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Farhana A, Alsrhani A, Khan YS, Rasheed Z. Cancer Bioenergetics and Tumor Microenvironments-Enhancing Chemotherapeutics and Targeting Resistant Niches through Nanosystems. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3836. [PMID: 37568652 PMCID: PMC10416858 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is an impending bottleneck in the advanced scientific workflow to achieve diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic success. Most cancers are refractory to conventional diagnostic and chemotherapeutics due to their limited targetability, specificity, solubility, and side effects. The inherent ability of each cancer to evolve through various genetic and epigenetic transformations and metabolic reprogramming underlies therapeutic limitations. Though tumor microenvironments (TMEs) are quite well understood in some cancers, each microenvironment differs from the other in internal perturbations and metabolic skew thereby impeding the development of appropriate diagnostics, drugs, vaccines, and therapies. Cancer associated bioenergetics modulations regulate TME, angiogenesis, immune evasion, generation of resistant niches and tumor progression, and a thorough understanding is crucial to the development of metabolic therapies. However, this remains a missing element in cancer theranostics, necessitating the development of modalities that can be adapted for targetability, diagnostics and therapeutics. In this challenging scenario, nanomaterials are modular platforms for understanding TME and achieving successful theranostics. Several nanoscale particles have been successfully researched in animal models, quite a few have reached clinical trials, and some have achieved clinical success. Nanoparticles exhibit an intrinsic capability to interact with diverse biomolecules and modulate their functions. Furthermore, nanoparticles can be functionalized with receptors, modulators, and drugs to facilitate specific targeting with reduced toxicity. This review discusses the current understanding of different theranostic nanosystems, their synthesis, functionalization, and targetability for therapeutic modulation of bioenergetics, and metabolic reprogramming of the cancer microenvironment. We highlight the potential of nanosystems for enhanced chemotherapeutic success emphasizing the questions that remain unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Farhana
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alsrhani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yusuf Saleem Khan
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zafar Rasheed
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, P.O. Box 6655, Buraidah 51452, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
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Hawsawi YM, Shams A, Theyab A, Abdali WA, Hussien NA, Alatwi HE, Alzahrani OR, Oyouni AAA, Babalghith AO, Alreshidi M. BARD1 mystery: tumor suppressors are cancer susceptibility genes. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:599. [PMID: 35650591 PMCID: PMC9161512 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09567-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The full-length BRCA1-associated RING domain 1 (BARD1) gene encodes a 777-aa protein. BARD1 displays a dual role in cancer development and progression as it acts as a tumor suppressor and an oncogene. Structurally, BARD1 has homologous domains to BRCA1 that aid their heterodimer interaction to inhibit the progression of different cancers such as breast and ovarian cancers following the BRCA1-dependant pathway. In addition, BARD1 was shown to be involved in other pathways that are involved in tumor suppression (BRCA1-independent pathway) such as the TP53-dependent apoptotic signaling pathway. However, there are abundant BARD1 isoforms exist that are different from the full-length BARD1 due to nonsense and frameshift mutations, or deletions were found to be associated with susceptibility to various cancers including neuroblastoma, lung, breast, and cervical cancers. This article reviews the spectrum of BARD1 full-length genes and its different isoforms and their anticipated associated risk. Additionally, the study also highlights the role of BARD1 as an oncogene in breast cancer patients and its potential uses as a prognostic/diagnostic biomarker and as a therapeutic target for cancer susceptibility testing and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef M Hawsawi
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center- Research Center, KFSH&RC, MBC-J04, P.O. Box 40047, Jeddah, 21499, Saudi Arabia. .,College of Medicine, Al-Faisal University, P.O. Box 50927, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Anwar Shams
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Theyab
- College of Medicine, Al-Faisal University, P.O. Box 50927, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Security Forces Hospital, Mecca, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Wed A Abdali
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center- Research Center, KFSH&RC, MBC-J04, P.O. Box 40047, Jeddah, 21499, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nahed A Hussien
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt.,Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan E Alatwi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Genome and Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Othman R Alzahrani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Genome and Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atif Abdulwahab A Oyouni
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Genome and Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad O Babalghith
- Medical genetics Department, College of Medicine, Umm Alqura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mousa Alreshidi
- Departement of biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.,Molecular Diagnostic and Personalized Therapeutic Unit, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
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