African Walnuts (Tetracarpidium conophorum) Modulate Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in Obesity via Reciprocal Actions on HMG-CoA Reductase and Paraoxonase

Identification of some bioactive compounds from Trignonella foenumgraecum as possible inhibitors of PPARϒ for diabetes treatment through molecular docking studies, pharmacophore modelling and ADMET profiling: An in-silico study

Oral antidiabetic agents including the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists are available for the clinical management of diabetes mellitus (DM) but most are characterized by many adverse effects. In this study, we explore the antidiabetic properties of phytoconstituents from Trigonellafeonumgraecum (Fabaceae) as potential agonist of PPARγ; using in silico molecular docking, molecular mechanics generalized surface area (MM/GBSA)free binding energy prediction, Pharmacophore modeling experiment, and Pharmacokinetic/ toxicity analysis. One hundred and forty (140) compounds derived from Trigonellafeonumgraecum were screened by molecular docking against protein target PDB 3VI8. Results obtained from binding affinity (BA) and that of binding free energy (BFE) revealed five 5 compounds; arachidonic acid (CID_10467, BA -10.029, BFE -58.9), isoquercetin (CID_5280804, BA -9.507kcal/mol, BFE -56.33), rutin (CID_5280805, BA -9.463kcal/mol, BFE -56.33), quercetin (CID_10121947, BA -11.945kcal/mol, BFE -45.89) and (2S)-2-[[4-methoxy-3-[(pyrene-1-carbonylamino)methyl]phenyl]methyl]butanoic acid (CID_25112371, BA -10.679kcal/mol, BFE -45.73); and were superior to the standard; Rosiglitazone with a docking score of -7.672. Hydrogen bonding was notable in the protein-ligand complex interaction, with hydrophobic bond, polar bond and pipi stacking also observed. Their Pharmacokinetic/ toxicity profile showed varying druggable characteristics, but; arachidonic acid had the most favorable characteristics. These compounds are potential agonists of PPARγ and are considered as antidiabetic agents after successful experimental validation.

Hesperidin: A Therapeutic Agent For Obesity

Obesity is a chronic metabolic disease caused by multiple factors and is considered to be a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, stroke and various cancers. Hesperidin, a flavanone glycoside, is a natural phenolic compound with a wide range of biological effects. Mounting evidence has demonstrated that hesperidin possesses inhibitory effect against obesity diseases. Our review discusses mechanisms of hesperidin in the treatment of obesity. Hesperidin regulates lipid metabolism and glucose metabolism by mediating AMPK and PPAR signaling pathways, directly regulates antioxidant index and anti-apoptosis, and indirectly mediates NF-κB signaling pathway to regulate inflammation to play a role in the treatment of obesity. In addition, hesperidin-enriched dietary supplements can significantly improve symptoms such as postprandial hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Further clinical trials are also required for confirming lipid-lowering efficacy of this natural flavonoid and evaluating its safety profile.