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Zarco N, Norton E, Quiñones-Hinojosa A, Guerrero-Cázares H. Overlapping migratory mechanisms between neural progenitor cells and brain tumor stem cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3553-3570. [PMID: 31101934 PMCID: PMC6698208 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03149-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cells present in the subventricular zone (SVZ), the largest neurogenic niche of the mammalian brain, are able to self-renew as well as generate neural progenitor cells (NPCs). NPCs are highly migratory and traverse the rostral migratory stream (RMS) to the olfactory bulb, where they terminally differentiate into mature interneurons. NPCs from the SVZ are some of the few cells in the CNS that migrate long distances during adulthood. The migratory process of NPCs is highly regulated by intracellular pathway activation and signaling from the surrounding microenvironment. It involves modulation of cell volume, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and isolation from compact extracellular matrix. In malignant brain tumors including high-grade gliomas, there are cells called brain tumor stem cells (BTSCs) with similar stem cell characteristics to NPCs but with uncontrolled cell proliferation and contribute to tumor initiation capacity, tumor progression, invasion, and tumor maintenance. These BTSCs are resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and their presence is believed to lead to tumor recurrence at distal sites from the original tumor location, principally due to their high migratory capacity. BTSCs are able to invade the brain parenchyma by utilizing many of the migratory mechanisms used by NPCs. However, they have an increased ability to infiltrate the tight brain parenchyma and utilize brain structures such as myelin tracts and blood vessels as migratory paths. In this article, we summarize recent findings on the mechanisms of cellular migration that overlap between NPCs and BTSCs. A better understanding of the intersection between NPCs and BTSCs will to provide a better comprehension of the BTSCs' invasive capacity and the molecular mechanisms that govern their migration and eventually lead to the development of new therapies to improve the prognosis of patients with malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natanael Zarco
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Emily Norton
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Alfredo Quiñones-Hinojosa
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Hugo Guerrero-Cázares
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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Papadimitriou E, Pantazaka E, Castana P, Tsalios T, Polyzos A, Beis D. Pleiotrophin and its receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase beta/zeta as regulators of angiogenesis and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2016; 1866:252-265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Ryan E, Shen D, Wang X. Structural studies reveal an important role for the pleiotrophin C-terminus in mediating interactions with chondroitin sulfate. FEBS J 2016; 283:1488-503. [PMID: 26896299 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a potent glycosaminoglycan-binding cytokine that is important in neural development, angiogenesis and tissue regeneration. Much of its activity is attributed to its interactions with the chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycan, receptor type protein tyrosine phosphatase ζ (PTPRZ). However, there is little high resolution structural information on the interactions between PTN and CS, nor is it clear why the C-terminal tail of PTN is necessary for signaling through PTPRZ, even though it does not contribute to heparin binding. We determined the first structure of PTN and analyzed its interactions with CS. Our structure shows that PTN possesses large basic surfaces on both of its structured domains and also that residues in the hinge segment connecting the domains have significant contacts with the C-terminal domain. Our analysis of PTN-CS interactions showed that the C-terminal tail of PTN is essential for maintaining stable interactions with chondroitin sulfate A, the type of CS commonly found on PTPRZ. These results offer the first possible explanation of why truncated PTN missing the C-terminal tail is unable to signal through PTPRZ. NMR analysis of the interactions of PTN with CS revealed that the C-terminal domain and hinge of PTN make up the major CS-binding site in PTN, and that removal of the C-terminal tail weakened the affinity of the site for CSA but not for other high sulfation density CS. DATABASE Coordinates of the ensemble of ten PTN structures have been deposited in RCSB under accession number 2n6f. Chemical shifts assignments and structural constraints have been deposited in BMRB under accession number 25762.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eathen Ryan
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Di Shen
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Diamantopoulou Z, Kitsou P, Menashi S, Courty J, Katsoris P. Loss of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase β/ζ (RPTPβ/ζ) promotes prostate cancer metastasis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:40339-49. [PMID: 23060448 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.405852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of pleiotrophin and its receptors RPTPβ/ζ and Syndecan-3 during tumor metastasis remains unknown. RESULTS RPTPβ/ζ knockdown initiates EMT, promotes pleiotrophin-mediated migration and attachment through Syndecan-3 and induces in vivo metastasis. CONCLUSION RPTPβ/ζ plays a suppressor-like role in prostate cancer metastasis. SIGNIFICANCE Boosting RPTPβ/ζ or attenuating Syndecan-3 signaling pathways may lead to more effective therapeutic strategies in treating prostate cancer metastasis. Pleiotrophin is a growth factor that induces carcinogenesis. Despite the fact that many published reports focused on the role of pleiotrophin and its receptors, receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (RPTPβ/ζ), and syndecan-3 during tumor development, no information is available regarding their function in tumor metastasis. To investigate the mechanism through which pleiotrophin regulates tumor metastasis, we used two different prostate carcinoma cell lines, DU145 and PC3, in which the expression of RPTPβ/ζ or syndecan-3 was down-regulated by the RNAi technology. The loss of RPTPβ/ζ expression initiated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and increased the ability of the cells to migrate and invade. Importantly, the loss of RPTPβ/ζ expression increased metastasis in nude mice in an experimental metastasis assay. We also demonstrate that RPTPβ/ζ counterbalanced the pleiotrophin-mediated syndecan-3 pathway. While the inhibition of syndecan-3 expression inhibited the pleiotrophin-mediated cell migration and attachment through the Src and Fak pathway, the inhibition of RPTPβ/ζ expression increased pleiotrophin-mediated migration and attachment through an interaction with Src and the subsequent activation of a signal transduction pathway involving Fak, Pten, and Erk1/2. Taken together, these results suggest that the loss of RPTPβ/ζ may contribute to the metastasis of prostate cancer cells by inducing EMT and promoting pleiotrophin activity through the syndecan-3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Diamantopoulou
- Division of Genetics, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
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Weng T, Liu L. The role of pleiotrophin and beta-catenin in fetal lung development. Respir Res 2010; 11:80. [PMID: 20565841 PMCID: PMC2901351 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian lung development is a complex biological process, which is temporally and spatially regulated by growth factors, hormones, and extracellular matrix proteins. Abnormal changes of these molecules often lead to impaired lung development, and thus pulmonary diseases. Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are crucial for fetal lung development. This paper reviews two interconnected pathways, pleiotrophin and Wnt/β-catenin, which are involved in fibroblast and epithelial cell communication during fetal lung development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Weng
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
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Parthymou A, Lampropoulou E, Mikelis C, Drosou G, Papadimitriou E. Heparin affin regulatory peptide/pleiotrophin negatively affects diverse biological activities in C6 glioma cells. Eur J Cell Biol 2008; 87:17-29. [PMID: 17881084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2007.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2007] [Revised: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin affin regulatory peptide (HARP) or pleiotrophin seems to be involved in the progression of several tumors of diverse origin. In this study, we tried to determine the role of HARP in rat C6 glioma cells by using an antisense strategy for inhibition of HARP expression. Decrease of the expression of endogenous HARP in C6 cells (AS-C6 cells) significantly increased proliferation, migration, and anchorage-independent growth of cells. Implantation of AS-C6 cells onto chicken embryo chorioallantoic membranes resulted in a significant increase of tumor-induced angiogenesis compared with that induced by non-transfected or C6 cells transfected with the plasmid alone (PC-C6 cells). In the same line, conditioned medium from AS-C6 cells significantly increased endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation in vitro compared with the effect of conditioned medium from C6 or PC-C6 cells. Interestingly, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induced C6 cell proliferation and migration, and SU1496, a selective inhibitor of VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2), blocked increased glioma cell growth, migration, and angiogenicity observed in AS-C6 cell cultures. The above results seem to be due to a direct interaction between HARP and VEGF in the culture medium of C6 and PC-C6 cells, while AS-C6 cells secreted comparable amounts of VEGF that do not interact with HARP. Collectively, these data suggest that HARP negatively affects diverse biological activities in C6 glioma cells, mainly due to binding of HARP to VEGF, which may sequester secreted VEGF from signalling through VEGFR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Parthymou
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
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Perez-Pinera P, Garcia-Suarez O, Menendez-Rodriguez P, Mortimer J, Chang Y, Astudillo A, Deuel TF. The receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (RPTP)beta/zeta is expressed in different subtypes of human breast cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 362:5-10. [PMID: 17706593 PMCID: PMC2084077 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests mutations in human breast cancer cells that induce inappropriate expression of the 18-kDa cytokine pleiotrophin (PTN, Ptn) initiate progression of breast cancers to a more malignant phenotype. Pleiotrophin signals through inactivating its receptor, the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (RPTP)beta/zeta, leading to increased tyrosine phosphorylation of different substrate proteins of RPTPbeta/zeta, including beta-catenin, beta-adducin, Fyn, GIT1/Cat-1, and P190RhoGAP. PTN signaling thus has wide impact on different important cellular systems. Recently, PTN was found to activate anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) through the PTN/RPTPbeta/zeta signaling pathway; this discovery potentially is very important, since constitutive ALK activity of nucleophosmin (NPM)-ALK fusion protein is causative of anaplastic large cell lymphomas, and, activated ALK is found in other malignant cancers. Recently ALK was identified in each of 63 human breast cancers from 22 subjects. We now demonstrate that RPTPbeta/zeta is expressed in each of these same 63 human breast cancers that previously were found to express ALK and in 10 additional samples of human breast cancer. RPTPbeta/zeta furthermore was localized not only in its normal association with the cell membrane but also scattered in cytoplasm and in nuclei in different breast cancer cells and, in the case of infiltrating ductal carcinomas, the distribution of RPTPbeta/zeta changes as the breast cancer become more malignant. The data suggest that the PTN/RPTPbeta/zeta signaling pathway may be constitutively activated and potentially function to constitutively activate ALK in human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Perez-Pinera
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Olivia Garcia-Suarez
- Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Oncologia del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - J Mortimer
- Moore's Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Y Chang
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - A Astudillo
- Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Oncologia del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - T F Deuel
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Peria FM, Neder L, Marie SKN, Rosemberg S, Oba-Shinjo SM, Colli BO, Gabbai AA, Malheiros SMF, Zago MA, Panepucci RA, Moreira-Filho CA, Okamoto OK, Carlotti CG. Pleiotrophin expression in astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumors and it’s correlation with histological diagnosis, microvascular density, cellular proliferation and overall survival. J Neurooncol 2007; 84:255-61. [PMID: 17443289 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-007-9379-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a secreted cytokine with several properties related with tumor development, including differentiation, angiogenesis, invasion, apoptosis and metastasis. There is evidence that PTN has also a relevant role in primary brain neoplasms and its inactivation could be important to treatment response. Astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumors are the most frequent primary brain neoplasms. Astrocytic tumors are classified as pilocytic astrocytoma (PA), diffuse astrocytoma (DA), anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) and glioblastoma (GBM). Oligodendroglial tumors are classified as oligodendroglioma (O) and anaplastic oligodendroglioma (AO). The aim of the present study was to compare PTN expression, in astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas and its association with the histological diagnosis, microvascular density, proliferate potential and clinical outcome. METHODS Seventy-eight central nervous system tumors were analyzed. The histological diagnosis in accordance with WHO classification was: 13PA, 18DA, 8AA, 15GBM, 16O and 8AO. Immunohistochemistry was realized with these specific antibodies: pleiotrophin, CD31 to microvascular density and Ki-67 to cell proliferation. RESULTS PTN expression was significantly higher in GBM and AA when compared to PA and higher in GBM compared to DA. PTN expression did not differ between O and AO. Proliferate index and microvascular density were evaluated only in high grade tumors (AA, GBM and AO) divided in three groups according to PTN expression (low, intermediate and high). These results showed no statistical difference between PTN expression and index of cellular proliferation and neither to PTN expression and microvascular density. Overall survival (OS) analysis (months) showed similar results in high grade gliomas with different levels of PTN expression. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that PTN expression is associated with histopathological grade of astrocytomas. Proliferation rate, microvascular density and overall survival do not seem to be associated with PTN expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda M Peria
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto of University of São Paulo (USP), Hospital das Clínicas da FMRP-USP, Campus Universitário da USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Chang Y, Berenson JR, Wang Z, Deuel TF. Dominant negative pleiotrophin induces tetraploidy and aneuploidy in U87MG human glioblastoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 351:336-9. [PMID: 17067552 PMCID: PMC1850963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.09.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Pleiotrophin (PTN, Ptn) is an 18kDa secretory cytokine that is expressed in many human cancers, including glioblastoma. In previous experiments, interruption of the constitutive PTN signaling in human U87MG glioblastoma cells that inappropriately express endogenous Ptn reversed their rapid growth in vitro and their malignant phenotype in vivo. To seek a mechanism for the effect of the dominant-negative PTN, flow cytometry was used to compare the profiles of U87MG cells and four clones of U87MG cells that express the dominant-negative PTN (U87MG/PTN1-40 cells); here, we report that the dominant-negative PTN in U87MG cells induces tetraploidy and aneuploidy and arrests the tetraploid and aneuploid cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The data suggest that PTN signaling may have a critical role in chromosomal segregation and cell cycle progression; the data suggest induction of tetraploidy and aneuploidy in U87MG glioblastoma cells may be an important mechanism that contributes to the loss of the malignant phenotype of U87MG cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchao Chang
- Departments of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, the Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - James R. Berenson
- Institute for Myeloma and Bone Cancer Research, 9201 W. Sunset Boulevard, West Hollywood, CA 90069
| | - Zhaoyi Wang
- Cancer Center, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178
| | - Thomas F. Deuel
- Departments of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, the Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037
- * Corresponding author: Thomas F. Deuel, Departments of Molecular and Experimental Medicine and Cell Biology, the Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037. Telephone: 1-858-784-7929. Fax: 1-858-784-7977. E-mail:
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