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Najm AS, Al-Ghamdi A, Amin MT, Al Ghamdi A, Moria H, Holi AM, Abed AM, Al-Zahrani AA, Sopian K, Bais B, Sultan AJ. Towards a promising systematic approach to the synthesis of CZTS solar cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15418. [PMID: 37723193 PMCID: PMC10507019 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42641-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to enhance the CZTS device's overall efficiency, the key research area has been identified in this study is to explore the effects of a novel, low-cost, and simplified, deposition method to improve the optoelectronic properties of the buffer layer in the fabrication of CZTS thin film solar cells. Herein, an effective way of addressing this challenge is through adjusting the absorbers' structure by the concept of doping, sensitized CdS thin film by the bi-functional linker, and an environmentally friendly catalytic green agent. The Linker Assisted and Chemical Bath Deposition (LA-CBD) method was introduced as an innovative and effective hybrid sensitization approach. In the one-step synthesis process, Salvia dye, Ag, and 3-Mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) were used. Generally, the results for all samples displayed varying bandgap as achieved between (2.21-2.46) eV, hexagonal structure with considerably decreased strain level, broader grain size, and dramatically enhanced crystalline property. Hence, the rudimentary CdS/CZTS solar cell devices were fabricated for the application of these novel CdS films. Preliminary CZTS thin film solar cell fabrication results in the highest conversion efficiency of 0.266% obtained CdS + Salvia dye, indicating the potential use of the CdS films as a buffer layer for CZTS photovoltaic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Najm
- Department of Electrical, Electronics and System, FKAB, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Petroleum Research and Development Center, Ministry of Oil, Baghdad, Iraq.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq.
| | - Azza Al-Ghamdi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- Basic & Applied Scientific Research Center (BASRC), Renewable and Sustainable Energy Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majdi T Amin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Yanbu Industrial College, 41912, Yanbu Al-Sinaiyah City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Al Ghamdi
- Department of Chemical Engineering Technology, Yanbu Industrial College, 41912, Yanbu Al-Sinaiyah City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hazim Moria
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Yanbu Industrial College, 41912, Yanbu Al-Sinaiyah City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Araa Mebdir Holi
- Department of Physics, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah, Al-Qadisiyah, 58002, Iraq
| | - Azher M Abed
- Department of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, Iraq
| | | | - K Sopian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Badariah Bais
- Department of Electrical, Electronics and System, FKAB, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abbas J Sultan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
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Pirooz P, Amooaghaie R, Ahadi A, Sharififar F, Torkzadeh-Mahani M. Silicon and nitric oxide synergistically modulate the production of essential oil and rosmarinic acid in Salvia officinalis under Cu stress. PROTOPLASMA 2022; 259:905-916. [PMID: 34596758 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01708-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The individual impact of silicon (Si) and nitric oxide (NO) on secondary metabolism in several plant species has been reported, but their combined effect has never been evaluated yet. Therefore, in this study, single and combined impacts of NO and Si on the biosynthesis of rosmarinic acid (RA) and essential oil (EO) content in leaves of Salvia officinalis were investigated under both non-stress and Cu stress conditions. The results indicated that high Cu concentration decreased biomass and the content of polyphenols, but elevated electrolyte leakage, while lower Cu concentrations, especially 200 μM Cu, increased the content of polyphenols, EO, and antioxidant capacity in leaves of S. officinalis. The foliar application of sodium silicate (1 mM Si) and sodium nitroprusside (200 μM SNP as a NO donor) alone and particularly in combination improved shoot dry biomass, restored chlorophyll and carotenoids, increased EO content, the amounts of flavonoids, and phenolic compounds especially RA, and enhanced antioxidant capacity in the leaves of S. officinalis under both non-stress and Cu stress conditions. Copper treatment increased NO content, upregulated expression of PAL, TAT, and RAS genes, and enhanced phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in the leaves, which were responsible for improving the production of phenolic compounds, particularly rosmarinic acid. Foliar spraying with Si and SNP intensified these attributes. All responses were more pronounced when NO and Si were simultaneously applied under Cu stress. These findings suggest that NO and Si synergistically modulate secondary metabolism through upregulation of related gene expression and enzyme activities under both non-stress and Cu stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pariya Pirooz
- Plant Science Department, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Rayhaneh Amooaghaie
- Plant Science Department, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
- Plant science Department, Faculty Science and Biotechnology Research Institute, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Alimohammad Ahadi
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Fariba Sharififar
- Herbal and Traditional Medicines Research Center, Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Masoud Torkzadeh-Mahani
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science High Technology and Environmental Science, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
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