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Santos L, Federolf PA, Schneider F, Pocecco E, Fernández-Río J, Iglesias-Soler E, Carballeira-Fernández E, Uriarte S, Dopico-Calvo X. In-contest body acceleration profiles for the judo male and female weight divisions. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1372314. [PMID: 38563020 PMCID: PMC10984161 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1372314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study aimed to determine the body accelerations (BA) profile of the judo contest of the male and female weight divisions and to ascertain the involvement of the vertical, mediolateral and anteroposterior axes in it. Methods Forty-eight male and forty-eight female national and international level athletes (some of them medalists in World, European and national championships) participated in a 5-min simulated contest (official fight time plus breaks) against an opponent of the same sex and weight division, wearing an accelerometer. Heart rate, blood lactate and ratings of perceived exertion were recorded to certify that the athletes performed the fullest. Results The t2way test expressed differences in the athletes' BA (p = 0.001) and three profiles were identified: the light/middle weight male divisions, the light/middle weight female divisions and the heavy male and female ones. Athletes of all weight divisions performed their BA during the contest in all three directions (the one-sample Person's chi-square did not detect any significantly predominant one: p = 0.400, p = 0.631, p = 0.844, p = 0.749, p = 0.644 and p = 0.895, for male light, moderate and heavy, female light, moderate and heavyweight athletes, respectively). Monte Carlo method simulations suggested as the most likely scenarios those with BA involving all axes, with a slight preference of the anteroposterior and mediolateral ones. Discussion These results suggest that the demands on judo athletes in a contest differ between weight classes and sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Santos
- University of León, Department of Physical Education and Sport, León, Spain
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of A Coruna, A Coruna, Spain
| | - Peter A. Federolf
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Friedemann Schneider
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elena Pocecco
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Eliseo Iglesias-Soler
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of A Coruna, A Coruna, Spain
| | | | - Sugoi Uriarte
- Doctorate School, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Xurxo Dopico-Calvo
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of A Coruna, A Coruna, Spain
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Video Biomechanical Analysis of Shoulder Impact Kinematics in Tai-Otoshi and Morote-Seoi-Nage Judo Throws: A Cross-Sectional Study. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12073613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Background: Shoulder injuries in judo are common as the falling player (uke) lands. Two throws implicated in shoulder injury are tai-otoshi and morote-seoi-nage. Kinematic investigation can provide insight into possible shoulder injury mechanisms and allow for appropriate preventative measures to be suggested. We used two-dimensional (2D) video analysis to measure and compare: (a) the peak acceleration and (b) the peak velocity of uke’s shoulder when tai-otoshi and morote-seoi-nage were performed by elite adult judoka. Methods: Eight male participants were recruited from the Budokwai Judo Club in London, UK. The mean age, height, and weight of participants were 25.4 ± 5.2 years (18–34), 1.7 ± 0.0 m (1.7–1.8), and 75.0 ± 5.2 kg (66–80), respectively. Throws were recorded using an iPhone 6S camera and uploaded onto Kinovea for subsequent processing. Results: The peak acceleration (m/s2) was greater in tai-otoshi (71.6 ± 12.4) compared to morote-seoi-nage (67.9 ± 9.9), although this was statistically insignificant. The peak velocity (m/s) was significantly greater (p = 0.030) in tai-otoshi (5.1 ± 0.8) than in morote-seoi-nage (4.5 ± 0.6). Conclusions: A greater peak velocity in tai-otoshi suggests that the shoulder is subjected to increased loads upon impact. This may indicate that tai-otoshi carries a greater risk of shoulder injury. Nage-komi (repetitive throwing) practices in training should follow gradual loading principles—beginning with morote-seoi-nage, before moving to tai-otoshi, for example. We must be aware of any assumptions made in estimations of impact force, and future in vivo research is required to provide more definitive values. Meanwhile, coaches must continue to ensure that correct ukemi (breakfall) technique is displayed by athletes before performing throws.
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A Systematic Review on the Biomechanics of Breakfall Technique (Ukemi) in Relation to Injury in Judo within the Adult Judoka Population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074259. [PMID: 35409940 PMCID: PMC8998643 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: To investigate the biomechanics of Ukemi in relation to head and neck injury in adult judokas with varying skill sets. Design: Narrative systematic review. Methods: An extensive literature search was performed using PubMed, Google Scholar, Science direct and EMBASE from inception to April 2021. Studies were included if they: (1) reported biomechanical analysis of judo throws and Ukemi; (2) were on adult judoka populations; (3) discussed injury related to judo technique. The included studies were assessed for risk of bias using a five-part modified STROBE checklist. A narrative synthesis was performed due to the heterogeneity of included studies. Results: 173 titles and abstracts were screened with 16 studies (158 judokas, 9 of which were female) included. All studies used 3D biomechanical analysis to assess Ukemi. Ukemi implementation produced reduced kinematic data in comparison to direct occipital contact, which was always below the injury threshold. Analysis of lower limb and trunk kinematics revealed variances in Ukemi between novice and experienced judoka. Whilst no significant differences were seen in neck flexion angles, hip, knee and trunk angle time plots revealed greater extension angles in experienced judokas. Conclusions: Ukemi is essential in preventing head and neck injuries; however, technique differs between experienced and novice judoka. Larger flexion angles of the hip, knee and trunk are seen in novice judoka, which correlate with increased kinematic data. The association of greater neck muscle strength with improved Ukemi is weak. However, a negative correlation was established between fatigue and breakfall skill by one study.
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Lota KS, Malliaropoulos N, Blach W, Kamitani T, Ikumi A, Korakakis V, Maffulli N. Rotational head acceleration and traumatic brain injury in combat sports: a systematic review. Br Med Bull 2022; 141:33-46. [PMID: 35107134 PMCID: PMC9351374 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldac002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) in combat sports is relatively common, and rotational acceleration (RA) is a strong biomechanical predictor of TBI. This review summarizes RA values generated from head impacts in combat sport and puts them in the context of present evidence regarding TBI thresholds. SOURCES OF DATA PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Scopus were searched from inception to 31st December 2021. Twenty-two studies presenting RA data from head impacts across boxing, taekwondo, judo, wrestling and MMA were included. The AXIS tool was used to assess the quality of studies. AREAS OF AGREEMENT RA was greater following direct head strikes compared to being thrown or taken down. RA from throws and takedowns was mostly below reported injury thresholds. Injury thresholds must not be used in the absence of clinical assessment when TBI is suspected. Athletes displaying signs or symptoms of TBI must be removed from play and medically evaluated immediately. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY Methodological heterogeneity made it difficult to develop sport-specific conclusions. The role of headgear in certain striking sports remains contentious. GROWING POINTS RA can be used to suggest and assess the effect of safety changes in combat sports. Gradual loading of training activities based on RA may be considered when planning sessions. Governing bodies must continue to work to minimize RA generated from head impacts. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH Prospective research collecting real-time RA data is required to further understanding of TBI in combat sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabir Singh Lota
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, E1 2AD, UK.,Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4DG, UK
| | - Nikos Malliaropoulos
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4DG, UK.,Sports and Exercise Medicine Clinic, Asklipiou 17, 54639 Thessaloniki, Greece.,Rheumatology Department, Sports Clinic, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, E1 4DG, UK
| | - Wiesław Blach
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University School of Physical Education, Wrocław 51-612, Poland
| | - Takeshi Kamitani
- School of Sport and Health Science, Tokai Gakuen University, 21-233 Nishinohora, Ukigai, Miyoshi, Aichi, 470-0207, Japan
| | - Akira Ikumi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Tsukuba University Hospital Mito Clinical Education and Training Center, 3-2-7 Miyamachi, Mito, Ibaraki 310-0015, Japan
| | | | - Nicola Maffulli
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4DG, UK.,Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, Baronissi, Salerno 84081, Italy.,School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Faculty of Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK
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5
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Hinz M, Kleim BD, Berthold DP, Geyer S, Lambert C, Imhoff AB, Mehl J. Injury Patterns, Risk Factors, and Return to Sport in Brazilian Jiu Jitsu: A Cross-sectional Survey of 1140 Athletes. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 9:23259671211062568. [PMID: 34988235 PMCID: PMC8721390 DOI: 10.1177/23259671211062568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brazilian jiu jitsu (BJJ) is a growing martial art that focuses on grappling techniques. Purpose To quantify the 3-year incidence of BJJ-related injuries and detect common injury patterns as well as risk factors among those practicing BJJ. It was hypothesized that there would be a high incidence of injuries, they would be caused by submissions in sparring situations, and they would occur predominantly at the extremities. Study Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods Active BJJ athletes were invited to take an English-language online survey developed by orthopaedic surgeons together with BJJ athletes and a sports scientist. Data were recorded regarding athlete demographics, sporting activity level, injuries within the past 3 years that caused at least a 2-week time loss, injury mechanisms, and return to sport. Results Overall, 1140 responses were received from 62 different countries; 88.9% of all athletes were male, and 63.9% were regular competitors. Within the investigated cohort, 1052 injuries were recorded in 784 athletes, for an injury incidence of 308 per 1000 athletes per year. The lower extremity (45.7%) and upper extremity (30.2%) were predominant sites of injury, with injuries to the knee (27.1%) being the most common. The most frequent knee injuries were meniscal injuries (n = 65), anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears (n = 36), and medial collateral ligament injuries (n = 36). ACL tears were especially associated with long time frames for return to sport. Most injuries occurred during sparring (77.6%) and were caused by submissions (29.7%) and takedowns (26.4%). Competing regularly (P = .003), older age (P < .001), and higher belt rank (P = .003) were significant risk factors for injury. Conclusion Injury incidence was high among BJJ athletes surveyed, with 2 out of 3 athletes reporting at least 1 injury within a 3-year period that caused a 2-week absence from training. Most injuries occurred during sparring, and we believe that a high potential for injury reduction lies in drawing awareness to common injury patterns and sites in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Hinz
- Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Benjamin D Kleim
- Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel P Berthold
- Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephanie Geyer
- Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christophe Lambert
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne Merheim Medical Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas B Imhoff
- Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julian Mehl
- Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Sakuyama N, Kamitani T, Ikumi A, Kida M, Kaneshiro Y, Akiyama K. Assessment of the efficacy and safety of a Judo exercise program in improving the quality of life among elderly patients. J Rural Med 2021; 16:229-235. [PMID: 34707732 PMCID: PMC8527618 DOI: 10.2185/jrm.2021-008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Several reports have shown that Tai Chi Chuan can be an effective way to prevent falls among the elderly. However, an exercise program that can prevent injury during falls has not been reported previously. The judo technique called ukemi is used to prevent injuries. To evaluate whether a judo-based exercise program could prevent falls in the elderly, we had the participants practice ukemi as part of a therapeutic routine. The purpose of this study was to examine the clinical significance of the program and to predict its safety. Methods: From July 2016 to March 2017, we examined 53 individuals who participated in the exercise program. The individuals were divided into high (n=39) and low (n=14) movement ability groups (HMA and LMA groups, respectively), and their physical and psychological functions were evaluated using scores from the Short-Form Health Survey 36. We also collected and analyzed data from questionnaires obtained from 384 patients who participated in the program from July 2016 to July 2019. Results: The HMA group showed a significant increase in the mental component summary scores before and after the exercise program. In the LMA group, physical functioning, social functioning, and physical component summary scores were significantly improved. Of the participants surveyed, 94.8% had a high level of satisfaction, and 93.2% began accepting the exercise as a daily habit. No adverse events were observed during these exercises. Conclusion: This novel exercise program was performed safely, and positive effects were observed, especially in individuals with a low quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Sakuyama
- Department of Surgery, Tobu Chiiki Hospital, Tokyo Metropolitan Health and Medical Treatment Corporation, Japan.,Department of All Japan Judo Federation Medical Science committee, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kamitani
- Department of All Japan Judo Federation Medical Science committee, Japan.,Department of Sport and Health Science, Tokaigakuen University, Japan
| | - Akira Ikumi
- Department of All Japan Judo Federation Medical Science committee, Japan.,Department of Orthopedics, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masakazu Kida
- Department of All Japan Judo Federation Medical Science committee, Japan.,Department of Kodokan Clinic, Japan
| | - Youhei Kaneshiro
- Department of All Japan Judo Federation Medical Science committee, Japan.,Department of Kodokan Clinic, Japan
| | - Keiichi Akiyama
- Department of All Japan Judo Federation Medical Science committee, Japan.,Department of Kodokan Clinic, Japan
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Liu L, Deguchi T, Shiokawa M, Ishii T, Oda Y, Shinya M. A biomechanics analysis of the judo osoto-gari technique: comparison of black belt and white belt judokas. Sports Biomech 2021:1-13. [PMID: 34662255 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1990993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine biomechanical factors for the effective execution of the osoto-gari technique by comparing differences between black belt and white belt judokas. Twenty-two male judokas (12 black belts; 10 white belts) performed osoto-gari, and the motion data were recorded using a Mac3D motion analysis system (250 Hz). The peak angular momentums of the trunk and leg of the uke were larger in the black belts than in the white belts, suggesting that the black belts rotated the uke's body more effectively than the white belts. During the swing phase, the peak angular velocities of the arms and trunk twist in the black belts were larger compared to the white belts. During the throwing phase, the black belts had substantially greater peak angular velocities of the arms, upper torso, and trunk twist. Additionally, the timing of the peak value of the upper torso and trunk twist of the black belts was closer to sweeping leg contact than that of the white belts. The results can provide coaches with suggestions for improving training protocol design when teaching osoto-gari and for helping novices more efficiently master the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Liu
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Deguchi
- Graduate School of Education, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mitsuhisa Shiokawa
- Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takanori Ishii
- Centre of Liberal Arts Education, Ryotokuji University, Urayasu, Japan
| | - Yuta Oda
- Graduate School of Education, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shinya
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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Takao H, Watanabe D, Tani S, Ohashi H, Ishibashi T, Takeshita K, Murakami S, Nishimoto T, Yuge K, Karagiozov K, Abe T, Murayama Y. Use of a Simulation Model to Investigate the Mechanisms of Sports-related Head Injuries. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2021; 62:13-18. [PMID: 34645717 PMCID: PMC8754681 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.oa.2021-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A simulation model was developed to better understand the mechanisms of brain injuries in sports. A three-dimensional model comprising approximately 1.22 million elements was constructed from cranial computed tomography images of adult male volunteers by the voxel method. To simulate contact sports that permit actions such as tackling, a sinusoidal wave with duration of 10 ms and maximum acceleration of 2000 m/s2 was applied to the lowest point of the model to apply rotational acceleration to the head from different directions. The von Mises stress was then observed at five points in the coronal plane of the brain: cingulate gyrus (CG), corpus callosum (CC), brain stem (BS), lateral temporal lobe (LT), and medial temporal lobe (MT). LS-DYNA universal finite element analysis software with explicit time integration was used for the analysis. Concentrations of stress started to appear in the CC and BS at 10 ms post-impact, after which they also became evident in the CG and MT. The maximum changes in stress at each location occurred 10–15 ms post-impact. The von Mises stress was 9–14 kPa in the CG, 8–24 kPa in the CC, 12–24 kPa in the BS, 7–12 kPa in the LT, and 12–18 kPa in the MT. The highest stress in every part of the brain occurred after lateral impact, followed by oblique impact and sagittal impact. Such simulations may help elucidate the mechanisms of brain injuries in sports and help develop measures to prevent chronic traumatic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Takao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine.,Department of Innovation for Medical Information Technology, The Jikei University School of Medicine
| | - Dai Watanabe
- Department of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology
| | - Satoshi Tani
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine
| | - Hiroki Ohashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine
| | | | - Kohei Takeshita
- Department of Innovation for Medical Information Technology, The Jikei University School of Medicine
| | | | - Tetsuya Nishimoto
- Biomechanics Research Unit, College of Engineering, Nihon University
| | - Kohei Yuge
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Seikei University
| | | | - Toshiaki Abe
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine
| | - Yuichi Murayama
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine
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Biomechanical Analysis of Serious Neck Injuries Resulting from Judo. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9020214. [PMID: 33669437 PMCID: PMC7920453 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9020214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To establish a basis for initial diagnosis and for proposing preventive measures for the serious neck injuries occasionally experienced by judo practitioners, the biomechanical mechanisms of these injuries were analyzed. Two male judo experts repeatedly threw an anthropomorphic test device (POLAR dummy) using three throwing techniques (Seoi-nage, Osoto-gari, and Ouchi-gari). The dummy’s kinematic data were captured using a high-speed digital camera, and the load and moment of the neck were measured with load cells. The neck injury criterion (Nij) and beam criterion were also calculated. In Seoi-nage, the anterior and parietal regions of the dummy’s head contacted the tatami (judo mat). Subsequently, most of the body weight was applied, with the neck experiencing the highest compression. However, in Osoto-gari and Ouchi-gari, the occipital region of the dummy’s head contacted the tatami. Significantly higher values of both Nij (median 0.68) and beam criterion (median 0.90) corresponding to a 34.7% to 37.1% risk of neck injury with an abbreviated injury scale score ≥2 were shown in Seoi-nage than in either Ouchi-gari or Osoto-gari. In judo, when thrown by the Seoi-nage technique, serious neck injuries can occur as a result of neck compression that occurs when the head contacts the ground.
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