malignancies? Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2018; 38:249-261. [PMID: 30231398 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_198805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer and gastric cancer are aggressive diseases for which treatment approaches are facing a new era. Some molecular pathways, such as VEGF, EGFR, fibroblast growth factor receptor, PIK3CA, and PARP-1, have been studied, and novel targeted drugs are presumed to be developed in the near future. From The Cancer Genome Atlas report, 80% of Epstein-Barr virus tumors and 42% of tumors with microsatellite instability have PIK3CA mutations, suggesting that this pathway could be reevaluated as a possible target for new systemic treatment of gastric cancer. Notably, higher PARP-1 expression can be found in gastric cancer, which might be related to more advanced disease and worse prognosis. In addition, PD-L1 expression, high microsatellite instability, and mismatch repair deficiency can be found in gastric cancer, thus suggesting that immunotherapy may also play a role in those patients. We discuss trends related to the potential of novel therapies for patients with esophageal and gastric cancers in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Andrade De Mello
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Algarve Biomedical Center, Campus Gambelas, Faro, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Research Centre, Division of Medical Oncology, Hospital São Mateus, NOHC Clinic, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Algarve Hospital and University Center, Department of Oncology, Faro, Portugal; Portuguese Public Health School, Nova University, Lisbon, Portugal; Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and the Division of Medical Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Luis Castelo-Branco
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Algarve Biomedical Center, Campus Gambelas, Faro, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Research Centre, Division of Medical Oncology, Hospital São Mateus, NOHC Clinic, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Algarve Hospital and University Center, Department of Oncology, Faro, Portugal; Portuguese Public Health School, Nova University, Lisbon, Portugal; Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and the Division of Medical Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Pedro Castelo-Branco
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Algarve Biomedical Center, Campus Gambelas, Faro, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Research Centre, Division of Medical Oncology, Hospital São Mateus, NOHC Clinic, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Algarve Hospital and University Center, Department of Oncology, Faro, Portugal; Portuguese Public Health School, Nova University, Lisbon, Portugal; Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and the Division of Medical Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Daniel Humberto Pozza
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Algarve Biomedical Center, Campus Gambelas, Faro, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Research Centre, Division of Medical Oncology, Hospital São Mateus, NOHC Clinic, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Algarve Hospital and University Center, Department of Oncology, Faro, Portugal; Portuguese Public Health School, Nova University, Lisbon, Portugal; Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and the Division of Medical Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Louis Vermeulen
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Algarve Biomedical Center, Campus Gambelas, Faro, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Research Centre, Division of Medical Oncology, Hospital São Mateus, NOHC Clinic, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Algarve Hospital and University Center, Department of Oncology, Faro, Portugal; Portuguese Public Health School, Nova University, Lisbon, Portugal; Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and the Division of Medical Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Sofia Palacio
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Algarve Biomedical Center, Campus Gambelas, Faro, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Research Centre, Division of Medical Oncology, Hospital São Mateus, NOHC Clinic, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Algarve Hospital and University Center, Department of Oncology, Faro, Portugal; Portuguese Public Health School, Nova University, Lisbon, Portugal; Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and the Division of Medical Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Matthew Salzberg
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Algarve Biomedical Center, Campus Gambelas, Faro, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Research Centre, Division of Medical Oncology, Hospital São Mateus, NOHC Clinic, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Algarve Hospital and University Center, Department of Oncology, Faro, Portugal; Portuguese Public Health School, Nova University, Lisbon, Portugal; Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and the Division of Medical Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - A Craig Lockhart
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Algarve Biomedical Center, Campus Gambelas, Faro, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Research Centre, Division of Medical Oncology, Hospital São Mateus, NOHC Clinic, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Algarve Hospital and University Center, Department of Oncology, Faro, Portugal; Portuguese Public Health School, Nova University, Lisbon, Portugal; Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and the Division of Medical Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL
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4
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De Mello RA. Gastric Cancer in Southern Europe: High-Risk Disease. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2017; 37:261-266. [PMID: 28561674 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_175227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is an aggressive disease. Several risk factors are involved in gastric cancer pathogenesis, likely Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, genetic factors in hereditary syndromes, lifestyle, and diet. However, well-implemented screening strategies are lacking in most countries, including those in Southern Europe. Nevertheless, gastric cancer outcomes are better in some Southern European countries than in others, likely because of the incidence and distribution of different histologic types. Robotic surgery has been gaining favor as a treatment of early-stage disease, and the need for perioperative chemotherapy or adjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for locally advanced disease has been debated. In the metastatic setting, trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy has helped to extend survival compared with chemotherapy alone for HER2-positive disease. This article will describe how gastric cancer is assessed and treated in Southern Europe in an attempt to correlate these approaches from a global perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Andrade De Mello
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal, and the Department of Medical Oncology, Clatterbridge Cancer Centre, Merseyside, United Kingdom
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5
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Arrieta O, Zatarain-Barrón ZL, Cardona AF, Carmona A, Lopez-Mejia M. Ramucirumab in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2017; 16:637-644. [PMID: 28395526 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2017.1313226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Therapeutic options for treating Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) have recently increased. Ramucirumab (Cyramza), an anti-angionenic agent was approved in 2014 for treatment of several malignancies, including second-line treatment of patients with NSCLC with disease progression on or after platinum-based chemotherapy. Areas covered: We performed a comprehensive search of the literature focused on clinical trials with use of ramucirumab, targeting its evolution in the treatment of NSCLC. This review summarizes the results regarding its safety and efficacy. Expert opinion: Angiogenesis has been widely recognized as a quintessential feature in cancer, intrinsically mediating tumor survival and progression. Ramucirumab, an anti-VEGFR2 agent, combined with docetaxel, was FDA-approved for NSCLC patients. Results from a phase III trial have demonstrated the usefulness of this combination, with benefits in progression free survival and overall survival for NSCLC patients. A greater magnitude of benefit is seen in patients with aggressive tumor behavior. Treatment with ramucirumab is generally tolerable, however, there is potential for severe toxicity. Adverse events reported with this combination include neutropenia, febrile neutropenia and hypertension. Also, there is the intrinsic risk of bleeding resulting from the mechanism of action. As such, adverse events should be identified timely, so drug-related complications can be prevented.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Disease Progression
- Disease-Free Survival
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/blood supply
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Survival Rate
- Ramucirumab
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Arrieta
- a Thoracic Oncology Unit , Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia
| | | | - Andrés F Cardona
- b Clinical and Traslational Oncology Group , Clínica del Country , Bogotá , Colombia
- c Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research - FICMAC , Bogotá , Colombia
| | - Amir Carmona
- a Thoracic Oncology Unit , Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia
- d Comprehensive Cancer Center , Médica Sur Clinic and Foundation , Mexico
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6
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LincRNa-p21: function and mechanism in cancer. Med Oncol 2017; 34:98. [PMID: 28425074 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-017-0959-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In view of the rapid development of gene chips and high-throughput sequencing technology, noncoding RNAs (ncRNas) form a high percentage of the mammalian genome. Two major subgroups of ncRNAs that have been identified are the long ncRNAs (lncRNas) and the microRNAs. A number of studies in the past few years have showed crucial functions for lncRNas in cancer. LincRNa-p21 as a p53-dependent transcriptional target gene and a potential diagnostic marker is involved in proliferation, cell cycle, metabolism and reprogramming. In addition, more researches revealed that lincRNa-p21 is associated with cancer progression and contributed to the treatment and prognosis of cancer. In this review, we briefly summarize the function and molecular mechanisms of lincRNa-p21 in cancer and its regulation for the genes expression .
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7
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Meng M, Liao H, Zhang B, Pan Y, Kong Y, Liu W, Yang P, Huo Z, Cao Z, Zhou Q. Cigarette smoke extracts induce overexpression of the proto-oncogenic gene interleukin-13 receptor α2 through activation of the PKA-CREB signaling pathway to trigger malignant transformation of lung vascular endothelial cells and angiogenesis. Cell Signal 2016; 31:15-25. [PMID: 27986643 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a major cause of lung cancer. Tumor-associated endothelial cells (TAECs) play important roles in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. However, whether cigarette smoking can trigger genesis of lung TAECs has not been reported yet. In the current study, we used lung endothelial cell (EC) lines as a model to study the pathological effect of cigarette smoke extracts (CSEs) on human lung ECs, and found that a lower dose of 4% CSEs obviously caused abnormal morphological changes in ECs, increased the permeability of endothelial monolayer, while a higher concentration of 8% CSEs caused EC apoptosis. Strikingly, CSEs induced a 117-fold overexpression of a pro-tumorigenic interleukin-13 receptor α2 gene (IL-13Rα2, also named as CT-19) through activation of the protein kinase A (PKA) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) signaling pathway. A PKA specific inhibitor H89 completely abolished CSEs-induced IL-13Rα2 overexpression. The overexpression of IL-13Rα2 in lung ECs significantly increased the tumorigenic, migratory, and angiogenic capabilities of the cells, suggesting that IL-13Rα2 promotes genesis of lung TAECs. Together, our data show that CSEs activate the PKA, CREB, and IL-13Rα2 axis in lung ECs, and IL-13Rα2 promotes the malignant transformation of lung ECs and genesis of TAECs with robust angiogenic and oncogenic capabilities. Our study provides new insight into the mechanism of CSEs-triggered lung cancer angiogenesis and tumorigenesis, suggesting that the PKA-CREB-IL-13Rα2 axis is a potential target for novel anti-lung tumor angiogenesis and anti-lung cancer drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Meng
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Huaidong Liao
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yanyan Pan
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Ying Kong
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Wenming Liu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Zihe Huo
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Zhifei Cao
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Quansheng Zhou
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
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8
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LincRNA-p21 Impacts Prognosis in Resected Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients through Angiogenesis Regulation. J Thorac Oncol 2016; 11:2173-2182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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de Mello RA, de Oliveira J, Antoniou G. Angiogenesis and apatinib: a new hope for patients with advanced gastric cancer? Future Oncol 2016; 13:295-298. [PMID: 27928929 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2016-0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Andrade de Mello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Research Center & Department of Medical Oncology, Cearense School of Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Jailson de Oliveira
- Research Center & Department of Medical Oncology, Cearense School of Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Cella CA, Minucci S, Spada F, Galdy S, Elgendy M, Ravenda PS, Zampino MG, Murgioni S, Fazio N. Dual inhibition of mTOR pathway and VEGF signalling in neuroendocrine neoplasms: from bench to bedside. Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 41:754-60. [PMID: 26142874 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
After years of limited progress in the treatment of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs), an increasing number of therapeutic targets have recently emerged as potential tools to improve disease outcome. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signalling are implicated in the regulation of cell growth, proliferation, neo-angiogenesis and tumour cell spread. Their combined blockade, in a simultaneous or sequential strategy, represents an intriguing biological rationale to overcome the onset of resistance mechanisms. However, is becoming increasingly imperative to find the optimal sequential strategy according to the best toxicity profile, and also to identify predictive biomarkers. We will provide an overview of the pre-clinical and clinical data relating to mTOR pathway/VEGF signalling as a potential targets of treatment in NENs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Alessandra Cella
- Unit of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology and Neuroendocrine Tumors, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Saverio Minucci
- Unit of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology and Neuroendocrine Tumors, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Spada
- Unit of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology and Neuroendocrine Tumors, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Galdy
- Unit of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology and Neuroendocrine Tumors, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Mohamed Elgendy
- Unit of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology and Neuroendocrine Tumors, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Simona Ravenda
- Unit of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology and Neuroendocrine Tumors, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Giulia Zampino
- Unit of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology and Neuroendocrine Tumors, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Sabina Murgioni
- Unit of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology and Neuroendocrine Tumors, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Fazio
- Unit of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology and Neuroendocrine Tumors, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Italy.
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11
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Wu X, Liu BJ, Ji S, Wu JF, Xu CQ, Du YJ, You XF, Li B, Le JJ, Xu HL, Duan XH, Dong JC. Social defeat stress promotes tumor growth and angiogenesis by upregulating vascular endothelial growth factor/extracellular signal-regulated kinase/matrix metalloproteinase signaling in a mouse model of lung carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:1405-12. [PMID: 25824133 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous epidemiological and experimental animal studies have indicated that chronic psychological stress may promote tumor development. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which chronic stress promotes tumorigenesis remain to be fully elucidated and animal models have not yet been well established. In the present study, an established mouse model of repeated social defeat stress (RSDS), was generated and used to investigate the effect of stress on tumor growth and metastasis. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to RSDS for 10 days, followed by subcutaneousl inoculation with Lewis lung carcinoma cells for seven days. The tumor weight and volume as well as the number of the lung metastatic nodules were then determined. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) serum levels were measured using ELISAs. In addition, expression levels of VEGF receptor (VEGFR) and L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) messenger (m)RNA were confirmed using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, protein expression levels of phosphorlyated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 were examined using western blot analysis. The results showed that RSDS significantly increased the weight and the volume of the primary tumor as well as the number of the lung metastatic nodules. Serum VEGF levels were significantly higher in the tumor-stress group compared with those of the unstressed tumor mice. In addition, tumors in stressed animals demonstrated markedly enhanced expression of VEGFR-2 and L1CAM mRNA as well as pERK, MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein expression. In conclusion, these results suggested that RSDS contributed to lung cancer progression, angiogenesis and metastasis, which was partially associated with increased VEGF secretion and therefore the activation of the ERK signaling pathway, resulting in the induction of MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200041, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Jun Liu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200041, P.R. China
| | - Shumeng Ji
- Department of Dermatology, Xintai People's Hospital, Xintai, Shandong 271200, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Feng Wu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200041, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Qing Xu
- Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Jie Du
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200041, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Fang You
- Department of Childhood and Adolescence, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Bei Li
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200041, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Jing Le
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200041, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Lin Xu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200041, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Hong Duan
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200041, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Cheng Dong
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200041, P.R. China
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Abdel-Rahman O. Targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway in gastric cancer: preclinical and clinical aspects. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 93:18-27. [PMID: 24970311 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of advanced gastric cancer has been dreadful with the majority of patients dying of their disease within 1 year of the diagnosis. In the advanced stage several therapeutic options can be discussed, including molecular targeted agents, but biological predicting factors are lacking. A number of molecular targets have been studied over the last decade bringing to several phase II studies; however very few agents moved into phase III clinical trials. The VEGFR-2 inhibitor monoclonal antibody ramucirumab has been recently approved in advanced progressing gastric cancer. This article reviews the basic science as well as clinical data of VEGF signaling in advanced gastric cancer with special emphasis on the different VEGF targeting agents tested previously in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Abdel-Rahman
- Clinical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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de Mello RAB. Genetic polymorphisms and non-small-cell lung cancer: future paradigms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 12:524-6. [PMID: 25628210 PMCID: PMC4879925 DOI: 10.1590/s1679-45082014rb2906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This article addresses some current issues about genetic polymorphisms studied in the non-small-cell lung cancer translational field. Furthermore, it discusses about new potential biomarkers regarding lung cancer risk and prognosis.
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Abdel-Rahman O. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway and neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs): prognostic and therapeutic considerations. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:10615-25. [PMID: 25230786 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2612-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) consist of a large heterogeneous group of epithelial tumors with neuroendocrine differentiation, as proved by immune reactivity for neuroendocrine markers. From the very first studies of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway, VEGF has been considered an important prognostic marker in NENs. Consequently, a number of preclinical experiences and clinical trials have examined the efficacy of VEGF-targeted therapeutics in NENs. Bevacizumab and sorafenib were clinically tested in NENs and they showed modest activity, while on the other hand, they present significant toxicity problems. More interesting in gastroenteropancreatic (GEP)-NENs seems to be the demonstrated efficacy of sunitinib. Preclinical as well as clinical sunitinib data in this regard provide a new hope in that direction. The use of other novel VEGF-targeted agents like aflibercept as well as VEGFR-TKI is being investigated in a number of phase II studies; the results of which are greatly awaited. Additionally, the use of potential biomarkers to select patients for VEGF-targeted therapy may be considered for further clinical evaluation. Thus, this article reviews the basic science as well as clinical data of VEGF signaling in advanced NENs with special emphasis on the different VEGF-targeting agents tested previously in this disease and the future prospective in that field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Abdel-Rahman
- Clinical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Lotfy Elsayed street, Cairo, 113331, Egypt,
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de Mello RA, Madureira P, Carvalho LS, Araújo A, O'Brien M, Popat S. EGFR and KRAS mutations, and ALK fusions: current developments and personalized therapies for patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Pharmacogenomics 2014; 14:1765-77. [PMID: 24192124 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.13.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Personalized therapy has significantly developed in lung cancer treatment over recent years. VEGF and EGF play a major role in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumor angiogenesis and aggressiveness. EGFR mutation as well as KRAS and ALK rearrangements are important biomarkers in the field owing to potential targeted therapies involved in clinical practice: erlotinib, geftinib, cetuximab and crizotinib. More recently, regulation of tumor immunity through CTLA4 and PD1/L1 has emerged as a promising field in NSCLC management. This review will focus on the current and future biomarkers in the advanced NSCLC field and also address potential related targeted therapies for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Andrade de Mello
- Department of Medical Oncology, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
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16
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The VEGF pathway in lung cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2013; 72:1169-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-013-2298-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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17
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de Mello RA, Ferreira M, Soares-Pires F, Costa S, Cunha J, Oliveira P, Hespanhol V, Reis RM. The impact of polymorphic variations in the 5p15, 6p12, 6p21 and 15q25 Loci on the risk and prognosis of portuguese patients with non-small cell lung cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72373. [PMID: 24039754 PMCID: PMC3765163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Polymorphic variants in the 5p15, 6p12, 6p21, and 15q25 loci were demonstrated to potentially contribute to lung cancer carcinogenesis. Therefore, this study was performed to assess the role of those variants in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) risk and prognosis in a Portuguese population. Materials and Methods Blood from patients with NSCLC was prospectively collected. To perform an association study, DNA from these patients and healthy controls were genotyped for a panel of 19 SNPs using a Sequenom® MassARRAY platform. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to assess the overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Results One hundred and forty-four patients with NSCLC were successfully consecutively genotyped for the 19 SNPs. One SNP was associated with NSCLC risk: rs9295740 G/A. Two SNPs were associated with non-squamous histology: rs3024994 (VEGF intron 2) T/C and rs401681 C/T. Three SNPs were associated with response rate: rs3025035 (VEGF intron 7) C/T, rs833061 (VEGF –460) C/T and rs9295740 G/A. One SNP demonstrated an influence on PFS: rs401681 C/T at 5p15, p = 0.021. Four SNPs demonstrated an influence on OS: rs2010963 (VEGF +405 G/C), p = 0.042; rs3025010 (VEGF intron 5 C/T), p = 0.047; rs401681 C/T at 5p15, p = 0.046; and rs31489 C/A at 5p15, p = 0.029. Conclusions Our study suggests that SNPs in the 6p12, 6p21, and 5p15 loci may serve as risk, predictive and prognostic NSCLC biomarkers. In the future, SNPs identified in the genomes of patients may improve NSCLC screening strategies and therapeutic management as well.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/mortality
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Case-Control Studies
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/genetics
- Disease-Free Survival
- Female
- Genetic Association Studies
- Genetic Loci
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/mortality
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Multivariate Analysis
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Portugal
- Prognosis
- Prospective Studies
- Risk Factors
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Andrade de Mello
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Instituto Português de Oncologia Francisco Gentil (IPO PORTO), Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail: (RM); (RR)
| | - Mónica Ferreira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- 3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Filipa Soares-Pires
- Department of Pneumology, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Costa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- 3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - João Cunha
- Department of Pneumology, Hospital São Marcos, Braga, Portugal
| | - Pedro Oliveira
- Department of Populations Studies, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute – ICBAS, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Venceslau Hespanhol
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pneumology, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Manuel Reis
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- 3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos-SP, Brazil
- * E-mail: (RM); (RR)
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De Mello RA, Araújo A. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene rearrangement and non-small cell lung cancer management: a step forward in personalized therapy. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2013; 68:726. [PMID: 23778423 PMCID: PMC3654339 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2013(05)24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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De Mello RA, Araújo A, Hespanhol V, Reis RM. Loci identified through genome-wide association studies and lung cancer risk: is there anything more? SAO PAULO MED J 2013; 131:135-6. [PMID: 23657518 PMCID: PMC10871729 DOI: 10.1590/s1516-31802013000100026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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EGFR exon mutation distribution and outcome in non-small-cell lung cancer: a Portuguese retrospective study. Tumour Biol 2012; 33:2061-8. [PMID: 22843317 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0465-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations play a predictive role in advanced stages of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. We conducted this study in order to assess EGFR status in a Portuguese population and its role in NSCLC patients' outcomes. Patients were submitted to EGFR assessment by high-resolution melting and/or direct sequencing. Kaplan-Meier curve was used to assess overall survival and progression-free survival (PFS). Two hundred forty eight out of 322 participants were assessed for EGFR status. Forty-two patients (16.9 %) presented EGFR-mutated status: one patient (2.4 %) presented exon 18; 21 patients (50 %), exon 19; one patient (2.4 %), exon 20; and 18 patients (45.2 %), exon 21 mutations, p < 0.001. PFS was not assessed (n.a.) for patient with exon 18 mutation, and for the other patients with mutations, it was 7 months (3.96-10.03) (exon 19), <1 month (exon 20), and 7 months (0-14.2) (exon 21) (p = 0.027). Overall survival (OS) was 11 months (exon 18), 11 months (1-18) (exon 19), 1 month (exon 20), and 7.5 months (2-70) (exon 21) (p = n.a). This study suggests that the EGFR mutation is herein observed in a higher proportion than expected for a Caucasian population, and OS is a little less than that published in the literature.
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De Mello RA. Metastatic melanoma and vemurafenib: novel approaches. Rare Tumors 2012; 4:e31. [PMID: 22826788 PMCID: PMC3401159 DOI: 10.4081/rt.2012.e31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma (MM) presents a treatment challenge to oncologists worldwide. Dacarbazine is the first line chemotherapy treatment for MM, though the overall response rates are very poor. Recently, the v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) V600 mutation was found to play a main role in MM. This mutation is present in 40–60% of melanoma patients. Vemurafenib is a BRAF kinase inhibitor that showed impressive results in phase I-III trials and was thus recently approved for the treatment of MM. This paper will briefly focus on vemurafenib in the treatment of MM and highlight concerns
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Association between EGF +61 genetic polymorphisms and non-small cell lung cancer increased risk in a Portuguese population: a case-control study. Tumour Biol 2012; 33:1341-8. [PMID: 22457050 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0382-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor play critical roles in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) carcinogenesis. A functional polymorphism in the EGF gene has been linked to increased cancer susceptibility. This study aimed to evaluate the role of the EGF +61A/G polymorphism as risk factors in NSCLC patients. For the present case-control study, we analyzed 112 NSCLC and 126 cancer-free controls from Portugal. Following DNA isolation from peripheral blood, EGF +61A/G polymorphism was assessed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to calculate odds ratio (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI). False-positive report probability was also assessed. The EGF +61 genotypes frequencies in NSCLC were AA (23.2 %), AG (51.8 %), and GG (25 %) and in controls, AA (40.5 %), AG (41.3 %), and GG (18.3 %). When compared to the reference genotype (EGF +61A/A), we found a statistically significant association between EGF +61 A/G (OR = 2.142, 95 % CI 1.170-3.924) and EGF +61G/G (OR = 2.398, 95 % CI 1.157-4.968) genotypes and susceptibility to development of NSCLC. Furthermore, stratification by sex revealed a trend to increased risk of males carrying +61A/G genotype for developing NSCLC (OR = 2.044, 95 % CI 0.998-4.188) when compared to A/A genotype. Our data suggest an increased risk to develop NSCLC in Portuguese population carrying the EGF +61A/G and +61G/G genotypes.
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de Mello RA, Marques DS, Medeiros R, Araújo AM. Epidermal growth factor receptor and K-Ras in non-small cell lung cancer-molecular pathways involved and targeted therapies. World J Clin Oncol 2011; 2:367-76. [PMID: 22087435 PMCID: PMC3215775 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v2.i11.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is currently the leading cause of cancer death in Western nations. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) represents 80% of all lung cancers, and adenocarcinoma is the predominant histological type. Despite the intensive research carried out on this field and therapeutic advances, the overall prognosis of these patients remains unsatisfactory, with a 5-year overall survival rate of less than 15%. Nowadays, pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics represent the key to successful treatment. Recent studies suggest the existence of two distinct molecular pathways in the carcinogenesis of lung adenocarcinoma: one associated with smoking and activation of the K-Ras oncogene and the other not associated with smoking and activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The K-ras mutation is mainly responsible for primary resistance to new molecules which inhibit tyrosine kinase EGFR (erlotinib and gefitinib) and most of the EGFR mutations are responsible for increased tumor sensitivity to these drugs. This article aims to conduct a systematic review of the literature regarding the molecular pathways involving the EGFR, K-Ras and EGFR targeted therapies in NSCLC tumor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Andrade de Mello
- Ramon Andrade de Mello, Dânia Sofia Marques, Department of Medical Oncology, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto 4200-072, Portugal
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