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Kramer BA, Del Castillo JS, Pelkmans L, Gut G. Iterative Indirect Immunofluorescence Imaging (4i) on Adherent Cells and Tissue Sections. Bio Protoc 2023; 13:e4712. [PMID: 37449033 PMCID: PMC10336569 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly multiplexed protein measurements from multiple spatial scales using fluorescence microscopy recently emerged as a powerful way to investigate tumor microenvironments in biomedicine and the multivariate nature of complex systems' interactions. A range of methods for this exist, which either rely on directly labeling the primary antibody with oligonucleotides/rare metals or employing methods to remove fluorescence for cyclic acquisition. Here, we describe a protocol that uses off-the-shelf primary and secondary antibodies without further need for modification and only commonly available chemical reagents. The method harnesses the observation that antibodies can crosslink to bound epitopes during light exposure, thus preventing elution. By utilizing a simple oxygen radical scavenging buffer during imaging and by blocking free sulfhydryl groups before antibody incubation, the presented method can employ comparably mild conditions to remove bound antibodies from epitopes, which preserves sample integrity. Thus, with the stated minor modifications, it allows for a standard immunofluorescence imaging protocol in cyclic fashion, currently permitting staining of up to ~80 unique epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard A. Kramer
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Molecular Life Sciences PhD Program, Life Science Zurich Graduate School, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Lucas Pelkmans
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Gut
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Tomiate AN, Barbosa GK, Reginato GDS, Camargo PO, Oliveira MFD, Watanabe IS, Ciena AP. Structural and Ultrastructural Characteristics of the Spix's Yellow-Toothed Cavy ( Galea spixii, Wagler, 1831) Tongue. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2022; 28:1-8. [PMID: 35659819 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927622000861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The tongue is a fundamental organ in feeding, vocalization, and grooming. It is characterized by evolutionary adaptations reflected by diet, habitat, and function. Rodents are a very diverse mammalian order and the tongue's morphology varies in size, form, and presence of papillae. This work aimed to describe the morphological and ultrastructural aspects of the tongue of Spix's yellow-toothed cavy (Galea spixii, Wagler, 1831). Tongues of Spix's yellow-toothed cavies were analyzed with light microscopy, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the tongue was divided into apex, body, and root. There were different types of papillae, such as vallate, foliate, laterally placed fungiform, fungiform, filiform, and robust filiform. The epithelium was organized into layers, including keratinized, granulous, spinous, and basal, below were lamina propria, and musculature, which evolved mucous and serous gland clusters. The tongue of Spix's yellow-toothed cavy was structurally and ultrastructurally similar to other rodents and had papillae with similar morphologies to other Caviidae species. However, the presence of robust filiform papillary lines and laterally placed fungiform papillae showed the main differences from other species. This was the first description of the tongue of Spix's yellow-toothed cavy.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Neri Tomiate
- Laboratory of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Klein Barbosa
- Laboratory of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela de Souza Reginato
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Paula Oliveira Camargo
- Laboratory of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ii-Sei Watanabe
- Laboratory of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences III (ICB III), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriano Polican Ciena
- Laboratory of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
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Green SI, Gu Liu C, Yu X, Gibson S, Salmen W, Rajan A, Carter HE, Clark JR, Song X, Ramig RF, Trautner BW, Kaplan HB, Maresso AW. Targeting of Mammalian Glycans Enhances Phage Predation in the Gastrointestinal Tract. mBio 2021; 12:e03474-20. [PMID: 33563833 PMCID: PMC7885116 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03474-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal mucosal surface consists of a eukaryotic epithelium, a prokaryotic microbiota, and a carbohydrate-rich interface that separates them. In the gastrointestinal tract, the interaction of bacteriophages (phages) and their prokaryotic hosts influences the health of the mammalian host, especially colonization with invasive pathobionts. Antibiotics may be used, but they also kill protective commensals. Here, we report a novel phage whose lytic cycle is enhanced in intestinal environments. The tail fiber gene, whose protein product binds human heparan sulfated proteoglycans and localizes the phage to the epithelial cell surface, positions it near its bacterial host, a type of locational targeting mechanism. This finding offers the prospect of developing mucosal targeting phage to selectively remove invasive pathobiont species from mucosal surfaces.IMPORTANCE Invasive pathobionts or microbes capable of causing disease can reside deep within the mucosal epithelium of our gastrointestinal tract. Targeted effective antibacterial therapies are needed to combat these disease-causing organisms, many of which may be multidrug resistant. Here, we isolated a lytic bacteriophage (phage) that can localize to the epithelial surface by binding heparan sulfated glycans, positioning it near its host, Escherichia coli This targeted therapy can be used to selectively remove invasive pathobionts from the gastrointestinal tract, preventing the development of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina I Green
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Carmen Gu Liu
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xue Yu
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shelley Gibson
- Department of Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wilhem Salmen
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Anubama Rajan
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hannah E Carter
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Justin R Clark
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xuezheng Song
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert F Ramig
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Barbara W Trautner
- Michael E. Debakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Heidi B Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Anthony W Maresso
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Xu Y, De Keersmaecker H, Braeckmans K, De Smedt S, Cani PD, Préat V, Beloqui A. Targeted nanoparticles towards increased L cell stimulation as a strategy to improve oral peptide delivery in incretin-based diabetes treatment. Biomaterials 2020; 255:120209. [PMID: 32580098 PMCID: PMC7116363 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The delivery of therapeutic peptides via the oral route remains one of biggest challenges in the pharmaceutical industry. Recently, we have described an alternative improved drug delivery system for peptide delivery via the oral route, consisting of a lipidic nanocapsule. Despite the striking effects observed, it is still essential to develop strategies to strengthen the nanocarriers' glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretory effect of the nanocarrier and/or prolong its antidiabetic effect in vivo to facilitate its translation into the clinic. For this purpose, we developed and compared different fatty acid-targeted lipid and polymeric nanoparticles and evaluated the L cell stimulation induced by the nanocarriers in murine L cells in vitro and in normal healthy mice in vivo. We further examined the antidiabetic effect in vivo in an obese/diabetic mouse model induced by high-fat diet feeding and examined the effect of the oral administration frequency. Among the tested nanocarriers, only lipid-based nanocarriers that were surface-modified with DSPE-PEG2000 on the surface were able to significantly strengthen the biological effect of the nanocarriers. They increased endogenous GLP-1 levels up to 8-fold in vivo in normoglycemic mice. Moreover, they effectively prolonged the in vivo antidiabetic effect by normalizing the plasma glucose levels in obese/diabetic mice following long-term treatment (one month). Ultimately, the targeted nanocarriers were as effective when the administration frequency was reduced from once daily to once every other day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Xu
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Herlinde De Keersmaecker
- Ghent University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Ghent University, Center for Advanced Light Microscopy, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Ghent University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Ghent University, Center for Advanced Light Microscopy, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan De Smedt
- Ghent University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Ghent University, Center for Advanced Light Microscopy, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrice D Cani
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology), 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Véronique Préat
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ana Beloqui
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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