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Alavi SE, Cabot PJ, Moyle PM. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Strategies To Improve Their Efficiency. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:2278-2295. [PMID: 31050435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing in global prevalence and is associated with serious health problems (e.g., cardiovascular disease). Various treatment options are available for T2DM, including the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). GLP-1 is a therapeutic peptide secreted from the intestines following food intake, which stimulates the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. The native GLP-1 has a very short plasma half-life, owning to renal clearance and degradation by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4. To overcome this issue, various GLP-1 agonists with increased resistance to proteolytic degradation and reduced renal clearance have been developed, with several currently marketed. Strategies, such as controlled release delivery systems, methods to reduce renal clearance (e.g., PEGylation and conjugation to antibodies), and methods to improve proteolytic stability (e.g., stapling, cyclization, and glycosylation) provide means to further improve the ability of GLP-1 analogs. These will be discussed in this literature review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ebrahim Alavi
- School of Pharmacy , The University of Queensland , Woolloongabba , 4102 , Australia
| | - Peter J Cabot
- School of Pharmacy , The University of Queensland , Woolloongabba , 4102 , Australia
| | - Peter M Moyle
- School of Pharmacy , The University of Queensland , Woolloongabba , 4102 , Australia
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Modified human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) produced in E. coli has a long-acting therapeutic effect in type 2 diabetic mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181939. [PMID: 28750064 PMCID: PMC5531477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a very potent insulinotropic hormone secreted into the blood stream after eating. Thus, it has potential to be used in therapeutic treatment of diabetes. The half-life of GLP-1, however, is very short due to its rapid cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV). This presents a great challenge if it is to be used as a therapeutic drug. GLP-1, like many other small peptides, is commonly produced through chemical synthesis, but is limited by cost and product quantity. In order to overcome these problems, a sequence encoding a six codon-optimized tandem repeats of modified GLP-1 was constructed and expressed in the E. coli to produce a protease-resistant protein, 6×mGLP-1. The purified recombinant 6×mGLP-1, with a yield of approximately 20 mg/L, could be digested with trypsin to obtain single peptides. The single mGLP-1 peptides significantly stimulated the proliferation of a mouse pancreatic β cell line, MIN6. The recombinant peptide also greatly improved the oral glucose tolerance test of mice, exerted a positive glucoregulatory effect, and most notably had a glucose lowering effect for as long as 16.7 hours in mice altered to create a type 2 diabetic condition and exerted a positive glucoregulatory effect in db/db mice. These results indicate that recombinant 6×mGLP-1 has great potential to be used as an effective and cost-efficient drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Ma S, We L, Yang H, Deng S, M. Jevnikar A. Emerging technologies to achieve oral delivery of GLP-1 and GLP-1 analogs for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.24870/cjb.2017-000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Xu F, Wang KY, Wang N, Li G, Liu D. Bioactivity of a modified human Glucagon-like peptide-1. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171601. [PMID: 28152036 PMCID: PMC5289641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes has become the third largest cause of death in humans worldwide. Therefore, effective treatment for this disease remains a critical issue. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) plays an important role in glucose homeostasis, and therefore represents a promising candidate to use for the treatment of diabetes. Native GLP-1, however, is quickly degraded in in the circulatory system; which limits its clinical application. In the present study, a chemically-synthesized, modified analogue of human GLP-1 (mGLP-1) was designed. Our analyses indicated that, relative to native GLP-1, mGLP-1 is more resistant to trypsin and pancreatin degradation. mGLP-1 promotes mouse pancreatic β-cell proliferation by up-regulating the expression level of cyclin E, CDK2, Bcl-2 and down-regulating Bax, p21, and stimulates insulin secretion. An oral glucose tolerance test indicated that mGLP-1 significantly improved glucose tolerance in mice. Intraperitoneal injections of mGLP-1 into streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 2 diabetic mice significantly reduced blood sugar levels and stimulated insulin secretion. Oral gavages of mGLP-1 in diabetic mice did not result in significant hypoglycemic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Xu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kevin Yueju Wang
- Department of Natural Sciences, Northeastern State University, Broken Arrow, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Nan Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gangqiang Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dehu Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Xiao B, Tan Y, Long N, Chen X, Tong Z, Dong Y, Li Y. SNP-based genetic linkage map of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) using next-generation RAD sequencing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:11. [PMID: 26473145 PMCID: PMC4607152 DOI: 10.1186/s40709-015-0034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is an important model system, which has been widely used in plant physiological studies and it is particularly useful as a bioreactor. Despite its importance, only limited molecular marker resources are available for genome analysis, genetic mapping and breeding. Restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) is a powerful new method for targeted sequencing across the genomes of many individuals. This approach has broad potential for genetic analysis through linkage mapping. Results We constructed a RAD library using genomic DNA from a BC1 backcross population. Sequencing of 196 individuals was performed on an Illumina HiSeq 2500. Two linkage maps were constructed, one with a reference genome and another, termed as de novo identification of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) by RAD-seq, without a reference genome. Overall, 4138 and 2162 SNP markers with a total length of 1944.74 and 2000.9 cM were mapped to 24 linkage groups in the genetic maps based on reference genome and without reference, respectively. Conclusions Using two different SNP discovery methods based on next generation RAD sequencing technology, we have respectively mapped 2162 and 4318 SNPs in our backcross population. This study gives an excellent example for high density linkage map construction, irrespective of genome sequence availability, and provides saturated information for downstream genetic investigations such as quantitative trait locus analyses or genomic selection (e.g. bioreactor suitable cultivars). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40709-015-0034-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingguang Xiao
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Science, Yuantong Street No. 33, Kunming, 650021 Yunnan China
| | - Yuntao Tan
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, JingMing South Road No. 727, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Ni Long
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, JingMing South Road No. 727, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Science, Yuantong Street No. 33, Kunming, 650021 Yunnan China
| | - Zhijun Tong
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Science, Yuantong Street No. 33, Kunming, 650021 Yunnan China
| | - Yang Dong
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, JingMing South Road No. 727, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Yongping Li
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Science, Yuantong Street No. 33, Kunming, 650021 Yunnan China
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Makhzoum A, Benyammi R, Moustafa K, Trémouillaux-Guiller J. Recent advances on host plants and expression cassettes' structure and function in plant molecular pharming. BioDrugs 2015; 28:145-59. [PMID: 23959796 PMCID: PMC7100180 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-013-0062-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plant molecular pharming is a promising system to produce important recombinant proteins such as therapeutic antibodies, pharmaceuticals, enzymes, growth factors, and vaccines. The system provides an interesting alternative method to the direct extraction of proteins from inappropriate source material while offering the possibility to overcome problems related to product safety and source availability. Multiple factors including plant hosts, genes of interest, expression vector cassettes, and extraction and purification techniques play important roles in the plant molecular pharming. Plant species, as a biosynthesis platform, are a crucial factor in achieving high yields of recombinant protein in plant. The choice of recombinant gene and its expression strategy is also of great importance in ensuring a high amount of the recombinant proteins. Many studies have been conducted to improve expression, accumulation, and purification of the recombinant protein from molecular pharming systems. Re-engineered vectors and expression cassettes are also pivotal tools in enhancing gene expression at the transcription and translation level, and increasing protein accumulation, stability, retention and targeting of specific organelles. In this review, we report recent advances and strategies of plant molecular pharming while focusing on the choice of plant hosts and the role of some molecular pharming elements and approaches: promoters, codon optimization, signal sequences, and peptides used for upstream design, purification and downstream processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Makhzoum
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Roukia Benyammi
- Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Biotechnology of the National Superior School of Agronomy, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Khaled Moustafa
- Institut Mondor de la Recherche Biomédicale, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Créteil, France
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Choi J, Diao H, Feng ZC, Lau A, Wang R, Jevnikar AM, Ma S. A fusion protein derived from plants holds promising potential as a new oral therapy for type 2 diabetes. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 12:425-35. [PMID: 24373324 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is recognized as a promising candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D), with one of its mimetics, exenatide (synthetic exendin-4) having already been licensed for clinical use. We seek to further improve the therapeutic efficacy of exendin-4 (Ex-4) using innovative fusion protein technology. Here, we report the production in plants a fusion protein containing Ex-4 coupled with human transferrin (Ex-4-Tf) and its characterization. We demonstrated that plant-made Ex-4-Tf retained the activity of both proteins. In particular, the fusion protein stimulated insulin release from pancreatic β-cells, promoted β-cell proliferation, stimulated differentiation of pancreatic precursor cells into insulin-producing cells, retained the ability to internalize into human intestinal cells and resisted stomach acid and proteolytic enzymes. Importantly, oral administration of partially purified Ex-4-Tf significantly improved glucose tolerance, whereas commercial Ex-4 administered by the same oral route failed to show any significant improvement in glucose tolerance in mice. Furthermore, intraperitoneal (IP) injection of Ex-4-Tf showed a beneficial effect in mice similar to IP-injected Ex-4. We also showed that plants provide a robust system for the expression of Ex-4-Tf, producing up to 37 μg prEx-4-Tf/g fresh leaf weight in transgenic tobacco and 137 μg prEx-4-Tf/g freshweight in transiently transformed leaves of N. benthamiana. These results indicate that Ex-4-Tf holds substantial promise as a new oral therapy for type 2 diabetes. The production of prEx-4-Tf in plants may offer a convenient and cost-effective method to deliver the antidiabetic medicine in partially processed plant food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeehye Choi
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Brandsma ME, Diao H, Wang X, Kohalmi SE, Jevnikar AM, Ma S. Plant-derived recombinant human serum transferrin demonstrates multiple functions. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2010; 8:489-505. [PMID: 20432512 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2010.00499.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Human serum transferrin (hTf) is the major iron-binding protein in human plasma, having a vital role in iron transport. Additionally, hTf has many other uses including antimicrobial functions and growth factor effects on mammalian cell proliferation and differentiation. The multitask nature of hTf makes it highly valuable for different therapeutic and commercial applications. However, the success of hTf in these applications is critically dependent on the availability of high-quality hTf in large amounts. In this study, we have developed plants as a novel platform for the production of recombinant (r)hTf. We show here that transgenic plants are an efficient system for rhTf production, with a maximum accumulation of 0.25% total soluble protein (TSP) (or up to 33.5 microg/g fresh leaf weight). Furthermore, plant-derived rhTf retains many of the biological activities synonymous with native hTf. In particular, rhTf reversibly binds iron in vitro, exhibits bacteriostatic activity, supports cell proliferation in serum-free medium and can be internalized into mammalian cells in vitro. The success of this study validates the future application of plant rhTf in a variety of fields. Of particular interest is the use of plant rhTf as a novel carrier for cell-specific or oral delivery of protein/peptide drugs for the treatment of human diseases such as diabetes.To demonstrate this hypothesis, we have additionally expressed an hTf fusion protein containing glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) or its derivative in plants. Here, we show that plant-derived hTf-GLP-1 fusion proteins retain the ability to be internalized by mammalian cells when added to culture medium in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin E Brandsma
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Tremblay R, Wang D, Jevnikar AM, Ma S. Tobacco, a highly efficient green bioreactor for production of therapeutic proteins. Biotechnol Adv 2010; 28:214-21. [PMID: 19961918 PMCID: PMC7132750 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecular farming of pharmaceuticals in plants has the potential to provide almost unlimited amounts of recombinant proteins for use in disease diagnosis, prevention or treatment. Tobacco has been and will continue to be a major crop for molecular farming and offers several practical advantages over other crops. It produces significant leaf biomass, has high soluble protein content and is a non-food crop, minimizing the risk of food-chain contamination. This, combined with its flexibility and highly-efficient genetic transformation/regeneration, has made tobacco particularly well suited for plant-based production of biopharmaceutical products. The goal of this review is to provide an update on the use of tobacco for molecular farming of biopharmaceuticals as well the technologies developed to enhance protein production/purification/efficacy. We show that tobacco is a robust biological reactor with a multitude of applications and may hold the key to success in plant molecular farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reynald Tremblay
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - David Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1014, USA
| | - Anthony M. Jevnikar
- Transplantation Immunology Group, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4G5
| | - Shengwu Ma
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
- Transplantation Immunology Group, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4G5
- Plantigen Inc., 700 Collip Circle, London, Ontario, Canada N6G 4X8
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