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Cheshire WP, Koga S, Tipton PW, Sekiya H, Ross OA, Uitti RJ, Josephs KA, Dickson DW. Cancer in pathologically confirmed multiple system atrophy. Clin Auton Res 2023; 33:451-458. [PMID: 37178348 PMCID: PMC10529111 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-023-00946-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to assess whether cancer occurs with increased frequency in multiple system atrophy (MSA). The pathological hallmark of MSA is glial cytoplasmic inclusions containing aggregated α-synuclein, and the related protein γ-synuclein correlates with invasive cancer. We investigated whether these two disorders are associated clinically. METHODS Medical records of 320 patients with pathologically confirmed MSA seen between 1998 and 2022 were reviewed. After excluding those with insufficient medical histories, the remaining 269 and an equal number of controls matched for age and sex were queried for personal and family histories of cancer recorded on standardized questionnaires and in clinical histories. Additionally, age-adjusted rates of breast cancer were compared with US population incidence data. RESULTS Of 269 cases in each group, 37 with MSA versus 45 of controls had a personal history of cancer. Reported cases of cancer in parents were 97 versus 104 and in siblings 31 versus 44 for MSA and controls, respectively. Of 134 female cases in each group, 14 MSA versus 10 controls had a personal history of breast cancer. The age-adjusted rate of breast cancer in MSA was 0.83%, as compared with 0.67% in controls and 2.0% in the US population. All comparisons were nonsignificant. CONCLUSION The evidence from this retrospective cohort found no significant clinical association of MSA with breast cancer or other cancers. These results do not exclude the possibility that knowledge about synuclein pathology at the molecular level in cancer may lead to future discoveries and potential therapeutic targets for MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Cheshire
- Division of Autonomic Disorders, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd., Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
| | - Shunsuke Koga
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Philip W Tipton
- Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Hiroaki Sekiya
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Ryan J Uitti
- Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Keith A Josephs
- Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Myers AJ, Brahimi A, Jenkins IJ, Koob AO. The Synucleins and the Astrocyte. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020155. [PMID: 36829434 PMCID: PMC9952504 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Synucleins consist of three proteins exclusively expressed in vertebrates. α-Synuclein (αS) has been identified as the main proteinaceous aggregate in Lewy bodies, a pathological hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases. Less is understood about β-synuclein (βS) and γ-synuclein (γS), although it is known βS can interact with αS in vivo to inhibit aggregation. Likewise, both γS and βS can inhibit αS's propensity to aggregate in vitro. In the central nervous system, βS and αS, and to a lesser extent γS, are highly expressed in the neural presynaptic terminal, although they are not strictly located there, and emerging data have shown a more complex expression profile. Synapse loss and astrocyte atrophy are early aspects of degenerative diseases of the brain and correlate with disease progression. Synucleins appear to be involved in synaptic transmission, and astrocytes coordinate and organize synaptic function, with excess αS degraded by astrocytes and microglia adjacent to the synapse. βS and γS have also been observed in the astrocyte and may provide beneficial roles. The astrocytic responsibility for degradation of αS as well as emerging evidence on possible astrocytic functions of βS and γS, warrant closer inspection on astrocyte-synuclein interactions at the synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail J. Myers
- Neuroscience Program, Health Science Research Facility, University of Vermont, 149 Beaumont Ave., Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Ayat Brahimi
- Biology Department, University of Hartford, 200 Bloomfield Ave., West Hartford, CT 06117, USA
| | - Imani J. Jenkins
- Biology Department, University of Hartford, 200 Bloomfield Ave., West Hartford, CT 06117, USA
| | - Andrew O. Koob
- Biology Department, University of Hartford, 200 Bloomfield Ave., West Hartford, CT 06117, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-860-768-5780
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Hernaiz A, Sanz A, Sentre S, Ranera B, Lopez-Pérez O, Zaragoza P, Badiola JJ, Filali H, Bolea R, Toivonen JM, Martín-Burriel I. Genome-Wide Methylation Profiling in the Thalamus of Scrapie Sheep. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:824677. [PMID: 35252421 PMCID: PMC8888973 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.824677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Scrapie is a neurodegenerative disorder belonging to the group of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE). Scrapie occurs in sheep and goats, which are considered good natural animal models of these TSE. Changes in DNA methylation occur in the central nervous system (CNS) of patients suffering from prion-like neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. Nevertheless, potential DNA methylation alterations have not yet been investigated in the CNS of any prion disease model or naturally infected cases, neither in humans nor in animals. Genome-wide DNA methylation patterns were studied in the thalamus obtained from sheep naturally infected with scrapie at a clinical stage (n = 4) and from controls (n = 4) by performing a whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) analysis. Ewes carried the scrapie-susceptible ARQ/ARQ PRNP genotype and were sacrificed at a similar age (4–6 years). Although the average genomic methylation levels were similar between the control and the scrapie animals, we identified 8,907 significant differentially methylated regions (DMRs) and 39 promoters (DMPs). Gene Ontology analysis revealed that hypomethylated DMRs were enriched in genes involved in transmembrane transport and cell adhesion, whereas hypermethylated DMRs were related to intracellular signal transduction genes. Moreover, genes highly expressed in specific types of CNS cells and those previously described to be differentially expressed in scrapie brains contained DMRs. Finally, a quantitative PCR (qPCR) validation indicated differences in the expression of five genes (PCDH19, SNCG, WDR45B, PEX1, and CABIN1) that matched the methylation changes observed in the genomic study. Altogether, these results suggest a potential regulatory role of DNA methylation in prion neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaida Hernaiz
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica (LAGENBIO), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza-IA2, IIS, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Arianne Sanz
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica (LAGENBIO), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza-IA2, IIS, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sara Sentre
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica (LAGENBIO), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza-IA2, IIS, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Beatriz Ranera
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Jorge, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Oscar Lopez-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica (LAGENBIO), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza-IA2, IIS, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes (CEETE), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza-IA2, IIS, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Zaragoza
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica (LAGENBIO), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza-IA2, IIS, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan J. Badiola
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes (CEETE), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza-IA2, IIS, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Hicham Filali
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes (CEETE), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza-IA2, IIS, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rosa Bolea
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes (CEETE), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza-IA2, IIS, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Janne M. Toivonen
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica (LAGENBIO), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza-IA2, IIS, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Martín-Burriel
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica (LAGENBIO), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza-IA2, IIS, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes (CEETE), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza-IA2, IIS, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Inmaculada Martín-Burriel
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γ-Synuclein Induces Human Cortical Astrocyte Proliferation and Subsequent BDNF Expression and Release. Neuroscience 2019; 410:41-54. [PMID: 31078687 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
γ-Synuclein (γ-syn) is expressed by astrocytes in the human nervous system, and increased extracellularly in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Upregulation of γ-syn also coincides with proliferation of glioblastomas and other cancers. In order to better understand regulation and function of extracellular γ-syn, primary human cortical astrocytes were treated with γ-syn conditioned media at various physiological concentrations (50, 100, 150 nM) after cell synchronization. Additionally, extracellular brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neuroprotective growth factor released by astrocytes that has been shown to be decreased extracellularly in neurodegenerative disease, was observed in response to γ-syn treatment. Analysis of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and propidium iodide through flow cytometry 24 h after release from synchronization revealed an increase in G2/M phase of the cell cycle with 100 nM γ-syn during initial cell division, an effect that was reversed at 48 h. However, increased extracellular BDNF was observed at 48 h with 100 nM and 150 nM γ-syn treatment with no difference between controls at 24 h. Further analysis of cell cycle markers with immunocytochemistry of BrdU and Ki67 after treatment with 100 nM γ-syn confirmed increased initial cell proliferation and decreased non-proliferating cells. Western blot analysis demonstrated increased γ-syn levels after 100 nM treatment at 24 and 48 h, and increased pro-BDNF, mature BDNF and cell viability at 48 h. The results demonstrate that γ-syn internalization by human cortical astrocytes causes upregulation of the cell cycle, followed by subsequent BDNF expression and release.
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