1
|
Shahveh M, Tajbakhsh E, Momtaz H, Ranjbar R. Molecular Characterization of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Isolated from a Meat Source in Shahrekord Local Markets, Iran. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2023; 78:1387-1396. [PMID: 38226377 PMCID: PMC10787921 DOI: 10.32592/ari.2023.78.4.1387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and E. faecium (E. faecium) are commensals of the gastrointestinal biota of humans and animals and are considered opportunistic pathogens. This study aimed to improve the knowledge about E. faecalis and E. faecium isolated from meat. To this end, 104 meat samples were collected from sheep, goats, cattle, and calves from Shahrekord local markets in Iran. Presumptive colonies of E. faecalis and E. faecium were isolated from the samples and subjected to identification tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect some virulence genes. Furthermore, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA typing and repetitive element sequence-based PCR fingerprinting were used to show the clonal relatedness of the isolates. The results revealed that enterococci were present in 90 out of 104 samples. Specifically, E. faecalis and E. faecium were the commonly isolated species, with the predominance of E. faecalis, which exhibited high resistance to streptomycin (95%) but was susceptible to vancomycin (85.6%). Virulence genes detection showed that ccf and cpd genes were the most prevalent genes in both species. In addition, the molecular typing method indicated that the isolates belonged to separate subgroups. This study shows the contamination of meat products by potential pathogens and resistant enterococci. There is a need to implement regular surveillance to monitor the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant E. faecalis and E. faecium in food, particularly in meat production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Shahveh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - E Tajbakhsh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - H Momtaz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - R Ranjbar
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu HF, Huang XY, Li ZM, Zhou ZY, Zhong ZJ, Peng GN. Virulence gene detection and antimicrobial resistance analysis of Enterococcus faecium in captive giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in China. Acta Vet Scand 2023; 65:4. [PMID: 36737784 PMCID: PMC9898886 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-023-00668-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of multidrug resistance among enterococci makes effective treatment of enterococcal infections more challenging. Giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) are vulnerable to oral trauma and lesions as they feast on bamboo. Enterococci may contaminate such oral lesions and cause infection necessitating treatment with antibiotics. However, few studies have focused on the virulence and drug resistance of oral-derived enterococci, including Enterococcus faecium, in giant pandas. In this study, we analyzed the prevalence of 8 virulence genes and 14 drug resistance genes in E. faecium isolates isolated from saliva samples of giant pandas held in captivity in China and examined the antimicrobial drug susceptibility patterns of the E. faecium isolates. RESULTS Twenty-eight isolates of E. faecium were successfully isolated from the saliva samples. Four virulence genes were detected, with the acm gene showing the highest prevalence (89%). The cylA, cpd, esp, and hyl genes were not detected. The isolated E. faecium isolates possessed strong resistance to a variety of drugs; however, they were sensitive to high concentrations of aminoglycosides. The resistance rates to vancomycin, linezolid, and nitrofurantoin were higher than those previously revealed by similar studies in China and other countries. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study indicate the drugs of choice for treatment of oral E. faecium infection in the giant panda.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Feng Liu
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yao Huang
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhe-Meng Li
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zi-Yao Zhou
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhong
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guang-Neng Peng
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rani V, Prakash A, Mannan MAU, Das P, Haridas H, Gaindaa R. Emergence of OptrA Gene Mediated Linezolid Resistance among Enterococcus Faecium: A Pilot Study from a Tertiary Care Hospital, India. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MEDICINE 2023; 12:242-256. [PMID: 38751656 PMCID: PMC11092898 DOI: 10.22088/ijmcm.bums.12.3.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
E. faecium is the third most common cause of nosocomial infections. Linezolid (LNZ) is a reserve antibiotic recommended for infections caused by vancomycin resistant E. faecium (VREfm). The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of optrA gene among linezolid resistant E. faecium (LREfm) and to study the molecular epidemiology using pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Clinically significant LREfm were identified and antimicrobial susceptibility was performed by disc diffusion. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of linezolid, vancomycin, daptomycin and quinupristin/dalfopristin was determined by E-test. PCR and PCR-RFPL were performed for the detection of optrA/cfr gene and G2576T mutation respectively. Molecular epidemiology was studied by PFGE. A total of 1081 clinically significant Enterococci species were isolated which included E. faecium 63.5% (n=687) and E. faecalis 36.5% (n=394). LREfm (30/687) were further studied. Multidrug resistance and vancomycin resistance was 100% and 80%, respectively. Linezolid MIC range was 8-256µg/ml and the most common mechanism of resistance was optrA gene (83.3%) followed by G2576T mutation (33.3%). PFGE analysis demonstrated 4 major clones. The optrA gene mediated linezolid resistance was high and PFGE suggests resistance was emerging in the different background strains irrespective of resistance mechanism. Studies are required to investigate factors driving the emergence of linezolid resistance. The review suggests that this is the first report of optrA-mediated resistance in E. faecium from India.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Rani
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India.
- Department of Microbiology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India.
| | - Ajit Prakash
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States of America.
| | - Mohammad Amin-ul Mannan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India.
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute, UCLA Harbor Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90502, USA.
| | - Priyanka Das
- Department of Microbiology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India.
| | - Hitha Haridas
- Department of Microbiology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India.
| | - Rajni Gaindaa
- Department of Microbiology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Prevalence of Genes Encoding Resistance to Aminoglycosides and Virulence Factors Among Intestinal Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm-128003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are recognized as nosocomial pathogens with increased importance in recent years. These bacteria are frequently isolated from patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs). Enterococcal pathogenicity is enhanced by different antibiotic resistance and virulence determinants. Objectives: The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of genes encoding resistance to antibiotics and virulence factors in intestinal VRE isolates from ICU patients. Methods: In this study, 23 VREs were investigated. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to nine antimicrobial agents were examined using E-test. Genes encoding vancomycin resistance (vanABCDMN), aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (aac(6')-Ie-aph(2")-Ia, aph(2")-Ib, aph(2")-Ic, aph(2")-Id, aph(3')-IIIa, ant(3')-Ia, ant(4')-Ia, ant(6')-Ia), together with genes for various virulence factor (ace/acm, asa1, cylA, efaA, esp, gelE and hyl), were detected using multiplex PCR. Results: The species distribution of the tested VRE was as follows: Nine Enterococcus casseliflavus, seven E. gallinarum, and seven E. faecium. The vanA gene was found in all E. faecium, in six of which the classical VanA phenotype was observed. The vancomycin (vanC) phenotype was associated with the presence of vanC1 gene in E. gallinarum and the vanC2 gene in E. casseliflavus isolates. The aac(6')-Ie-aph(2")-Ia gene was encoding high-level gentamicin resistance (HLGR) in the studied VRE. All E. faecium were positive for acm and esp, while acm in combination with esp or hyl was detected in 2 vanC enterococci. Conclusions: According to the findings, there was a correlation between the phenotype and the genotype of glycopeptide resistance in the tested VRE. HLGR was more prevalent in E. faecium because of the presence of aac(6')-Ie-aph(2")-Ia. The higher prevalence of virulence determinants was confirmed in vanA isolates compared to the studied vanC-carrying enterococci.
Collapse
|
5
|
Mohanty S, Behera B. Antibiogram Pattern and Virulence Trait Characterization of Enterococcus Species Clinical Isolates in Eastern India: A Recent Analysis. J Lab Physicians 2022; 14:237-246. [PMID: 36119423 PMCID: PMC9473946 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1750085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective We aimed to evaluate the current antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and characterize putative virulence traits among Enterococcus
species isolates from various clinical specimens in view of their increased isolation rates in both community-related and serious nosocomial infections, as well as resistance to many antibiotics.
Methods Study (April 2017–March 2018) included consecutive, nonrepeated, discrete, and clinically significant isolates of enterococci. Susceptibility testing included detection of high-level aminoglycoside-resistant (HLAR) and glycopeptide-resistant enterococci (GRE). All screen-positive GRE isolates were investigated by polymerase chain reaction for species confirmation and presence of vanA/vanB genes. Virulence genes ace, asa1, cyt, efa, esp, gelE, and hyl were investigated by molecular methods. Hemolysin and biofilm production were studied using phenotypic methods.
Results Of 111 isolates, 89 (80.1%), 16 (14.4%), and 6 (5.4%) were from urine, pus, and blood, respectively, consisting predominantly of E. faecalis (67, 60.4%) and E. faecium (32, 28.8%). E. hirae (5, 4.5%) was the predominant non-E. faecalis non-E. faecium isolate. Other species were E. durans (4, 3.6%), E. avium (2, 1.8%), and E. mundtii (1, 0.9%). Seven (6.3%) out of the 111 isolates were GRE, all vanA genotype. HLAR was observed in 70 (63.1%) isolates, significantly higher in E. faecium than E. faecalis (81.2 vs. 58.2%; p < 0.05). All were susceptible to daptomycin. Hemolysin activity and biofilm production were observed in 38 (34.2%) and 36 (32.4%) isolates. Most frequent virulence genes were efa (77, 69.4%), ace (71, 63.9%), asa1 (67, 60.3%), and gelE (66, 59.4%). There was a predominant association of esp and hyl genes with E. faecium and that of the other genes with E. faecalis.
Conclusion The study will contribute to the existing limited data on virulence trait characterization of clinical E. spp. isolates in India. At the same time, it will help to serve as a guide in the choice of empirical therapy in enterococcal infections leading to favorable clinical outcomes by decreasing the clinical failure, microbiological persistence, and associated mortality, and will lead to future studies on controlling the spread of virulent and multiresistant isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srujana Mohanty
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Bijayini Behera
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jahansepas A, Aghazadeh M, Rezaee MA, Heidarzadeh S, Mardaneh J, Mohammadzadeh A, Pouresmaeil O. Prevalence, Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence of Enterococcus spp. Isolated from Traditional Cheese Types. Ethiop J Health Sci 2022; 32:799-808. [PMID: 35950059 PMCID: PMC9341016 DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v32i4.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterococci are naturally found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of animals and humans, as well as animal-derived foods and vegetables. We here aimed to determine the prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and virulence determinants of E. faecium and E. faecalis in traditional cheese in the North-west of Iran. Materials and Methods Fifty specimens of popular traditional cheese from dairy stores of Urmia and Tabriz, Iran, were collected. Identification of the genus and species of enterococci was done using molecular and phenotypic techniques. Results Forty-eight (96 %) of 50 traditional cheese samples were harboring Enterococcus spp, including Enterococcus faecalis (n= 40; 83.33 %) and E. faecium (n= 8; 16.67 %). The prevalence of enterococci ranged from 1.1×105 to 9.7×104 CFU/g, and 1.1×103 to 9.8×103 CFU/g in Urmia and Tabriz samples, respectively. Rifampicin resistance (n= 38; 79.2 %) was the most common pattern observed in the susceptibility test, which was followed by quinupristin/dalfopristin (n= 33; 68.75 %). Among E. faecalis isolates, cpd (100 %), ace (92.5 %) and gelE (87.5 %), and among E. faecium isolates, gelE (100 %) and asa1 (75 %) were found to have the most common virulence genes. Conclusion E. faecalis was the predominant species, displaying more virulence determinants. It also had high antibiotic resistance, as compared to E. faecium. The enterococci identified here commonly expressed virulence and antibiotic resistance determinants. So, it is required to improve the maintenance and production quality of traditional cheese to avoid enterococci contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jahansepas
- Reference Laboratory, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohammad Aghazadeh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ahangarzadeh Rezaee
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Siamak Heidarzadeh
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Jalal Mardaneh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Alireza Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Omid Pouresmaeil
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Trościańczyk A, Nowakiewicz A, Osińska M, Łagowski D, Gnat S, Chudzik-Rząd B. Comparative characteristics of sequence types, genotypes and virulence of multidrug-resistant E. faecium isolated from various hosts in eastern Poland. Spread of clonal complex 17 in humans and animals. Res Microbiol 2022; 173:103925. [PMID: 35150875 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2022.103925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to carry out a comparative analysis of the occurrence of sequence types, genotypes, and virulence genes of multidrug-resistant E. faecium isolated from humans, domestic animals, and wildlife from eastern Poland. The genetic correlation of strains was determined using multilocus sequence typing, and the method of Amplification of DNA fragments Surrounding Rare Restriction Sites. The presence of 49 different STs (including 12 not reported previously) was shown. All human isolates, 56% of E. faecium isolated from poultry and 40% isolated from wildlife, belonged to the hospital-adapted CC17. E. faecium CC17 were characterized by statistically higher resistance to aminoglycosides and penicillin, the presence of the aac(6')-Ie-aph(2")-Ia and hyl gene and mutations in gyrA and parC, compared to other strains (p > 0.05). E. faecium were classified into 73 genotypes grouped into clusters including isolates from the same host species. The present study showed that the virulence, resistance, and genotype profiles of E. faecium were correlated with the individual host but not with the sequence type. The occurrence of E. faecium CC17 in both humans and animals proves the large circulation of the complex among various hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Trościańczyk
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Marcelina Osińska
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Dominik Łagowski
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Sebastian Gnat
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Beata Chudzik-Rząd
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093, Lublin, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fatoba DO, Amoako DG, Akebe ALK, Ismail A, Essack SY. Genomic analysis of antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus spp. reveals novel enterococci strains and the spread of plasmid-borne Tet(M), Tet(L) and Erm(B) genes from chicken litter to agricultural soil in South Africa. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 302:114101. [PMID: 34800768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Manure from food animals exposed to antibiotics is often used as soil fertiliser, potentially releasing antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) with diverse antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) into the soil. To determine the impact of chicken litter application on the soil resistome, Enterococcus spp. isolated from chicken litter and soil samples collected before and after the soil amendment were characterised, using whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatics tools. Nineteen Enterococcus spp. isolates from the three sources were sequenced on Illumina Miseq platform to ascertain the isolates' resistome, mobilome, virulome, clonality, and phylogenomic relationships. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis revealed eight novel sequence types (STs) (ST1700, ST1752, ST1753, ST1754, ST1755, ST1756, ST1004, and ST1006). The isolates harboured multiple resistance genes including those conferring resistance to inter alia macrolides-lincosamide-streptogramin (erm(B), lnu(B), lnu(G), lsaA, lsaE, eat(A), msr(C)), tetracycline (tet(M), tet(L), tet(S)), aminoglycosides (aac(6')-Ii, aac(6')-Iih, ant(6)-Ia, aph(3')-III, ant(9)-Ia), fluoroquinolones (efmA, and emeA), vancomycin (VanC {VanC-2, VanXY, VanXYC-3, VanXYC-4, VanRC}), and chloramphenicol (cat). The litter-amended soil harboured new ARB (particularly E. faecium) and ARGs (ant(6)-Ia, aac(6')-Ii, aph(3')-III), lnu(G), msr(C), and eat(A), efmA) that were not previously detected in the soil. The identified ARGs were associated with diverse mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as insertion sequences (IS6, ISL3, IS256, IS30), transposons (Tn3 and Tn916) and plasmids (repUS43, repUS1, rep9b, and rep 22). Twenty-eight virulence genes encoding adherence/biofilm formation (ebpA, ebpB, ebpC), antiphagocytosis (elrA) and bacterial sex pheromones (Ccf10, cOB1, cad, and camE), were detected in the genomes of the isolates. Phylogenomic analysis revealed a close relationship between a few isolates from litter-amended soil and the chicken litter isolates. The differences in the ARG and ARB profiles in the soil before and after the litter amendment and their association with diverse MGEs indicate the mobilisation and transmission of ARGs and ARB from the litter to the soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorcas Oladayo Fatoba
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Daniel Gyamfi Amoako
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Abia Luther King Akebe
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Arshad Ismail
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sabiha Y Essack
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ferchichi M, Sebei K, Boukerb AM, Karray-Bouraoui N, Chevalier S, Feuilloley MGJ, Connil N, Zommiti M. Enterococcus spp.: Is It a Bad Choice for a Good Use-A Conundrum to Solve? Microorganisms 2021; 9:2222. [PMID: 34835352 PMCID: PMC8622268 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since antiquity, the ubiquitous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) Enterococci, which are just as predominant in both human and animal intestinal commensal flora, have been used (and still are) as probiotics in food and feed production. Their qualities encounter several hurdles, particularly in terms of the array of virulence determinants, reflecting a notorious reputation that nearly prevents their use as probiotics. Additionally, representatives of the Enterococcus spp. genus showed intrinsic resistance to several antimicrobial agents, and flexibility to acquire resistance determinants encoded on a broad array of conjugative plasmids, transposons, and bacteriophages. The presence of such pathogenic aspects among some species represents a critical barrier compromising their use as probiotics in food. Thus, the genus neither has Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status nor has it been included in the Qualified Presumption of Safety (QPS) list implying drastic legislation towards these microorganisms. To date, the knowledge of the virulence factors and the genetic structure of foodborne enterococcal strains is rather limited. Although enterococcal infections originating from food have never been reported, the consumption of food carrying virulence enterococci seems to be a risky path of transfer, and hence, it renders them poor choices as probiotics. Auspiciously, enterococcal virulence factors seem to be strain specific suggesting that clinical isolates carry much more determinants that food isolates. The latter remain widely susceptible to clinically relevant antibiotics and subsequently, have a lower potential for pathogenicity. In terms of the ideal enterococcal candidate, selected strains deemed for use in foods should not possess any virulence genes and should be susceptible to clinically relevant antibiotics. Overall, implementation of an appropriate risk/benefit analysis, in addition to the case-by-case assessment, the establishment of a strain's innocuity, and consideration for relevant guidelines, legislation, and regulatory aspects surrounding functional food development seem to be the crucial elements for industries, health-staff and consumers to accept enterococci, like other LAB, as important candidates for useful and beneficial applications in food industry and food biotechnology. The present review aims at shedding light on the world of hurdles and limitations that hampers the Enterococcus spp. genus and its representatives from being used or proposed for use as probiotics. The future of enterococci use as probiotics and legislation in this field are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mounir Ferchichi
- Unité de Protéomique Fonctionnelle et Potentiel Nutraceutique de la Biodiversité de Tunisie, Institut Supérieur des Sciences Biologiques Appliquées de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia; (M.F.); (K.S.)
| | - Khaled Sebei
- Unité de Protéomique Fonctionnelle et Potentiel Nutraceutique de la Biodiversité de Tunisie, Institut Supérieur des Sciences Biologiques Appliquées de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia; (M.F.); (K.S.)
| | - Amine Mohamed Boukerb
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM) EA 4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France; (A.M.B.); (S.C.); (M.G.J.F.); (N.C.)
| | - Najoua Karray-Bouraoui
- Laboratoire de Productivité Végétale et Contraintes Abiotiques, LR18ES04, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia;
| | - Sylvie Chevalier
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM) EA 4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France; (A.M.B.); (S.C.); (M.G.J.F.); (N.C.)
| | - Marc G. J. Feuilloley
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM) EA 4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France; (A.M.B.); (S.C.); (M.G.J.F.); (N.C.)
| | - Nathalie Connil
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM) EA 4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France; (A.M.B.); (S.C.); (M.G.J.F.); (N.C.)
| | - Mohamed Zommiti
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM) EA 4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France; (A.M.B.); (S.C.); (M.G.J.F.); (N.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Saengsuwan P, Singkhamanan K, Madla S, Ingviya N, Romyasamit C. Molecular epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium clinical isolates in a tertiary care hospital in southern Thailand: a retrospective study. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11478. [PMID: 34055492 PMCID: PMC8141282 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Vancomycin-resistant enterococci are nosocomial pathogens that are responsible for commonly causing healthcare-associated infections, and they exhibit increased resistance to many antimicrobials, particularly to vancomycin. The epidemiological data available on vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in Thailand are inadequate. Methods Using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR), this study investigated genes that encode antimicrobial resistance and genetic relatedness to further understand VRE prevalence. Ninety VRE isolates were collected between 2011 and 2019 from a tertiary care hospital in southern Thailand. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the disk diffusion method and E-test methods. Multiplex PCR was performed to detect the van gene and virulence genes. Results The study showed a high prevalence of diverse multidrug-resistant VRE strains. The prevalence of VRE infection was the highest in 2014 (28 isolates, 39.4%). VRE were mostly found in the urogenital tract (26 isolates, 28.9%), followed by the digestive tract (20%), body fluid, i.e., pancreatic cyst fluid, peritoneal dialysis fluid, Jackson–Pratt (JP) drain (20%), and blood specimens (10%). Patients in medical and surgical wards had 71.1% multi-drug-resistant and 28.9% extensively drug-resistant (XDR) VRE strains, respectively. The most prevalent antibiotic resistance was to ampicillin (74.4%). Susceptibility to gentamicin and meropenem were similar (7% and 10%, respectively). Four isolates (4.4%) were resistant to colistin. Only vanA was detected among the strains. The virulence gene test showed that the detection rates of enterococcal surface protein (esp) and hyaluronidase (hyl) genes were 91.1% and 5.6%, respectively. According to ERIC-PCR analysis, 51 of 90 strains had clonality, with a similarity rate of 95%. Conclusions We conclude that there is a need to implement infection control practices and active surveillance. Molecular techniques can effectively detect antibiotic-resistant genes, which would allow monitoring to control VRE infection in hospitals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phanvasri Saengsuwan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Kamonnut Singkhamanan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Siribhorn Madla
- School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Natnicha Ingviya
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Chonticha Romyasamit
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Interplay between ESKAPE Pathogens and Immunity in Skin Infections: An Overview of the Major Determinants of Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020148. [PMID: 33540588 PMCID: PMC7912840 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ in the human body, acting as a physical and immunological barrier against pathogenic microorganisms. The cutaneous lesions constitute a gateway for microbial contamination that can lead to chronic wounds and other invasive infections. Chronic wounds are considered as serious public health problems due the related social, psychological and economic consequences. The group of bacteria known as ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter sp.) are among the most prevalent bacteria in cutaneous infections. These pathogens have a high level of incidence in hospital environments and several strains present phenotypes of multidrug resistance. In this review, we discuss some important aspects of skin immunology and the involvement of ESKAPE in wound infections. First, we introduce some fundamental aspects of skin physiology and immunology related to cutaneous infections. Following this, the major virulence factors involved in colonization and tissue damage are highlighted, as well as the most frequently detected antimicrobial resistance genes. ESKAPE pathogens express several virulence determinants that overcome the skin's physical and immunological barriers, enabling them to cause severe wound infections. The high ability these bacteria to acquire resistance is alarming, particularly in the hospital settings where immunocompromised individuals are exposed to these pathogens. Knowledge about the virulence and resistance markers of these species is important in order to develop new strategies to detect and treat their associated infections.
Collapse
|
12
|
Molecular characterization of the virulence genes gelE and cylA in the Enterococcus species isolated from clinical samples. Meta Gene 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2020.100695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
13
|
Krawczyk B, Wysocka M, Kotłowski R, Bronk M, Michalik M, Samet A. Linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from one hospital in Poland -commensals or hospital-adapted pathogens? PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233504. [PMID: 32453777 PMCID: PMC7250452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most pressing problems of enterococci infections is occurring resistance to linezolid, which is an antibiotic used in the treatment of infections caused by vancomycin-resistant strains (VRE). The main objective of our research was to investigate the relationship of 19 linezolid-resistant E. faecium isolates from 18 patients hospitalized at Clinical Hospital in Gdansk (Poland). One of the LZDREF was isolated in 2003 (K2003), and another 18 were collected from 2013 to 2017. Genotyping with PCR MP method indicated 14 main unrelated genetic profiles and no association with K2003 strain. Two isolates with the same genotype and genetically closely related two sub-types (2 isolates for each sub-type) were hospital-derived colonizations of patients. The other unrelated genotypes were discussed in the context of colonization, nosocomial infections, and commensal origin, taking into account prior exposure to linezolid. We determined the presence of a point mutation G2576T in six loci of 23S rDNA. There was also a significant correlation (p<0.0015) between the presence of MIC>32 value and the presence of G2576T point mutation on the sixth rrn. We also detected 5 virulence genes for all isolates: gelE, cylA, asa1, hyl, esp. Correlation (p≤0.0001) was observed between the presence of gelE gene encoding gelatinase and two other genes: cylA and asa1 encoding cytolysin and collagen binding protein responsible for aggregation of bacterial cells, respectively. Significant correlation was also observed between asa1 and cfr genes encoding 23S rRNA rybonuclease responsible for resistance to PhLOPSA antibiotics (p = 0.0004). The multidimensional analysis has also shown the correlation between cfr gene and GI-tract (p = 0, 0491), which suggests horizontal gene transfer inside the gut microbiota and the risk of colonization with linezolid-resistant strains without previously being treated with the antibiotic. The patient could have been colonized with LZDRVREF strains which in the absence of competitive microbiota quickly settle in ecological niches favourable for them and pose a risk for the patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beata Krawczyk
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wysocka
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Roman Kotłowski
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marek Bronk
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Hospital No 1, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Arshadi M, Shokoohizadeh L, Douraghi M, Owlia P, Mashhadi R, Soltani S, Pourmand MR. Epidemiological linkage of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium from different sources in Ahwaz, Iran. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 366:5420475. [PMID: 30915456 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was set to determine the genetic linkage and the clonal relationship between vancomycin-resistant Enterococcusfaecium (VREfm) isolates in three hospitals of Ahwaz city. In this study, 1050 samples were collected from various rectal swabs, hands of health care workers, environmental surfaces, medical equipment and 146 enterococci isolates from clinical sources of three hospitals from March to September 2015. Antimicrobial resistance patterns in VREfm were detected by disk diffusion method. Genetic linkages of VREfm strains were investigated by pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) methods. Out of 366 enterococcal isolates, 163 Enterococcus faecium isolates were found to be resistant to vancomycin. PFGE and MLST analysis showed the presence of 79 pulsotypes and 11 sequence types (ST), respectively. In total, 90% of the isolates belonged to clonal complex 17 (CC17). Three new STs were reported for the first time in this study and ST80 was the predominant ST. We found a high prevalence of diverse VREfm with threatening antibiotic resistance patterns in all the studied sources with the dominance of CC17 VREfm strains in Ahwaz hospitals. Also, the results of typing method showed inter- and intra-hospital circulation of VREfm and similar pulsotypes and STs among different sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maniya Arshadi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 6135715794, Iran
| | - Leili Shokoohizadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan 6517838678, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Douraghi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653761, Iran
| | - Parviz Owlia
- Molecular Microbiology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran 331918651, Iran
| | - Rahil Mashhadi
- Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran1417653761, Iran
| | - Saber Soltani
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653761, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Pourmand
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653761, Iran.,Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran1417653761, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Davis E, Hicks L, Ali I, Salzman E, Wang J, Snitkin E, Gibson K, Cassone M, Mody L, Foxman B. Epidemiology of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis Colonization in Nursing Facilities. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofz553. [PMID: 31993459 PMCID: PMC6979485 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis frequently colonize nursing facility (NF) residents, creating opportunities for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) transmission and dissemination of mobile genetic elements conferring antimicrobial resistance. Most VRE studies do not speciate; our study addresses this lack and compares the epidemiology of E faecium and E faecalis. METHODS We enrolled 651 newly admitted patients from 6 different NFs and collected swabs from several body sites at enrollment, 14 days, 30 days, and monthly thereafter for up to 6 months. The VRE were speciated using a duplex polymerase chain reaction. We used multinomial logistic regression models to compare risk factors associated with colonization of E faecium and E faecalis. RESULTS Overall, 40.7% were colonized with E faecium, E faecalis, or both. At enrollment, more participants were colonized with E faecium (17.8%) than E faecalis (8.4%); 3.2% carried both species. Enterococcus faecium was carried twice as long as E faecalis (69 days and 32 days, respectively), but incidence rates were similar (E faecium, 3.9/1000 person-days vs E faecalis, 4.1/1000 person-days). Length of stay did not differ by species among incident cases. Residents who used antibiotics within the past 30 days had a greater incidence of both E faecium (odds ratio [OR] = 2.89; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.82-4.60) and E faecalis (OR = 1.80; 95% CI, 1.16-2.80); device use was most strongly associated with the incidence of E faecium colonization (OR = 2.01; 95% CI, 1.15-3.50). CONCLUSIONS Recent increases in vancomycin-resistant E faecium prevalence may reflect increased device use and longer duration of carriage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elyse Davis
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Liam Hicks
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ihsan Ali
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Elizabeth Salzman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Joyce Wang
- Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Evan Snitkin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Departmental of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kristen Gibson
- Departmental of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Marco Cassone
- Departmental of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lona Mody
- Departmental of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Betsy Foxman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jahansepas A, Sharifi Y, Aghazadeh M, Ahangarzadeh Rezaee M. Comparative analysis of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from clinical samples and traditional cheese types in the Northwest of Iran: antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence traits. Arch Microbiol 2019; 202:765-772. [PMID: 31822952 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-019-01792-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This research was conducted using 50 samples of popular traditional cheeses and 160 enterococcal clinical isolates. Phenotypic and genotypic methods used for identification of enterococci. Then, the incidences of antibacterial resistance and virulence traits were investigated. In total, 165 E. faecalis and 43 E. faecium obtained from traditional cheeses and different clinical isolates were analyzed in the study. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed 175(84.1%) isolates with multi-drug resistance (MDR) patterns, which was more common among clinical sources. The predominant virulence profile, including gelE, asa1 and cpd was detected within 47 (22.6%) of the MDR isolates. Our results showed that traditional cheeses and clinical E. faecalis isolates have distinct patterns of virulence traits. The identified enterococci with antibiotic resistance and associated virulence factors, could provide a potential risk to the public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jahansepas
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yaeghob Sharifi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Nazlou road, Urmia, West Azarbyjan, Iran.
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Aghazadeh
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sheikh AF, Hamidi H, Shahin M, Shahmohammadi S. The prevalence of phenotypic and genotypic glycopeptides resistance among clinical isolates of enterococci in Ahvaz, southwestern Iran. GENE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
18
|
Sattari-Maraji A, Jabalameli F, Node Farahani N, Beigverdi R, Emaneini M. Antimicrobial resistance pattern, virulence determinants and molecular analysis of Enterococcus faecium isolated from children infections in Iran. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:156. [PMID: 31286887 PMCID: PMC6615243 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1539-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterococcus species continues to be an important cause of hospital-acquired infection worldwide. This study was designed to determine the antibiotic resistance profiles, virulence genes and molecular characteristics of Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from an Iranian children hospital in a four-years period. RESULTS A total 189 Enterococcus strains, comprising 108 (57%) E. faecium, 67 (35%) E. faecalis and 14 (7%) isolates of other spp. were isolated during the collection period. More than 92% of E. faecium isolates were resistant to ampicillin (92.5%), ciprofloxacin (96%), erythromycin (100%) and clindamycin (96%). A high frequency of resistance to clindamycin (100%), erythromycin (98.5%) and ciprofloxacin (80.5%) was observed among E. faecalis isolates, while resistance to ampicillin (7%) was less frequent. The prevalence of vanA gene among vancomycin resistant E. faecium and vancomycin resistant E. faecalis was 95 and 50%, respectively. The analysis of 108 E. faecium isolates revealed 34 variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) patterns and 27 Multi Locus VNTR Analysis (MLVA) types (MTs). CONCLUSIONS The results show a shift from E. faecalis to E. faecium as the dominant enterococcal species among patients at the children Hospital. Our data revealed that the majority of E. faecium isolates (66%) belonged to three common MTs and these types were isolated from different wards in children hospital.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azin Sattari-Maraji
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 100 Poursina St., Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Jabalameli
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 100 Poursina St., Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Node Farahani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 100 Poursina St., Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Beigverdi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 100 Poursina St., Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Emaneini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 100 Poursina St., Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jannati E, Amirmozaffari N, Saadatmand S, Arzanlou M. Faecal carriage of high-level aminoglycoside-resistant and ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus species in healthy Iranian children. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2019; 20:135-144. [PMID: 31295581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES High-level aminoglycoside, ampicillin and vancomycin resistance and virulence genes among enterococcal isolates collected from healthy middle-school children in Ardabil, Iran, during 2016 were investigated. METHODS Totally, 305 faecal specimens were collected. Isolates underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing, virulence gene detection and molecular typing. RESULTS Totally, 409 enterococcal isolates were collected, comprising Enterococcus faecium (235; 57.5%), Enterococcus faecalis (56; 13.7%) and other Enterococcus spp. (118; 28.9%). Overall, 71 (17.4%), 11 (2.7%) and 10 (2.4%) isolates were identified as high-level streptomycin-resistant (HLSR), high-level gentamicin-resistant (HLGR) and ampicillin-resistant (AR), respectively. Among HLSR isolates, 40 (56.3%), 5 (7.0%) and 26 (36.6%) were E. faecium, E. faecalis and other Enterococcus spp., respectively. Among HLGR isolates 4 (36.4%) and 7 (63.6%) and among AR isolates 7 (70.0%) and 3 (30.0%) were E. faecium and other Enterococcus spp., respectively. Accordingly, 21.6%, 3.6% and 3.3% of subjects were colonised with HLSR, HLGR and AR Enterococcus spp. Carriage of HLGR, HLSR and AR isolates was associated with prior antibiotic consumption (P≤0.05). Additionally, male sex and antacid consumption were associated with AR enterococcal carriage. Moreover, 69 (97.2%), 10 (90.9%) and 9 (90.0%) of HLSR, HLGR and AR isolates were multidrug-resistant, respectively. No vancomycin-resistant enterococci were detected. ERIC-PCR revealed high genetic diversity among isolates. gelE and asa1 were major virulence genes both in E. faecalis and E. faecium. Presence of gelE was associated with HLSR and HLGR phenotypes (P≤0.05). CONCLUSION Community intestinal carriage of HLSR enterococci was high; however, carriage of HLGR and AR enterococci was low.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Jannati
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nour Amirmozaffari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Saadatmand
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Arzanlou
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Shahbazi E, Morshedzadeh F, Zaeifi D. Bacteriostatic Potency of Fe 2O 3 Against Enterococcus faecalis in Synergy with Antibiotics by DDST Method. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2019; 11:176-179. [PMID: 31057720 PMCID: PMC6490414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, bacteriostatic potency of the Iron oxide nanoparticles against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) (a clinical sample and the ATCC11700 strain) was investigated. METHODS Nanoparticles' bacteriostatic concentration was determined and used to appraise the characteristics of the Iron Oxide (Fe2O3) against the isolates. Antimicrobial examinations with 108 cfu.ml -1 were performed at the baseline. Due to evaluation level of potency, after performing Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), the assessment of death kinetic and susceptibility constant of nanoparticles was done by suspension at two MICs in 0 to 360 min treatment time. RESULTS Fe2O3 nanoparticles in size range of 10-50 nm demonstrated the most effective susceptibility reaction against E. faecalis and ATCC11700 strain in Z=78.125 ml/μg -1 and 39.0625 ml/μg -1, respectively. The kinetic reaction of E. faecalis against Fe2O3 suspension was supposed to be decreased through the elapse of treatment time, whereas increased concentration was along with bacteria growth after a certain time. So, the efficient concentration of nanoparticles was applied with semi-sensitive and antibiotic resistant for both strains. However, synergism of Fe2O3 nanoparticles with Ceftazidime and Clindamycin revealed a higher susceptibility compared with Fe2O3nanoparticles alone against E. faecalis. CONCLUSION The experimental results reveal that Fe2O3 has a strong antimicrobial effect at a certain concentration over the time so could potentially be used for bacterial inhibition and this feature will be strengthened in combination with antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erfan Shahbazi
- Department of Microbiology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Davood Zaeifi
- Department of Biology, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: Davood Zaeifi, Ph.D., Department of Biology, Tehran, North Branch, Islamic Azad, University, Tehran, Iran, Tel: +98 21 22946018, Fax: +98 21 77009848, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Persistence of vancomycin resistance genes and transposable elements in Enterococcus faecalis isolated from groundwater intended for human consumption: A public health implication. GENE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
22
|
Moosavian M, Ghadri H, Samli Z. Molecular detection of vanA and vanB genes among vancomycin-resistant enterococci in ICU-hospitalized patients in Ahvaz in southwest of Iran. Infect Drug Resist 2018; 11:2269-2275. [PMID: 30532561 PMCID: PMC6245376 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s177886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Nosocomial infections due to vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are known as a source of spreading these bacteria. The aim of this prospective study was molecular detection of vanA and vanB genes among VRE isolated from patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) in Ahvaz in southwest of Iran. Materials and methods Overall, 243 non-duplicate rectal swab specimens were collected from ICU-hospitalized patients in teaching hospitals affiliated to Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran. The specimens were inoculated on suitable culture media, and isolates were identified by standard biochemical tests. The susceptibility and resistance of enterococci to 10 antibiotics were determined based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Resistance to vancomycin was phenotypically detected by vancomycin screening test, and the vanA and vanB genes in vancomycin-resistant isolates were amplified by multiplex PCR method. Results Of 175 specimens containing enterococci, 129 (73.7%) isolates were detected as Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis and 46 (26.3%) isolates as Enterococcus spp. The results of susceptibility test showed high rates of resistance to tetracycline, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, and ampicillin. Moreover, based on this test, out of 129 Enterococcus isolates, 56 (43.4%) were resistant to vancomycin and teicoplanin. Also, among 59 vancomycin-resistant or semi-susceptible isolates, vanA gene was detected in 54 (91.5%) isolates, while none of the isolates had vanB gene. Conclusion According to the results of this study, to prevent the spread of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus strains, especially in nosocomial infections, the susceptibility of isolates should be determined before vancomycin prescription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Moosavian
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran, .,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,
| | - Hosein Ghadri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,
| | - Zahra Samli
- School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Evaluation of Virulence Factors and Detection of vanA, vanB and esp Genes from Clinical Isolates of Vancomycin - Resistant Enterococcus faecalis. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.12.2.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
|
24
|
Jahansepas A, Ahangarzadeh Rezaee M, Hasani A, Sharifi Y, Rahnamaye Farzami M, Dolatyar A, Aghazadeh M. Molecular Epidemiology of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Isolated from Clinical Specimens in the Northwest of Iran. Microb Drug Resist 2018; 24:1165-1173. [PMID: 29708837 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2017.0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. Antibiotic resistance and virulence genes in the aforementioned resistant isolates were studied using the epsilometer (E)-test and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). These isolates were subjected to typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Thirty vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE; 18.75%) were isolated from a total of 160 various clinical specimens cultured for any bacterial growth. Of these, 11 (36.7%) isolates were identified as E. faecalis and 19 (63.3%) as E. faecium. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of vancomycin, teicoplanin, and three alternative therapeutic options (linezolid, daptomycin, and quinupristin/dalfopristin) were determined using the E-test. Multiplex PCR was done for confirming species, identification of the resistant genotypes, and the detection of the virulence genes. Finally, the clonal relationship of all VRE strains was studied by PFGE. All VRE strains showed vancomycin MIC ≥256 μg/mL, and 27 (90%) isolates carried the vanA gene, whereas none of the isolates carried vanB. The most common resistance antibiotic pattern observed was toward rifampicin (n = 30 [100%]). Among all virulence genes studied, gelE (n = 28 [93.33%]) was found as the most prevalent virulent gene. VRE isolates exhibited 90%, 46.67%, 100%, and 66.67% resistance to teicoplanin, linezolid, quinupristin/dalfopristin, and daptomycin, respectively. Molecular typing demonstrated 16 PFGE types of VRE isolates (A-P). Although vanA was carried by most of the isolates, PFGE displayed small clonal dissemination among VR E. faecium and VR E. faecalis species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jahansepas
- 1 Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran .,2 Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ahangarzadeh Rezaee
- 1 Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran .,2 Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alka Hasani
- 1 Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran .,2 Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yaeghob Sharifi
- 3 Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences , Urmia, Iran
| | - Marjan Rahnamaye Farzami
- 4 Reference Health Laboratories Research Centre, Ministry of Health and Medical Education , Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Dolatyar
- 4 Reference Health Laboratories Research Centre, Ministry of Health and Medical Education , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Aghazadeh
- 1 Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran .,2 Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Goudarzi M, Mobarez AM, Najar-Peerayeh S, Mirzaee M. Prevalence of biofilm formation and vancomycin-resistant genes among Enterococcus faecium isolated from clinical and environmental specimens in Lorestan hospitals. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2018; 10:74-81. [PMID: 29997746 PMCID: PMC6039448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The antibiotic resistance among Enterococcus faecium strains has increased worldwide. Additionally, biofilm-forming isolates of E. faecium play an important role in human infections. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes between biofilm-producing and non-biofilm-producing E. faecium strains. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, 228 E. faecium isolates from clinical and environmental specimens were obtained from different wards of hospitals in Lorestan province (Iran). Then, the pattern of antibiotic resistance and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against β-lactams, glycopeptides, aminoglycosides and other common antibiotics was investigated using disk diffusion and agar dilution methods. Biofilm formation was investigated using polystyrene microtiter plates. PCR assay was conducted for antibiotic resistance and biofilm related genes. Pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to determine the clonal spread of isolates. RESULTS Most of isolates (78%) were resistant to penicillin, but all were susceptible to linezolid and tigecycline. The biofilm-producing isolates were more resistant to β-lactams, glycopeptides and aminoglycosides compared to non-biofilm-producing strains. In biofilm-producing isolates, pilA, pilB, efaAfm and esp were the dominant virulence genes and vanA and pbp5 genes were the dominant resistant genes. PFGE analysis exhibited a similar pattern between the clinical and environmental isolates, suggesting the presence of a common origin of the infection by E. faecium. CONCLUSION The results of the antibiotic resistance, biofilm assay, and PFGE analysis suggest that there is a common clone of persistent and biofilm-producing strains of E. faecium, which could rapidly disseminate in patients and the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Goudarzi
- Department of Medical Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashraf Mohabati Mobarez
- Department of Medical Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: Ashraf Mohabati Mobarez, PhD, Department of Medical Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Tel: +98 2182883862, Fax: +98 21 82884555,
| | - Shahin Najar-Peerayeh
- Department of Medical Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Mirzaee
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Borujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Borujerd, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
ARSHADI M, MAHMOUDI M, MOTAHAR MS, SOLTANI S, POURMAND MR. Virulence Determinants and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium Isolated from Different Sources in Southwest Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 47:264-272. [PMID: 29445637 PMCID: PMC5810390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the incidence of antibiotic-resistance and virulence genes in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolated from different sources in southwest Iran from Mar to Sep 2015. METHODS Overall, 120 E. faecium isolates (80 VRE and 40 vancomycin-susceptible enterococci [VSE] isolates) were obtained from four hospitals. The resistance of the VRE isolates was determined by disk diffusion method. Multiplex PCR was performed to detect the virulence genes carried by the E. faecium isolates, namely, enterococcal surface protein (esp), hyaluronidase (hyl), and collagen-binding adhesin (acm). RESULTS All the VRE isolates exhibited multidrug resistance, with the rates of resistance to ampicillin, erythromycin, and ciprofloxacin reaching high levels. The isolates were least resistant to chloramphenicol and nitrofurantoin, but all of them were susceptible to linezolid. 46.6%, 20.8%, and 86.6% of the E.faecium isolates carried the esp, hyl, and acm genes, respectively. CONCLUSION There is a significant difference between the prevalence of esp and hyl genes in the VRE and VSE isolates. In the VRE isolates, the high prevalence of multidrug resistance were found and the difference in the prevalence of esp among various sources was significant. The findings reflected a relationship between the prevalence of esp and hyl and resistance to certain antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maniya ARSHADI
- Dept. of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood MAHMOUDI
- Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Moloud Sadat MOTAHAR
- Dept. of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahwaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahwaz, Iran
| | - Saber SOLTANI
- Dept. of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza POURMAND
- Dept. of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding Author:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Shokoohizadeh L, Ekrami A, Labibzadeh M, Ali L, Alavi SM. Antimicrobial resistance patterns and virulence factors of enterococci isolates in hospitalized burn patients. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:1. [PMID: 29291749 PMCID: PMC5749016 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-3088-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of the antimicrobial resistance and genes encoding virulence factors of enterococci isolated in hospitalized burn patients in a major burn center in Ahvaz, southwest of Iran. A total of 340 bacterial isolates were collected from the burn center from February 2014 to February 2015. The antimicrobial susceptibility and MIC of vancomycin were determined using the disk diffusion and micro-agar dilution techniques. The genus and species-specific genes, potential virulence genes, and vanA and vanB genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS According to our results, out of the 340 bacterial isolates, 16.4% (n = 56) were identified as enterococci. Out of the 56 enterococcal isolates, 35 (62.5%) were Enterococcus faecalis and 21 (37.5%) were Enterococcus faecium. More than 20% (n = 5) of E. faecium demonstrated resistance to vancomycin. The gelE and asa genes were the most prevalent virulence genes in E. faecalis (48.5%) and E. faecium (43%) isolates. The emergence of vancomycin resistant E. faecium strains which have several virulence factors should be considered as a major cause of concern for burn centers. Control and management of infections induced by enterococci should be regarded as highly important in burn patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leili Shokoohizadeh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 61357-15794, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Para Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 61357-15794, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Ekrami
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 61357-15794, Ahvaz, Iran. .,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Para Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 61357-15794, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Maryam Labibzadeh
- Infertility Research and Treatment Center of Jahad Daneshgahi, Khuzestan, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Liaqat Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Molecular Medicine, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi/Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Seyed Mohammad Alavi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 61357-15794, Ahvaz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jahansepas A, Aghazadeh M, Rezaee MA, Hasani A, Sharifi Y, Aghazadeh T, Mardaneh J. Occurrence of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium in Various Clinical Infections: Detection of Their Drug Resistance and Virulence Determinants. Microb Drug Resist 2017; 24:76-82. [PMID: 28525287 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2017.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize virulence determinants and antibiotic resistance profiles in enterococci obtained from various clinical sources in the northwest of Iran. A total of 160 enterococcal clinical isolates from various wards of University Teaching Hospitals were collected and specified by biochemical test, from September 2014 to July 2015. Identification of enterococci was confirmed by multiplex PCR in the genus and species level. Antibiotic resistance properties and virulence determinants were examined by phenotypic and molecular methods. Of 160 enterococcal isolates, 125 (78.12%) and 35 (21.88%) isolates were identified as Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, respectively. The most common antibiotic nonsusceptible pattern observed was resistance toward rifampicin [n = 122 (76.25%)] followed by erythromycin [n = 117 (73.12%)]. Among all isolates, gelE [n = 140 (87.5%)], cpd [n = 137 (85.6%)], and asa1 [n = 118 (73.8%)] were the most prevalent virulence genes studied. Thirty isolates (11 E. faecalis, 19 E. faecium) were found to be resistant to vancomycin, with minimum inhibitory concentration of ≥256 μg/ml. Twenty-seven isolates carried the vanA gene, whereas none of the isolates carried vanB. E. faecalis had a considerable ability to show virulence genes and drug resistance. Emergence of antibiotic-resistant enterococci and the high prevalence of virulence traits in our study could be regarded as an alarming situation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jahansepas
- 1 Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran .,2 Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Aghazadeh
- 1 Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran .,2 Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ahangarzadeh Rezaee
- 1 Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran .,2 Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alka Hasani
- 1 Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran .,2 Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yaeghob Sharifi
- 3 Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences , Urmia, Iran
| | - Toofan Aghazadeh
- 4 Department of Medical Genetics, Motahari Teaching Hospital, Urmia University of Medical Sciences , Urmia, Iran
| | - Jalal Mardaneh
- 5 Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences , Gonabad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Determination of Virulence Factors in Clinical Multidrug Resistance Enterococci Isolates at Southeast of Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.45514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
30
|
Belhaj D, Athmouni K, Frikha D, Kallel M, El Feki A, Maalej S, Zhou JL, Ayadi H. Biochemical and physiological responses of halophilic nanophytoplankton (Dunaliella salina) from exposure to xeno-estrogen 17α-ethinylestradiol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:7392-7402. [PMID: 28108920 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8415-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The environmental impacts of various pollutants on the entire levels of organisms are under investigation. Among these pollutants, endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) present a serious hazard, even though the environmental significance of these compounds remains basically unknown. To drop some light on this field, we assessed the effects of a 11-day exposure of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) on the growth, metabolic content, antioxidant response, oxidative stress, and genetic damage of Dunaliella salina, isolated from Tunisian biotopes. The results showed that at 10 ng L-1, EE2 could stimulate the growth of D. salina and increase its cellular content of photosynthetic pigments and metabolites; however, it did not significantly increase the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) or the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In contrast, exposure to high levels of EE2 concentrations significantly inhibited the growth of D. salina (P < 0.05), decreased the cellular content of photosynthetic pigments, increased the cellular content of all of the metabolites and the SOD activity, and inhibited CAT and GPx activities. Nevertheless, the balance between oxidant and antioxidant enzymes was disrupted because H2O2 content along with MDA content simultaneously increased. Contrary to expected results, DNA damage (strand breaks) decreased after the exposure of algae to EE2. The results of this study suggest that EE2 toxicity could result in environmental impacts with consequences on the whole aquatic community. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalel Belhaj
- FSS, Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Biodiversity and Aquatic Ecosystems, Ecology and Planktonology, University of Sfax-Tunisia, Street of Soukra, Km 3.5, BP 1171, CP 3000, Sfax, Tunisia.
- ENIS. Engineering Laboratory of Environment and Ecotechnology. LR16ES19, University of Sfax-Tunisia, Street Soukra Km 3.5, BP 1173, CP 3038, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Khaled Athmouni
- FSS, Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Biodiversity and Aquatic Ecosystems, Ecology and Planktonology, University of Sfax-Tunisia, Street of Soukra, Km 3.5, BP 1171, CP 3000, Sfax, Tunisia
- FSS, Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, University of Sfax-Tunisia, Street of Soukra Km 3.5, BP 1171, CP 3000, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Doniez Frikha
- FSS, Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Biodiversity and Aquatic Ecosystems, Ecology and Planktonology, University of Sfax-Tunisia, Street of Soukra, Km 3.5, BP 1171, CP 3000, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Monem Kallel
- ENIS. Engineering Laboratory of Environment and Ecotechnology. LR16ES19, University of Sfax-Tunisia, Street Soukra Km 3.5, BP 1173, CP 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Abdelfattah El Feki
- FSS, Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, University of Sfax-Tunisia, Street of Soukra Km 3.5, BP 1171, CP 3000, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sami Maalej
- FSS, Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Biodiversity and Aquatic Ecosystems, Ecology and Planktonology, University of Sfax-Tunisia, Street of Soukra, Km 3.5, BP 1171, CP 3000, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - John L Zhou
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Center of Technology in Water and Wastewater, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Habib Ayadi
- FSS, Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Biodiversity and Aquatic Ecosystems, Ecology and Planktonology, University of Sfax-Tunisia, Street of Soukra, Km 3.5, BP 1171, CP 3000, Sfax, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Arabestani MR, Nasaj M, Mousavi SM. Correlation between Infective Factors and Antibiotic Resistance in Enterococci Clinical Isolates in West of Iran. Chonnam Med J 2017; 53:56-63. [PMID: 28184339 PMCID: PMC5299130 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2017.53.1.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was done to scrutinize the possible relation between infective genes and antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. Considering the fact that the presence of recognized infective determinants among clinical isolates may promote the emergence of infections and persistence of Enterococci in hospital settings, which can lead to an increase in antimicrobial resistance. 175 E. faecalis and 67 E. faecium isolated from clinical specimens were used. The isolates were identified, and then antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed. The MIC of vancomycin and teicoplanin were determined by broth microdilution method. The presence of infective genes esp, hyl and asa1 was scrutinized using PCR. Of the 280 enterococcal isolates, 175 (62.5%) isolates were identified as E. faecalis, 67 (24%) as E. faecium and 38 (13.5%) as Enterococcus spp. The results of the antibiotic susceptibility testing showed resistance rates of 5% and 73% to vancomycin and teicoplanin in E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates, respectively. The statistical analysis showed that the esp infective gene has significant associations with ciprofloxacin, erythromycin and tetracycline in E. faecium and with chloramphenicol in E. faecalis strains; the hyl with teicoplanin and vancomycin in E. faecium strains; and also asa1 with vancomycin in E. faecium and with ampicillin and chloramphenicol in E. faecalis strains. Regarding the relationships between virulence genes and antibiotic resistance in strains of E. faecalis and E. faecium, detection of infective factors associated with invasive diseases has become a major issue of concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Arabestani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran.; Brucellosis Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran
| | - Mona Nasaj
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran
| | - Seyed Masoud Mousavi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chajęcka-Wierzchowska W, Zadernowska A, Łaniewska-Trokenheim Ł. Virulence factors of Enterococcus spp. presented in food. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
33
|
Assessment of virulence potential of uncharacterized Enterococcus faecalis strains using pan genomic approach - Identification of pathogen-specific and habitat-specific genes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38648. [PMID: 27924951 PMCID: PMC5141418 DOI: 10.1038/srep38648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis, a leading nosocomial pathogen and yet a prominent member of gut microbiome, lacks clear demarcation between pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains at genome level. Here we present the comparative genome analysis of 36 E. faecalis strains with different pathogenic features and from different body-habitats. This study begins by addressing the genome dynamics, which shows that the pan-genome of E. faecalis is still open, though the core genome is nearly saturated. We identified eight uncharacterized strains as potential pathogens on the basis of their co-segregation with reported pathogens in gene presence-absence matrix and Pathogenicity Island (PAI) distribution. A ~7.4 kb genomic-cassette, which is itself a part of PAI, is found to exist in all reported and potential pathogens, but not in commensals and other uncharacterized strains. This region encodes four genes and among them, products of two hypothetical genes are predicted to be intrinsically disordered that may serve as novel targets for therapeutic measures. Exclusive existence of 215, 129, 4 and 1 genes in the blood, gastrointestinal tract, urogenital tract, oral cavity and lymph node derived E. faecalis genomes respectively suggests possible employment of distinct habitat-specific genetic strategies in the adaptation of E. faecalis in human host.
Collapse
|
34
|
Joghataei M, Yavarmanesh M, Dovom MRE. Safety Evaluation and Antibacterial Activity of Enterococci Isolated from Lighvan Cheese. J Food Saf 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Joghataei
- Department of Food science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Mashhad Iran
| | - Masoud Yavarmanesh
- Department of Food science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Mashhad Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern and Virulence Genes in Enterococcus spp. Isolated From Clinical Samples of Milad Hospital of Tehran, Iran. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.36260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
36
|
Prevalence of Virulence Factors and Vancomycin-resistant Genes among Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium Isolated from Clinical Specimens. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 45:806-13. [PMID: 27648425 PMCID: PMC5026837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of virulence determinants and vancomycin-resistant genes among Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium obtained from various clinical sources. METHODS The study was performed on the 280 enterococcal isolated from clinical specimens in Hamadan hospitals, western Iran in 2012-14. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using disk diffusion and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) methods. The presence of vancomycin-resistant genes and virulence genes was investigated using PCR. RESULTS Totally 280 enterococcal isolates were identified as follows: E. faecalis (62.5%), E. faecium (24%) and Enterococcus spp (13.5%). The results of antibiotic susceptibility testing showed that resistance rates to vancomycin and teicoplanin in E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates were 5% and 73%, respectively. Of Sixty vancomycin-resistant Enterococci strains, fifty-one isolates were identified as E. faecium (VREfm) and nine as E. faecalis (VREfs). Prevalence of esp, hyl, and asa1 genes were determined as 82%, 71.6%, and 100%, respectively in E. faecium strains; and 78%, 56/6%, and 97%, respectively in E. faecalis strains. CONCLUSION The increased frequency of VREF, as seen with rapid rise in the number of vanA isolates should be considered in infection control practices.
Collapse
|
37
|
Rezvani J, Nasr R, T. Shamsabadi F, Akbari Eidgahi MR. Frequency of VanA, VanB and VanH variants amongst vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolated from patients in central region of Iran. GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2016; 9:308-315. [PMID: 27895857 PMCID: PMC5118856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the VRE frequency and the rate of each gene in isolated enterococci from patients with intestinal infection in the central region of Iran. BACKGROUND Enterococci infections are a public health growing concern due to the glycopeptide antibiotics resistance especially vancomycin. Genes, vanA, B, and H contribute to the influence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). PATIENTS AND METHODS This study was conducted from January to July 2014 in Shahrood university hospital. Enterococci isolation and its antibacterial susceptibility were performed by culturing in Aesculin Azide agar and Kirby-Bauer method, respectively. Vancomycin-resistant genes were screened through conventional PCR, and subsequently sequenced. RESULTS Among 265 specimens, 100 isolates revealed enterococci, in which E. faecalis (91%) and E. faecium (9%). The isolated enterococci were resistant to vancomycin (6%) and chloramphenicol (21%), whereas their large proportions (94% to 100%) were multi-drug resistant. All VRE isolates belonged to E. faecalis, conversely, the E. faecium were susceptible to the same antibiotic. Both vanA and vanH genes were identified in all VRE isolates, although, no vanB gene was indicated. Homology analysis of sequenced amplicons verified the full length compatibility to the worldwide reported genes. CONCLUSION The present study revealed VR E.faecalis in gastroenteritis patients and resistance factor for vanA and vanH genes are coordinated. Since enterococci isolates were all multidrug resistance, increase in VR E.faecalis vanA / vanH in this area could be expected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Reza Nasr
- Semnan Biotechnology Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Yu J, Shi J, Zhao R, Han Q, Qian X, Gu G, Zhang X, Xu J. Molecular Characterization and Resistant Spectrum of Enterococci Isolated from a Haematology Unit in China. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:DC04-7. [PMID: 26266119 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/12864.6097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study screened clinical isolates of E. faecalis and E. faecium to determine resistant spectrum and the potential virulence genes characterization among them of haematology patients. METHODS Clinical Enterococci isolates were obtained from a haematology unit in a tertiary care hospital in China. RESULTS Among 125 isolates available for the investigation, 46 were identified as E. faecium, and 79 were E. faecalis. Urine was the most common source (82, 65.6%). E. faecium isolates were more resistant than E. faecalis. Among E. faecium, maximum resistance was seen against PEN 93.5% and AMP 93.5% followed by CIP 87%. Eight vancomycin-resistant E. faecium (VREfm) isolates were obtained, positive for vanA genotype. Of 125 Enterococci isolates, 67(53.6%) were acm, and 42.4%, 25.6%, 25.6%, 24.8%, 23.2%, 20.8%, 10.4% and 7.2% of isolates were positive for esp, cylL-A, asa 1, cylL-S, cpd, cylL-L, gel-E and ace, respectively. E. faecalis isolates have more virulence genes (VGs) than E. faecium. MLST analysis of VREfm identified three different STs (ST17, ST78 and ST203). CONCLUSION The study provides the molecular characterization and resistant spectrum of Enterococci isolated from a haematology unit in China. Molecular analysis showed that all VREfm isolates belonged to pandemic clonal complex-17(CC17), associated with hospital-related isolates. Therefore, determining resistant spectrum and virulence characterization is crucial for the prevention and control of the spread of nosocomial infections caused by Enterococci in the haematology unit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Yu
- Faculty, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, P.R. of China
| | - Jinfang Shi
- Faculty, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, P.R. of China
| | - Ruike Zhao
- Faculty, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, P.R. of China
| | - Qingzhen Han
- Faculty, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, P.R. of China
| | - Xuefeng Qian
- Faculty, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, P.R. of China
| | - Guohao Gu
- Faculty, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, P.R. of China
| | - Xianfeng Zhang
- Faculty, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, P.R. of China
| | - Jie Xu
- Faculty, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, P.R. of China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Gozalan A, Coskun-Ari FF, Ozdem B, Unaldi O, Celikbilek N, Kirca F, Aydogan S, Muderris T, Guven T, Acikgoz ZC, Durmaz R. Molecular characterization of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from carriage and clinical samples in a tertiary hospital, Turkey. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:759-766. [PMID: 25976005 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the presence of vancomycin resistance (vanA and vanB) and virulence genes (esp, asa1, gelE, ace, hyl, cylA, cpd and ebpA) in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) strains and to analyse the clonal relationships among the strains. E. faecium strains were identified from rectal and clinical specimens by biochemical tests and the API-20 Strep kit. Susceptibility testing was performed using disc-diffusion and broth-dilution methods. PFGE was used for molecular typing of the VREfm strains. The vancomycin resistance and virulence genes were amplified by two-step multiplex PCR. All 55 VREfm isolates were resistant to penicillin G, ampicillin and high-level gentamicin but were susceptible to quinupristin/dalfopristin and linezolid. Multiplex PCR analysis indicated that all isolates harboured vanA and that 41 (75 %) were positive for virulence genes. The esp gene was the most common virulence factor and was detected in nine (41 %) invasive and 32 (96.7 %) non-invasive isolates. Multiple virulence genes were observed only in two non-invasive isolates; one harboured esp and ebpA and the other harboured esp, ebpA, asa1, gelE and cpd. PFGE typing yielded 16 different types, seven of which were clusters with two to 14 strains each. The clustering rates of the rectal swab, blood and urine isolates were 72.7 %, 61.5 % and 87.5 %, respectively. The genetic similarity observed among the VREfm isolates indicated cross-transmission in the hospital. Further studies on the virulence factors present in the strains might provide insight into the acquisition of these traits and their contribution to increased prevalence of VREfm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aysegul Gozalan
- Atatürk Education and Research Hospital, Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Filiz Coskun-Ari
- National Molecular Microbiology Reference Laboratory, Public Health Institution of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Birsen Ozdem
- Atatürk Education and Research Hospital, Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Unaldi
- National Molecular Microbiology Reference Laboratory, Public Health Institution of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nevreste Celikbilek
- Atatürk Education and Research Hospital, Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fisun Kirca
- Atatürk Education and Research Hospital, Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel Aydogan
- Atatürk Education and Research Hospital, Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tuba Muderris
- Atatürk Education and Research Hospital, Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tumer Guven
- Yildirim Beyazit University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ziya Cibali Acikgoz
- Atatürk Education and Research Hospital, Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey.,Yildirim Beyazit University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Riza Durmaz
- National Molecular Microbiology Reference Laboratory, Public Health Institution of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey.,Yildirim Beyazit University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Mirzaei B, Babaei R, Asiabar APD, Bameri Z. Detection of both vanA & vanB genes in vanA phenotypes of Enterococci by Taq Man RT-PCR. Braz J Microbiol 2015. [PMID: 26221103 PMCID: PMC4512060 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246120131234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty seven isolates of vancomycin resistant Enterococci
based on the disk diffusion and E- test have been screened; being found eight (0.3%) clinical isolates of vanA
& vanB
through Taq Man Real Time PCR assay. This study shows the presence of both vanA
& vanB
genotypes in vanA
phenotypes clinical isolates in the three hospitals in Iran.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zakaria Bameri
- Research Center for Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Science, Zahedan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hashem YA, Yassin AS, Amin MA. Molecular characterization of Enterococcus spp. clinical isolates from Cairo, Egypt. Indian J Med Microbiol 2015; 33 Suppl:80-6. [DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.148836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
42
|
Comerlato CB, de Resende MCC, Caierão J, d'Azevedo PA. Presence of virulence factors in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium susceptible and resistant to vancomycin. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2013; 108. [PMID: 23903974 PMCID: PMC3970601 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276108052013009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the increasing importance of Enterococcus as opportunistic pathogens, their virulence factors are still poorly understood. This study determines the frequency of virulence factors in clinical and commensal Enterococcus isolates from inpatients in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Fifty Enterococcus isolates were analysed and the presence of the gelE, asa1 and esp genes was determined. Gelatinase activity and biofilm formation were also tested. The clonal relationships among the isolates were evaluated using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The asa1, gelE and esp genes were identified in 38%, 60% and 76% of all isolates, respectively. The first two genes were more prevalent in Enterococcus faecalis than in Enterococcus faecium, as was biofilm formation, which was associated with gelE and asa1 genes, but not with the esp gene. The presence of gelE and the activity of gelatinase were not fully concordant. No relationship was observed among any virulence factors and specific subclones of E. faecalis or E. faecium resistant to vancomycin. In conclusion, E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates showed significantly different patterns of virulence determinants. Neither the source of isolation nor the clonal relationship or vancomycin resistance influenced their distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juliana Caierão
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto
Alegre, RS, Brasil , Corresponding author:
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Comerlato CB, Resende MCCD, Caierão J, d'Azevedo PA. Presence of virulence factors in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium susceptible and resistant to vancomycin. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2013; 108:590-5. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762013000500009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juliana Caierão
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | | |
Collapse
|