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Sun Z, Zhao H, Ma L, Shi Y, Ji M, Sun X, Ma D, Zhou W, Huang T, Zhang D. The quest for nanoparticle-powered vaccines in cancer immunotherapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:61. [PMID: 38355548 PMCID: PMC10865557 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02311-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advancements in cancer treatment, this disease still poses a serious threat to public health. Vaccines play an important role in preventing illness by preparing the body's adaptive and innate immune responses to combat diseases. As our understanding of malignancies and their connection to the immune system improves, there has been a growing interest in priming the immune system to fight malignancies more effectively and comprehensively. One promising approach involves utilizing nanoparticle systems for antigen delivery, which has been shown to potentiate immune responses as vaccines and/or adjuvants. In this review, we comprehensively summarized the immunological mechanisms of cancer vaccines while focusing specifically on the recent applications of various types of nanoparticles in the field of cancer immunotherapy. By exploring these recent breakthroughs, we hope to identify significant challenges and obstacles in making nanoparticle-based vaccines and adjuvants feasible for clinical application. This review serves to assess recent breakthroughs in nanoparticle-based cancer vaccinations and shed light on their prospects and potential barriers. By doing so, we aim to inspire future immunotherapies for cancer that harness the potential of nanotechnology to deliver more effective and targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Sun
- Department of Stomatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Endodontics, East Branch of Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Yanli Shi
- Department of Stomatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Mei Ji
- Department of Stomatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Endodontics, Gaoxin Branch of Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Dan Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graeme Clark Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
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Tan Y, Chen H, Gou X, Fan Q, Chen J. Tumor vaccines: Toward multidimensional anti-tumor therapies. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2271334. [PMID: 37905395 PMCID: PMC10760370 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2271334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, immunotherapies have offered hope for patients with advanced cancer. However, they show distinct benefits and limited clinical effects. Tumor vaccines have the potential to prime tumor-antigen-specific T cells and induce broad subsets of immune responses, ultimately eradicating tumor cells. Here, we classify tumor vaccines by their anti-tumor mechanisms, which include boosting the immune system, overcoming tumor immunosuppression, and modulating tumor angiogenesis. We focus on multidimensional tumor vaccine strategies using combinations of two or three of the above mechanisms, as these are superior to single-dimensional treatments. This review offers a perspective on tumor vaccine strategies and the future role of vaccine therapies in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfang Tan
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Huiyuan Chen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xi Gou
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qiuying Fan
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Juanjuan Chen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Kluszczynska K, Czyz M. Extracellular Vesicles-Based Cell-Cell Communication in Melanoma: New Perspectives in Diagnostics and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24020965. [PMID: 36674479 PMCID: PMC9865538 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of cell-secreted particles that carry cargo of functional biomolecules crucial for cell-to-cell communication with both physiological and pathophysiological consequences. In this review, we focus on evidence demonstrating that the EV-mediated crosstalk between melanoma cells within tumor, between melanoma cells and immune and stromal cells, promotes immune evasion and influences all steps of melanoma development from local progression, pre-metastatic niche formation, to metastatic colonization of distant organs. We also discuss the role of EVs in the development of resistance to immunotherapy and therapy with BRAFV600/MEK inhibitors, and shortly summarize the recent advances on the potential applications of EVs in melanoma diagnostics and therapy.
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Li X, Liu Y, Yang L, Jiang Y, Qian Q. TIM-3 shuttled by MV3 cells-secreted exosomes inhibits CD4+ T cell immune function and induces macrophage M2 polarization to promote the growth and metastasis of melanoma cells. Transl Oncol 2022; 18:101334. [PMID: 35093790 PMCID: PMC8808081 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
MV3-Exo inhibits CD4+ t cell immune function and induces M2-polarized macrophages. TIM-3 is upregulated in MV3 cells-secreted exosomes. TIM-3 inhibits CD4+ t cell immune function and induces M2-polarized macrophages. TIM-3 shuttled by MV3-Exo promotes growth and metastasis of melanoma. The study unveiled a protective target against metastasis of melanoma.
This study is sought to determine the physiological mechanisms by which exosomes-encapsulated TIM-3 derived from melanoma cells might mediate CD4+ T cell immune function and macrophage M2 polarization in melanoma. Initially, exosomes were isolated from the human skin-derived melanoma cell line MV3for analysis of TIM-3 expression pattern. Next, the exosomes sourced from MV3 cells manipulated with sh-TIM-3 were co-incubated with CD4+ T cells to detect CD4+ T cell proliferation and MV3 cell migration and invasion, to observe the macrophage M2 polarization, and to determine levels of several EMT-related factors. Finally, melanoma nude mouse models were established to study the in vivo modulatory effects of TIM-3 from MV3 cells-derived exosomes. MV3 cells-derived exosomes inhibited CD4+ T cell immune function and promoted macrophage M2 polarization in melanoma. Our results revealed the abundance of TIM-3 in MV3 cells-derived exosomes. Of importance, silencing of TIM-3 shuttled by MV3 cells-derived exosomes improved CD4+ T cell immune function and inhibited macrophage M2 polarization to attenuate the growth and metastasis of melanoma cells. Collectively, MV3 cells-derived exosomes-loaded TIM-3 suppressed CD4+ T cell immune function and induced macrophage M2 polarization to improve occurrence and development of melanoma, therefore providing us with a potential therapeutic target for effectively combating melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghui Li
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P R China; Department of Dermatology, Yancheng First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School/The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng 224001, P R China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Yancheng First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School/The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng 224001, P R China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, P R China
| | - Yannan Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Yancheng First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School/The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng 224001, P R China
| | - Qihong Qian
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P R China.
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Wu X, Wang X, Zhao Y, Li K, Yu B, Zhang J. Granzyme family acts as a predict biomarker in cutaneous melanoma and indicates more benefit from anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:1657-1669. [PMID: 33746582 PMCID: PMC7976569 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.54747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of cutaneous melanoma (CM) increased since the 1970s, and also along with an unfavorable prognosis. CM patients have been verified benefits from immunotherapy, and granzymes (GZMs) comprise more than 90% of the cytolytic granules secreted by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and nature killer cell. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate the prognostic value of GZMs in CM. A total of 633 CM patients was enrolled to access the prognostic value of GZMs. The integrated prognostic value of five GZMs was validated in TCGA-SKCM, GSE65904, GSE53118, GSE19234 and GSE22153 cohorts. GZMscore, age, Breslow's depth and tumor stage are the independent risk factors for CM patients, risk score based on these factors was calculated in TCGA-SKCM and GSE65906 cohorts, which could polarize the CM patients to high- and low-risk groups with diverse prognosis. Patients in low-risk group obtained the activated immune signaling pathways and response, especially for the activated CD8+ T cells, and could benefit more from anti-PD-1 therapy. A higher tumor mutation burden was observed in low-risk group, especially for the mutation of BRAF. The protect function of GZMK was confirmed by CM cell lines, overexpression of GZMK in A375 and G361 cells suppresses cell proliferation, migration, but not cell apoptosis. All in all, we revealed the prognostic value of GZMs in CM patients, which could also act as a predicted value for the selection of responders of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China.,Department of Dermatology, Skin Research Institute of Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Kun Li
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Skin Research Institute of Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
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