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Formulation of tizanidine hydrochloride-loaded provesicular system for improved oral delivery and therapeutic activity employing a 2 3 full factorial design. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:580-592. [PMID: 35927549 PMCID: PMC9794545 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01217-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tizanidine hydrochloride (TZN) is one of the most effective centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxants. The objective of this study is to prepare TZN-loaded proniosomes (TZN-PN) aiming at enhanced oral delivery and therapeutic activity. TZN-PN were prepared by coacervation phase separation method. The developed vesicles were characterized via entrapment efficiency percentage (EE%), vesicular size (VS), and zeta potential (ZP). A 23 full factorial design was employed to attain an optimized TZN-PN formulation. The optimized TZN-PN were further characterized via in vitro release study and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In vivo rotarod test was employed for determination of the muscle relaxant activities of rats and levels of GABA and EAAT2 were detected. The developed TZN-PN exhibited relatively high EE% (75.78-85.45%), a VS ranging between (348-559 nm), and a ZP (-26.47 to -59.64). In vitro release profiles revealed sustained release of TZN from the optimized TZN-PN, compared to free drug up to 24 h. In vivo rotarod study revealed that the elevation in coordination was in the following order: normal control < free TZN < market product < TZN-PN (F6). Moreover, the optimized TZN-PN exhibited significant elevated coordination activity by 39% and 26% compared to control group and market product group, respectively. This was accompanied with an elevation in both GABA and EAAT2 serum levels. Thus, it could be concluded that encapsulation of TZN in the provesicular nanosystem proniosomes has enhanced the anti-nociceptive effect of the drug and consequently its therapeutic activity.
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Akhlaq M, Azad AK, Fuloria S, Meenakshi DU, Raza S, Safdar M, Nawaz A, Subramaniyan V, Sekar M, Sathasivam KV, Wu YS, Miret MM, Fuloria NK. Fabrication of Tizanidine Loaded Patches Using Flaxseed Oil and Coriander Oil as a Penetration Enhancer for Transdermal Delivery. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4217. [PMID: 34883720 PMCID: PMC8659784 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery is important to maintain plasma drug concentrations for therapeutic efficacy. The current study reports the design, formulation, and evaluation of tizanidine transdermal patches formulated using chitosan and thiolated chitosan, ethyl cellulose (EC), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and Eudragit RL100 in different ratios. The tizanidine patches were formulated using flaxseed oil and coriander oil in the concentrations of 1% v/w, 2% v/w, 3% v/w, 4% v/w, 5% v/w, and 10% v/w. The patches were subjected to characterization of physicochemical property (thickness, weight uniformity, drug content, efficiency, percentage moisture uptake/loss), in vitro drug release and drug permeation, skin irritation, in vivo application, pharmacokinetics analysis, and stability studies. The results indicate that the interaction of thiolated chitosan with the negative charges of the skin opens the tight junctions of the skin, whereas flaxseed and coriander oils change the conformational domain of the skin. The novelty of this study is in the use of flaxseed and coriander oils as skin permeation enhancers for the formulation of tizanidine transdermal patches. The formulations follow non-Fickian drug release kinetics. The FTZNE23, FTZNE36 and FTZNE54, with 5% v/w flaxseed oil loaded formulations, exhibited higher flux through rabbit skin compared with FTZNE30, FTZNE35, FTZNE42, and FTZNE47, formulations loaded with 10% v/w coriander oil. The study concludes that flaxseed oil is a better choice for formulating tizanidine patches, offering optimal plasma concentration and therapeutic efficacy, and recommends the use of flaxseed and coriander oil based patches as a novel transdermal delivery system for tizanidine and related classes of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Akhlaq
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail khan 29050, Pakistan; (M.A.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Abul Kalam Azad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Malaysia
| | - Shivkanya Fuloria
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Malaysia
- Centre of Excellence for Biomaterials Engineering, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Malaysia;
| | | | - Sajid Raza
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail khan 29050, Pakistan; (M.A.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Muhammad Safdar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail khan 29050, Pakistan; (M.A.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Asif Nawaz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail khan 29050, Pakistan; (M.A.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Vetriselvan Subramaniyan
- Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Jalan SP 2, Bandar Saujana Putra, Jenjarom Selangor, Shah Alam 42610, Malaysia;
| | - Mahendran Sekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh 30450, Malaysia;
| | - Kathiresan V. Sathasivam
- Centre of Excellence for Biomaterials Engineering, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Malaysia;
- Faculty of Applied Science, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Malaysia
| | - Yuan Seng Wu
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research & Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Mireia Mallandrich Miret
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Sciences Food, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Neeraj Kumar Fuloria
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Malaysia
- Centre of Excellence for Biomaterials Engineering, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Malaysia;
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