Higher Treg FoxP3 and TGF-β mRNA Expression in Type 2 Reaction ENL (Erythema Nodosum Leprosum) Patients in Mycobacterium leprae Infection

Analysis of interleukin 7 and platelet-derived growth factor-BB mRNA expression as potential markers in erythema nodosum leprosum

Erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) is an immunological complication of leprosy characterized by acute inflammation of the skin, nerves, and other organs. Identifying laboratory parameters is important for early diagnosis of leprosy reactions. Various cytokine biomarkers have been examined and only a few studies have reported on angiogenesis in leprosy. This study aims to understand the pathomechanism of ENL by examining IL-7 and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB mRNA expression that can be the development and consideration of new effective therapies to prevent reactions, recurrences, and defects in leprosy. The study used a cross-sectional analytic design. Sampling was done by peripheral blood from the patient and measuring mRNA expression with specific primers RT-PCR. The expression of mRNA IL-7 and PDGF-BB was significantly different between multibasilar patients without reaction and with ENL reaction, where there was an increased expression in ENL patients. This could be used as the development of potential biomarkers in ENL and development of new therapeutic intervention pathways in ENL.

Doxorubicin induced immune abnormalities and inflammatory responses via HMGB1, HIF1-α and VEGF pathway in progressive of cardiovascular damage

Background

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a commonly used treatment for cancer and the mechanism of DOX-induced cardiomyocyte damage in cardiovascular disease is not fully understood. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), strong induce proinflammatory cytokines via damage associated molecular pattern (DAMP) which its interaction with the receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE), that affect cytokine release, and angiogenesis via the role of HMBG1, HIF-1α and VEGF as an important regulator in these cardiac failure processes. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is plays an important role in the cellular response to systemic oxygen levels of cells and VEGF is an angiogenic factor and can stimulate cellular responses on the surface of endothelial cells will be described

Objective

The aim of this article is to comprehensively review the role of HMGB1, HIF-1α, and VEGF in DOX-induced Cardiovascular Disease and its molecular mechanisms.

Methods

The data in this study were collect by search the keyword combinations of medical subject headings (MeSH) of “HMGB1”, “HIF-1 α”, “VEGF”, “DOX” and “Cardiovascular disease” and relevant reference lists were manually searched in PubMed, EMBASE and Scopus database. All relevant articles in data base above were included and narratively discussed in this review article.

Results

Several articles were revealed that molecular mechanisms of the DOX in cardiomyocyte damage and related to HMGB1, HIF-1α and VEGF and may potential treatment and prevention to cardiovascular disease in DOX intervention.

Conclusion

HMGB1, HIF-1α and VEGF has a pivotal regulator in DOX-induce cardiomyocyte damage and predominantly acts through different pathways. The role of HMGB1 in DOX-induced myocardial damage suggests that HMGB1 is a mediator of DOX-induced damage. In addition, DOX can inhibit HIF-1α activity where DOX can decrease HIF-1α expression and HIF-1α is also responsible for upregulation of several angiogenic factors, including VEGF. VEGF plays an important role in angiogenesis and anti-angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo and reduces the side effects of DOX markedly. In addition, the administration of anti-angiogenesis will show an inhibitory effect on angiogenesis mediated by the VEGF signaling pathway and triggered by DOX in cells.

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The effect of Doxorubicin (DOX) induced cardiovascular damage via several pathways.

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Cardiovascular damage can involve HMGB1, HIF-1α, and VEGF.

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HMGB1, HIF-1α, and VEGF as a pivotal regulator in DOX-induce cardiomyocyte damage.

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HMGB1, HIF-1α, and VEGF in cardiovascular diseases will be predominantly acting through different pathways.

The strong correlation between ADAM33 expression and airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and candidate for biomarker and treatment of COPD

Airway inflammation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an amplified response of the normal immune system that occurs as a result of chronic irritation by toxic substances, such as cigarette smoke. This leads to the characteristic pathological changes in the inflammatory cells of COPD patients. ADAM33 has been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of COPD in East Asia by affecting airway inflammation and other immune responses. The aim of this study was to determine the potential role of ADAM33 (mRNA and soluble levels) as a biomarker of inflammation in COPD patients. This is a case control study using consecutive sampling. The COPD case and control (non-COPD) groups comprised 37 and 29 patients, respectively. We used univariate analysis to assess differences in the parameters between the groups and bivariate analysis to non-parametrically compare these parameters between the two groups. We observed significantly higher mRNA levels of ADAM33 in the COPD patients (10.39 ± 1.76) as compared to that in the non-COPD individuals (6.93 ± 0.39; P < 0.001). The levels of soluble ADAM33 were also significantly higher in the COPD patients (2.188 ± 1.142 ng/ml) compared to the non-COPD individuals (0.487 ± 0.105 ng/ml; P < 0.001). The mRNA and soluble ADAM33 levels were significantly higher in COPD patients compared to those in the parameter-matched non-COPD individuals. Thus, ADAM33 is a potential biomarker and treatment for inflammation in COPD patients.

Systemic lidocaine administration influences NF-kβ gene expression, NF-kβ and TNF- α protein levels on BALB/c mice with musculoskeletal injury

Background

The immune system can produce various inflammatory mediators to protect the body from stress and surgical trauma. However, this excessive inflammatory response will interfere with the body's immune system, causing systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multi-organ failure if allowed to continue. Lidocaine as an anti-inflammatory is used to treat surgical pain and pain arising from the disease process and treat ventricular arrhythmias. This study aims to prove the efficacy of systemic lidocaine injection as an anti-inflammatory drug in BALB/c mice with sterile musculoskeletal injuries.

Methods

This study used a prospective experimental laboratory study on experimental animals of BALB/c mice using a simple randomized design. Sixteen adult white BALB/c mice (male, healthy, 10-12 weeks old, 35-40 g body weight, and no disability) were selected and randomly divided into two groups: the group given lidocaine (2 mg/kg body weight) and a group that was given sterile distilled water. NF-kβ and TNF-α protein levels were detected by ELISA, while mRNA expression of NF-kβ was analyzed and determined by quantitative real-time PCR.

Results

Musculoskeletal injury significantly increased the expression of both mRNA and protein levels of NF-kβ and TNF-α protein level. In addition, the NF-kβ (protein and mRNA) and TNF-α (protein) levels in rats experiencing inflammation due to musculoskeletal injury were significantly decreased in the lidocaine group (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

The administration of systemic lidocaine injection was able to inhibit the expression of mRNA NF-kβ, the protein levels of NF-kβ, and protein levels of TNF-α in mice with musculoskeletal injuries.