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Complement as a Biomarker for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020367. [PMID: 36830735 PMCID: PMC9953581 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a disease of immune complex deposition; therefore, complement plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of SLE. In general, complement levels in blood and complement deposition in histological tests are used for the management of SLE. Thus, the evaluation of complement status can be useful in the diagnosis of SLE, assessment of disease activity, and prediction of treatment response and prognosis. In addition, novel complement biomarkers, such as split products and cell-bound complement activation products, are considered to be more sensitive than traditional complement markers, such as serum C3 and C4 levels and total complement activity (CH50), which become more widely used. In this review, we report the complement testing in the management of SLE over the last decade and summarize their utility.
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Wang J, Koo KM, Trau M. Tetraplex Immunophenotyping of Cell Surface Proteomes via Synthesized Plasmonic Nanotags and Portable Raman Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2022; 94:14906-14916. [PMID: 36256869 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiplex immunophenotyping of cell surface proteomes is useful for cell characterization as well as providing valuable information on a patient's physiological or pathological state. Current methods for multiplex immunophenotyping of cell surface proteomes still have associated technical pitfalls in terms of limited multiplexing capability, challenging result interpretation, and large equipment footprint limited to use in a laboratory setting. Herein, we presented a portable surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) assay for multiplex cell surface immunophenotyping. We synthesized and functionalized customizable SERS nanotags for cell labeling and subsequent signal measurement using a portable Raman spectrometer. We extensively evaluated and validated the analytical assay performance of the portable SERS immunophenotyping assay in two different cellular models (red blood cells and breast cancer cells). In terms of analytical specificity, the cell surface immunophenotyping of both red blood cells and breast cancer cells correlated well with flow cytometry. The portable SERS immunophenotyping assay also has comparable analytical repeatability to flow cytometry, with coefficient of variation values of 21.89-23.33% and 6.88-17.32% for detecting red blood cells and breast cancer cells, respectively. The analytical detection limits were 77 cells/mL for red blood cells and 1-17 cells/mL for breast cancer cells. As an alternative to flow cytometry, the portable SERS immunophenotyping assay demonstrated excellent analytical assay performance and possessed advantages such as quick sample-to-result turnaround time, multiplexing capability, and small equipment footprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, P. R. China.,Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Kevin M Koo
- XING Applied Research & Assay Development (XARAD) Division, XING Technologies Pty Ltd, Sinnamon Park, QLD 4073, Australia.,The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Matt Trau
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Alexander RV, Rey DS, Conklin J, Domingues V, Ahmed M, Qureshi J, Weinstein A. A multianalyte assay panel with cell-bound complement activation products demonstrates clinical utility in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus Sci Med 2021; 8:8/1/e000528. [PMID: 34253650 PMCID: PMC8276296 DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2021-000528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the clinical utility of the multianalyte assay panel (MAP), commercially known as AVISE Lupus test (Exagen Inc.), in patients suspected of SLE. Methods A systematic review of medical records of ANA-positive patients with a positive (>0.1) or negative (<−0.1) MAP score was conducted when the MAP was ordered (T0), when the test results were reviewed (T1) and at a later time (T2, ≥8 months after T1). Confidence in the diagnosis of SLE and initiation of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) were assessed. Results A total of 161 patient records from 12 centres were reviewed at T0 and T1. T2 occurred for 90 patients. At T0, low, moderate and high confidence in SLE diagnosis was reported for 58%, 30% and 12% patients, respectively. Confidence in SLE diagnosis increased for the MAP positive, while MAP negative made SLE less likely. Odds of higher confidence in SLE diagnosis increased by 1.74-fold for every unit of increase of the MAP score (p<0.001). Using the MAP-negative/anti-double-stranded DNA-negative patients as reference, the HR of assigning an International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision lupus code was 7.02-fold, 11.2-fold and 14.8-fold higher in the low tier-2, high tier-2 and tier-1 positive, respectively (p<0.001). The HR of initiating HCQ therapy after T0 was 2.90-fold, 4.22-fold and 3.98-fold higher, respectively (p<0.001). Conclusion The MAP helps increase the confidence in ruling-in and ruling-out SLE in patients suspected of the disease and informs on appropriate treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vinicius Domingues
- Florida State University Regional Medical School, Daytona Beach, Florida, USA
| | - Mansoor Ahmed
- Arthritis & Osteoporosis Center of Kentucky, Richmond, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Arthur Weinstein
- Exagen Inc, Vista, California, USA
- Loma Linda University Health Rheumatology Division, Loma Linda, California, USA
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Fritzler MJ, Choi MY, Satoh M, Mahler M. Autoantibody Discovery, Assay Development and Adoption: Death Valley, the Sea of Survival and Beyond. Front Immunol 2021; 12:679613. [PMID: 34122443 PMCID: PMC8191456 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.679613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dating to the discovery of the Lupus Erythematosus (LE) cell in 1948, there has been a dramatic growth in the discovery of unique autoantibodies and their cognate targets, all of which has led to the availability and use of autoantibody testing for a broad spectrum of autoimmune diseases. Most studies of the sensitivity, specificity, commutability, and harmonization of autoantibody testing have focused on widely available, commercially developed and agency-certified autoantibody kits. However, this is only a small part of the spectrum of autoantibody tests that are provided through laboratories world-wide. This manuscript will review the wider spectrum of testing by exploring the innovation pathway that begins with autoantibody discovery followed by assessment of clinical relevance, accuracy, validation, and then consideration of regulatory requirements as an approved diagnostic test. Some tests are offered as "Research Use Only (RUO)", some as "Laboratory Developed Tests (LDT)", some enter Health Technology Assessment (HTA) pathways, while others are relegated to a "death valley" of autoantibody discovery and become "orphan" autoantibodies. Those that achieve regulatory approval are further threatened by the business world's "Darwinian Sea of Survival". As one example of the trappings of autoantibody progression or failure, it is reported that more than 200 different autoantibodies have been described in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a small handful (~10%) of these have achieved regulatory approval and are widely available as commercial diagnostic kits, while a few others may be available as RUO or LDT assays. However, the vast majority (90%) are orphaned and languish in an autoantibody 'death valley'. This review proposes that it is important to keep an inventory of these "orphan autoantibodies" in 'death valley' because, with the increasing availability of multi-analyte arrays and artificial intelligence (MAAI), some can be rescued to achieve a useful role in clinical diagnostic especially in light of patient stratification and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin J Fritzler
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - May Y Choi
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Minoru Satoh
- Department of Clinical Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Michael Mahler
- Research and Development, Inova Diagnostics, San Diego, CA, United States
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González LA, Ugarte-Gil MF, Alarcón GS. Systemic lupus erythematosus: The search for the ideal biomarker. Lupus 2020; 30:181-203. [PMID: 33307987 DOI: 10.1177/0961203320979051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
During the last decades, there has been an increased interest in the discovery and validation of biomarkers that reliably reflect specific aspects of lupus. Although many biomarkers have been developed, few of them have been validated and used in clinical practice, but with unsatisfactory performances. Thus, there is still a need to rigorously validate many of these novel promising biomarkers in large-scale longitudinal studies and also identify better biomarkers not only for lupus diagnosis but also for monitoring and predicting upcoming flares and response to treatment. Besides serological biomarkers, urinary and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers have emerged for assessing both renal and central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus, respectively. Also, novel omics techniques help us to understand the molecular basis of the disease and also allow the identification of novel biomarkers which may be potentially useful for guiding new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alonso González
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Hospital Universitario de San Vicente Fundación, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Manuel Francisco Ugarte-Gil
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, Lima, Perú.,School of Medicine, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú
| | - Graciela S Alarcón
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
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Liang E, Taylor M, McMahon M. Utility of the AVISE Connective Tissue Disease test in predicting lupus diagnosis and progression. Lupus Sci Med 2020; 7:e000345. [PMID: 32231785 PMCID: PMC7101049 DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2019-000345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Background The AVISE Connective Tissue Disease (CTD) test uses autoantibody, erythrocyte-bound C4d (EC4d) and B-cell-bound C4d (BC4d) levels to aid in diagnoses of SLE, other CTDs and fibromyalgia. We evaluated the utility of the AVISE CTD test in predicting SLE disease development and damage progression. Methods Patients who had undergone AVISE CTD testing were assessed for SLE diagnosis by the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) and American College of Rheumatology criteria and for SLE damage by the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Damage Index (SDI) at the time of AVISE testing (t=0) and 2 years later (t=2). Results Among 117 patients without a previous diagnosis of SLE, 65% of patients who tested positive developed SLE at t=2, compared with 10.3% of patients who tested non-positive (p<0.0001). AVISE-positive patients fulfilled significantly more SLICC diagnostic criteria than AVISE-non-positive patients at both t=0 (3.8±2.1 vs 1.9±1.1, p=0.001) and t=2 (4.5±2.2 vs 2.1±1.2, p<0.0001). AVISE-positive patients also had had significantly higher SDI at t=2 (1.9±1.3 vs 1.03±1.3, p=0.01). BC4d levels correlated with the number of SLICC criteria at t=0 (r=0.33, p<0.0001) and t=2 (r=0.34, p<0.0001), as well as SDI at t=0 (r=0.25, p=0.003) and t=2 (r=0.26, p=0.002). Conclusions The AVISE CTD test can aid in SLE evaluation by predicting SLE disease development and future damage progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Liang
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mihaela Taylor
- Internal Medicine, Division Rheumatology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Maureen McMahon
- Internal Medicine, Division Rheumatology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Abstract
Diagnosis of SLE in early stages is challenging due to the heterogeneous nature of presenting symptoms and the poor performance metrics of the screening ANA test. Even the more specific double-stranded DNA autoantibody has relatively low predictive value in early disease. A consequence is delayed referral, with the likelihood that some patients have progression of disease prior to specialist evaluation. Tests that might fill this diagnostic gap are therefore needed. The AVISE Connective Tissue Disease Test that uses a multiplex approach to detect autoantibodies and cell-bound complement products has shown utility in distinguishing SLE from other rheumatological conditions. Whether it might be useful in early disease stages to predict progression is addressed in a recent study by Liang and colleagues, who tested clinic patients who had non-specific findings with the objective of determining whether AVISE could predict onset of SLE. While this test provided more useful prognostic information than other available diagnostics, it had relatively low sensitivity, suggesting that significant numbers of patients with preclinical SLE would be missed by this screening. The need remains for development of diagnostics with robust sensitivity and specificity in early disease that would also deliver prognostic information about risk for SLE. Such tests would have great value as a tool for primary providers to more efficiently triage ANA-positive patients for appropriate specialty evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy J Olsen
- Division of Medicine, Penn State Milton S Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David R Karp
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Wallace DJ, Alexander RV, O'Malley T, Khosroshahi A, Hojjati M, Loupasakis K, Alper J, Sherrer Y, Fondal M, Kataria R, Powell T, Ibarra C, Narain S, Massarotti E, Weinstein A, Dervieux T. Randomised prospective trial to assess the clinical utility of multianalyte assay panel with complement activation products for the diagnosis of SLE. Lupus Sci Med 2019; 6:e000349. [PMID: 31592328 PMCID: PMC6762037 DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2019-000349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective We compared the physician-assessed diagnostic likelihood of SLE resulting from standard diagnosis laboratory testing (SDLT) to that resulting from multianalyte assay panel (MAP) with cell-bound complement activation products (MAP/CB-CAPs), which reports a two-tiered index test result having 80% sensitivity and 86% specificity for SLE. Methods Patients (n=145) with a history of positive antinuclear antibody status were evaluated clinically by rheumatologists and randomised to SDLT arm (tests ordered at the discretion of the rheumatologists) or to MAP/CB-CAPs testing arm. The primary endpoint was based on the change in the physician likelihood of SLE on a five-point Likert scale collected before and after testing. Changes in pharmacological treatment based on laboratory results were assessed in both arms. Statistical analysis consisted of Wilcoxon and Fisher’s exact tests. Results At enrolment, patients randomised to SDLT (n=73, age=48±2 years, 94% females) and MAP/CB-CAPs testing arms (n=72, 50±2 years, 93% females) presented with similar pretest likelihood of SLE (1.42±0.06 vs 1.46±0.06 points, respectively; p=0.68). Post-test likelihood of SLE resulting from randomisation in the MAP/CB-CAPs testing arm was significantly lower than that resulting from randomisation to SDLT arm on review of test results (−0.44±0.10 points vs −0.19±0.07 points) and at the 12-week follow-up visit (−0.61±0.10 points vs −0.31±0.10 points) (p<0.05). Among patients randomised to the MAP/CB-CAPs testing arm, two-tiered positive test results associated significantly with initiation of prednisone (p=0.034). Conclusion Our data suggest that MAP/CB-CAPs testing has clinical utility in facilitating SLE diagnosis and treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Arthur Weinstein
- Exagen, Vista, Caifornia, USA.,Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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Sandhu V, Quan M. SLE and Serum Complement: Causative, Concomitant or Coincidental? Open Rheumatol J 2017; 11:113-122. [PMID: 29290848 PMCID: PMC5737025 DOI: 10.2174/1874312901711010113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an incurable autoimmune disorder with complement activation playing a key role in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated tissue injury. While quantifying complement to monitor SLE disease activity has been the standard of care since the 1950s, decreased complement levels are not consistently associated with flares. OBJECTIVE We seek to clarify the SLE phenotype in which complement deficiency is causative, concomitant, or coincidental. METHODS A PUBMED literature review was conducted using key words 'complement,' 'SLE,' and 'SLE flares' in English-only journals from 1972-2017. Relevant clinical studies and review articles were found that examined the measurement of complement levels in SLE, and more specifically, interpretation of low serum complement levels regardless of disease activity. CONCLUSION Complement activation plays a key role in the pathophysiology of SLE and it is recommended to continue monitoring serum levels of C3 and C4 to assess for disease activity. However, it is important to note that decreased serum complement is not consistently associated with disease flares.It is clinically important to find novel ways to assess disease activity in SLE. Reduced serum levels of cell-bound complement activation products may more accurately reflect disease activity than conventional serum C3 and C4 monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaneet Sandhu
- Division of Rheumatology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Michele Quan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Arrowhead Regional Medical Center, Colton, CA, USA
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Tan L, Jiao A, Chen J, Feng X, Xu L, He S, Tan F, Jiang Y, Luo H, Li H, Wu Y, Tian Y, Zeng T, Yu J, Cao L, Zheng J, Xu H, Wei M, Gan W, Peng W, Liu Y, Hou J, Xu J, Shuai L, Huang W, Huang J, Lin Y, Liu J. Analysis of Antineutrophil Cytoplasm Antibody from 118 730 Patients in Tertiary Hospitals in Jiangxi Province, China. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:4312-4320. [PMID: 28878204 PMCID: PMC5600193 DOI: 10.12659/msm.905880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discovery of antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA) makes the early diagnosis of primary vasculitis possible, and also has important guiding significance for the diagnosis and treatment of secondary vasculitis. This study aimed to investigate the clinical significance of ANCA. MATERIAL AND METHODS ANCA was detected by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIF), and anti-myeloperoxidase (MPO) antibody, and anti-proteinase 3 (PR3) antibody were detected by ELISA. The results were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS Among 118 730 patients, a total of 5853 (4.93%) were positive for ANCA. In the positive cases, 3.98% were male and 6.33% were female, with significant differences (χ²=123.38, P<0.01). For ANCA, the department with the highest positive rate (15.06%) was the Department of Rheumatology, followed by 7.78% in the Department of Dermatology, 6.79% in the Department of Nephrology, and 5.72% in the Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Anti-PR3 and cANCA were highly specific in primary vasculitis (P<0.01). Anti-MPO and pANCA had high specificity for other autoimmune diseases (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS ANCA has important guiding significance for vasculitis-related diseases. Therefore, it is important in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease and has value in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Tan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Anjun Jiao
- School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Juanjuan Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojing Feng
- School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Liuyue Xu
- School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Siqi He
- School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Fuyan Tan
- School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Yongqing Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Heng Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Yongjian Tian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Jianlin Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Liping Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Jianfeng Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Ming Wei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Wen Gan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Weihua Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Yanming Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Jing Hou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Jiangxia Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - LiHua Shuai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Wenzhi Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yichun People’s Hospital of Jiangxi Province, Yichun, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Junyun Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ganzhou People’s Hospital of Jiangxi Province, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Jianrong Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Pingxiang People’s Hospital of Jiangxi Province, Pingxiang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
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Ramsey-Goldman R, Li J, Dervieux T, Alexander RV. Cell-bound complement activation products in SLE. Lupus Sci Med 2017; 4:e000236. [PMID: 29214038 PMCID: PMC5704741 DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2017-000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosis of SLE is based on clinical manifestations and laboratory findings. Timely diagnosis and treatment are important to control disease activity and prevent organ damage. However, diagnosis is challenging because of the heterogeneity in clinical signs and symptoms, and also because the disease presents with alternating periods of flare and quiescence. As SLE is an autoimmune disease characterised by the formation of autoantibodies, diagnostic immunology laboratory tests for detecting and quantifying autoantibodies are commonly used for the diagnosis and classification of SLE. These include ANA, anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies and anti-Smith antibodies, together with other antibodies such as antiphospholipid or anti-Cq1. Complement proteins C3 and C4 are commonly measured in patients with SLE, but their serum levels do not necessarily reflect complement activation. Cell-bound complement activation products (CB-CAPs) are fragments formed upon complement activation that bind covalently to haematopoietic cells. This review focuses on the complement system and, in particular, on CB-CAPs as biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of SLE, vis-à-vis complement proteins and other biomarkers of complement activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind Ramsey-Goldman
- Department of Medicine/Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Medicine/Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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