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Yu J, Wang K, Tang Y, Zheng D. Applications and perspectives of tumor organoids in radiobiology (Review). Oncol Rep 2024; 52:100. [PMID: 38904192 PMCID: PMC11223011 DOI: 10.3892/or.2024.8759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy exhibits significant versatility and efficacy in cancer treatment, thereby playing a crucial role in the field of oncology. However, there remains an urgent need for extensive research on various aspects of radiotherapy, including target selection, damage repair and its combination with immunotherapy. Particularly, the development of in vitro models to replicate in vivo tumor lesion responses is vital. The present study provides a thorough review of the establishment and application of tumor organoids in radiotherapy, aiming to explore their potential impact on cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yu
- Department of Hematology, Panzhihua Central Hospital, Panzhihua, Sichuan 617067, P.R. China
| | - Kailun Wang
- Emergency Department, Panshihua Central Hospital, Panzhihua, Sichuan 617067, P.R. China
| | - Yongjiang Tang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Panzhihua Central Hospital, Panzhihua, Sichuan 617067, P.R. China
| | - Dalin Zheng
- Department of Hematology, Panzhihua Central Hospital, Panzhihua, Sichuan 617067, P.R. China
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2
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Raos D, Vučemilo Paripović N, Ozretić P, Sabol M. Current status of in vitro models for rare gynaecological cancer research. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 2024:108549. [PMID: 39048342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2024.108549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Gynaecological cancers originate within the female reproductive system and are classified according to the site in the reproductive system where they arise. However, over 50 % of these malignancies are categorized as rare, encompassing 30 distinct histological subtypes, which complicates their diagnosis and treatment. The focus of this review is to give an overview of established in vitro models for the investigation of rare gynaecological cancers, as well as an overview of available online databases that contain detailed descriptions of cell line characteristics. Cell lines represent the main models for the research of carcinogenesis, drug resistance, pharmacodynamics and novel therapy treatment options. Nowadays, classic 2D cell models are increasingly being replaced with 3D cell models, such as spheroids, organoids, and tumoroids because they provide a more accurate representation of numerous tumour characteristics, and their response to therapy differs from the response of adherent cell lines. It is crucial to use the correct cell line model, as rare tumour types can show characteristics that differ from the most common tumour types and can therefore respond unexpectedly to classic treatment. Additionally, some cell lines have been misclassified or misidentified, which could lead to false results. Even though rare gynaecological cancers are rare, this review will demonstrate that there are available options for investigation of such cancers in vitro on biologically relevant models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Raos
- Laboratory for Hereditary Cancer, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | | | - Petar Ozretić
- Laboratory for Hereditary Cancer, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Maja Sabol
- Laboratory for Hereditary Cancer, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Quoniou R, Moreau E, Cachin F, Miot-Noirault E, Chautard E, Peyrode C. 3D Coculture between Cancer Cells and Macrophages: From Conception to Experimentation. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:313-325. [PMID: 38110331 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
A tumor is a complex cluster with many types of cells in the microenvironment that help it grow. Macrophages, immune cells whose main role is to maintain body homeostasis, represent in the majority of cancers the most important cell population. In this context, they are called tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) because of their phenotype, which contributes to tumor growth. In order to limit the use of animals, there is a real demand for the creation of in vitro models able to represent more specifically the complexity of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in order to characterize it and evaluate new treatments. However, the two-dimensional (2D) culture, which has been used for a long time, has shown many limitations, especially in terms of tumor representation. The three-dimensional (3D) models, developed over the last 20 years, have made it possible to get closer to what happens in vivo in terms of phenotypic and functional characteristics. Due to their architectural similarity to in vivo tissues, they provide a more physiologically relevant in vitro system. Most recently, it is the development of 3D coculture models in which two or three cell lines are cultured together that has allowed a better representation of TME with cell-cell interactions. Unfortunately, there is no clear direction for the design of these models at this time. In this Review on the coculture between cancer cells and TAMs, an in-depth analysis is performed to answer multiple questions on the conception of these models: Which models to use, and with which material and cancer lineage? Which monocyte or macrophage lines should be added to the coculture? And how can these models be exploited?
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Quoniou
- Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, UMR1240, Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Emmanuel Moreau
- Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, UMR1240, Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Florent Cachin
- Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, UMR1240, Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Centre Jean Perrin, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Elisabeth Miot-Noirault
- Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, UMR1240, Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Emmanuel Chautard
- Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, UMR1240, Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Service de Pathologie, Centre Jean Perrin, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Caroline Peyrode
- Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, UMR1240, Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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4
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Mas-Rosario JA, Medor JD, Jeffway MI, Martínez-Montes JM, Farkas ME. Murine macrophage-based iNos reporter reveals polarization and reprogramming in the context of breast cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1151384. [PMID: 37091169 PMCID: PMC10113556 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1151384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of the first line of defense against pathogens, macrophages possess the ability to differentiate into divergent phenotypes with varying functions. The process by which these cells change their characteristics, commonly referred to as macrophage polarization, allows them to change into broadly pro-inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) subtypes, and depends on the polarizing stimuli. Deregulation of macrophage phenotypes can result in different pathologies or affect the nature of some diseases, such as cancer and atherosclerosis. Therefore, a better understanding of macrophage phenotype conversion in relevant models is needed to elucidate its potential roles in disease. However, there are few existing probes to track macrophage changes in multicellular environments. In this study, we generated an eGFP reporter cell line based on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNos) promoter activity in RAW264.7 cells (RAW:iNos-eGFP). iNos is associated with macrophage activation to pro-inflammatory states and decreases in immune-suppressing ones. We validated the fidelity of the reporter for iNos following cytokine-mediated polarization and confirmed that reporter and parental cells behaved similarly. RAW:iNos-eGFP cells were then used to track macrophage responses in different in vitro breast cancer models, and their re-education from anti- to pro-inflammatory phenotypes via a previously reported pyrimido(5,4-b)indole small molecule, PBI1. Using two mouse mammary carcinoma cell lines, 4T1 and EMT6, effects on macrophages were assessed via conditioned media, two-dimensional/monolayer co-culture, and three-dimensional spheroid models. While conditioned media derived from 4T1 or EMT6 cells and monolayer co-cultures of each cancer cell line with RAW:iNos-eGFP cells all resulted in decreased fluorescence, the trends and extents of effects differed. We also observed decreases in iNos-eGFP signal in the macrophages in co-culture assays with 4T1- or EMT6-based spheroids. We then showed that iNos production is enhanced in these cancer models using PBI1, tracking increased fluorescence. Collectively, this work demonstrates that this reporter-based approach provides a facile means to study macrophage responses in complex, multicomponent environments. Beyond the initial studies presented here, this platform can be used with a variety of in vitro models and extended to in vivo applications with intravital imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A. Mas-Rosario
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Ahmerst, MA, United States
| | - Josue D. Medor
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Ahmerst, MA, United States
| | - Mary I. Jeffway
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Ahmerst, MA, United States
| | - José M. Martínez-Montes
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Ahmerst, MA, United States
| | - Michelle E. Farkas
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Ahmerst, MA, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Ahmerst, MA, United States
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5
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Jang HJ, Lee HS, Yu W, Ramineni M, Truong CY, Ramos D, Splawn T, Choi JM, Jung SY, Lee JS, Wang DY, Sederstrom JM, Pietropaolo M, Kheradmand F, Amos CI, Wheeler TM, Ripley RT, Burt BM. Therapeutic Targeting of Macrophage Plasticity Remodels the Tumor-Immune Microenvironment. Cancer Res 2022; 82:2593-2609. [PMID: 35709756 PMCID: PMC9296613 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-3506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Comprehensive single-cell proteomics analyses of lung adenocarcinoma progression reveal the role of tumor-associated macrophages in resistance to PD-1 blockade therapy. See related commentary by Lee et al., p. 2515.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jin Jang
- Systems Onco-Immunology Laboratory, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Hee-Jin Jang and Hyun-Sung Lee have equally contributed as first authors
| | - Hyun-Sung Lee
- Systems Onco-Immunology Laboratory, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Hee-Jin Jang and Hyun-Sung Lee have equally contributed as first authors.,Hyun-Sung Lee and Bryan M. Burt have equally contributed as corresponding authors
| | - Wendong Yu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Maheshwari Ramineni
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cynthia Y. Truong
- Systems Onco-Immunology Laboratory, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Daniela Ramos
- Systems Onco-Immunology Laboratory, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Taylor Splawn
- Systems Onco-Immunology Laboratory, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jong Min Choi
- Systems Onco-Immunology Laboratory, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sung Yun Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ju-Seog Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Daniel Y. Wang
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joel M. Sederstrom
- Advanced Technology Cores, Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Massimo Pietropaolo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Farrah Kheradmand
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey Department of Veterans Affairs, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Christopher I. Amos
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Thomas M. Wheeler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - R. Taylor Ripley
- Systems Onco-Immunology Laboratory, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bryan M. Burt
- Systems Onco-Immunology Laboratory, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Hyun-Sung Lee and Bryan M. Burt have equally contributed as corresponding authors
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6
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Salinas-Vera YM, Valdés J, Pérez-Navarro Y, Mandujano-Lazaro G, Marchat LA, Ramos-Payán R, Nuñez-Olvera SI, Pérez-Plascencia C, López-Camarillo C. Three-Dimensional 3D Culture Models in Gynecological and Breast Cancer Research. Front Oncol 2022; 12:826113. [PMID: 35692756 PMCID: PMC9177953 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.826113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cell cultures have long been the gold standard for cancer biology research. However, their ability to accurately reflect the molecular mechanisms of tumors occurring in vivo is limited. Recent development of three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models facilitate the possibility to better recapitulate several of the biological and molecular characteristics of tumors in vivo, such as cancer cells heterogeneity, cell-extracellular matrix interactions, development of a hypoxic microenvironment, signaling pathway activities depending on contacts with extracellular matrix, differential growth kinetics, more accurate drugs response, and specific gene expression and epigenetic patterns. In this review, we discuss the utilization of different types of 3D culture models including spheroids, organotypic models and patient-derived organoids in gynecologic cancers research, as well as its potential applications in oncological research mainly for screening drugs with major physiological and clinical relevance. Moreover, microRNAs regulation of cancer hallmarks in 3D cell cultures from different types of cancers is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarely M. Salinas-Vera
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Jesús Valdés
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Yussel Pérez-Navarro
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Gilberto Mandujano-Lazaro
- Programa en Biomedicina Molecular y Red de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Laurence A. Marchat
- Programa en Biomedicina Molecular y Red de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Rosalio Ramos-Payán
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Stephanie I. Nuñez-Olvera
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - César López-Camarillo
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
- *Correspondence: César López-Camarillo, ; orcid.org/0000-0002-9417-2609
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Yee C, Dickson KA, Muntasir MN, Ma Y, Marsh DJ. Three-Dimensional Modelling of Ovarian Cancer: From Cell Lines to Organoids for Discovery and Personalized Medicine. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:836984. [PMID: 35223797 PMCID: PMC8866972 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.836984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer has the highest mortality of all of the gynecological malignancies. There are several distinct histotypes of this malignancy characterized by specific molecular events and clinical behavior. These histotypes have differing responses to platinum-based drugs that have been the mainstay of therapy for ovarian cancer for decades. For histotypes that initially respond to a chemotherapeutic regime of carboplatin and paclitaxel such as high-grade serous ovarian cancer, the development of chemoresistance is common and underpins incurable disease. Recent discoveries have led to the clinical use of PARP (poly ADP ribose polymerase) inhibitors for ovarian cancers defective in homologous recombination repair, as well as the anti-angiogenic bevacizumab. While predictive molecular testing involving identification of a genomic scar and/or the presence of germline or somatic BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation are in clinical use to inform the likely success of a PARP inhibitor, no similar tests are available to identify women likely to respond to bevacizumab. Functional tests to predict patient response to any drug are, in fact, essentially absent from clinical care. New drugs are needed to treat ovarian cancer. In this review, we discuss applications to address the currently unmet need of developing physiologically relevant in vitro and ex vivo models of ovarian cancer for fundamental discovery science, and personalized medicine approaches. Traditional two-dimensional (2D) in vitro cell culture of ovarian cancer lacks critical cell-to-cell interactions afforded by culture in three-dimensions. Additionally, modelling interactions with the tumor microenvironment, including the surface of organs in the peritoneal cavity that support metastatic growth of ovarian cancer, will improve the power of these models. Being able to reliably grow primary tumoroid cultures of ovarian cancer will improve the ability to recapitulate tumor heterogeneity. Three-dimensional (3D) modelling systems, from cell lines to organoid or tumoroid cultures, represent enhanced starting points from which improved translational outcomes for women with ovarian cancer will emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Yee
- Translational Oncology Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristie-Ann Dickson
- Translational Oncology Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Mohammed N. Muntasir
- Translational Oncology Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Yue Ma
- Translational Oncology Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Deborah J. Marsh
- Translational Oncology Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
- Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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8
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Self-Assembling Polypeptide Hydrogels as a Platform to Recapitulate the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133286. [PMID: 34209094 PMCID: PMC8267709 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The tumor microenvironment is characterized by increased tissue stiffness, low (acidic) pH, and elevated temperature, all of which contribute to the development of cancer. Improving our in vitro models of cancer, therefore, requires the development of cell culture platforms that can mimic these microenvironmental properties. Here, we study a new biomaterial composed of short amino acid chains that self-assemble into a fibrous hydrogel network. This material enables simultaneous and independent tuning of substrate rigidity, extracellular pH, and temperature, allowing us to mimic both healthy tissues and the tumor microenvironment. We used this platform to study the effect of these conditions on pancreatic cancer cells and found that high substrate rigidity and low pH promote proliferation and survival of cancer cells and activate important signaling pathways associated with cancer progression. Abstract The tumor microenvironment plays a critical role in modulating cancer cell migration, metabolism, and malignancy, thus, highlighting the need to develop in vitro culture systems that can recapitulate its abnormal properties. While a variety of stiffness-tunable biomaterials, reviewed here, have been developed to mimic the rigidity of the tumor extracellular matrix, culture systems that can recapitulate the broader extracellular context of the tumor microenvironment (including pH and temperature) remain comparably unexplored, partially due to the difficulty in independently tuning these parameters. Here, we investigate a self-assembled polypeptide network hydrogel as a cell culture platform and demonstrate that the culture parameters, including the substrate stiffness, extracellular pH and temperature, can be independently controlled. We then use this biomaterial as a cell culture substrate to assess the effect of stiffness, pH and temperature on Suit2 cells, a pancreatic cancer cell line, and demonstrate that these microenvironmental factors can regulate two critical transcription factors in cancer: yes-associated protein 1 (YAP) and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1A).
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9
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Dholakia J, Scalise C, Arend RC. Assessing Preclinical Research Models for Immunotherapy for Gynecologic Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1694. [PMID: 33918476 PMCID: PMC8038292 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gynecologic malignancies are increasing in incidence, with a plateau in clinical outcomes necessitating novel treatment options. Immunotherapy and modulation of the tumor microenvironment are rapidly developing fields of interest in gynecologic oncology translational research; examples include the PD-1 (programmed cell death 1) and CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4) axes and the Wnt pathway. However, clinical successes with these agents have been modest and lag behind immunotherapy successes in other malignancies. A thorough contextualization of preclinical models utilized in gynecologic oncology immunotherapy research is necessary in order to effectively and efficiently develop translational medicine. These include murine models, in vitro assays, and three-dimensional human-tissue-based systems. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of preclinical models for immunotherapy in gynecologic malignancies, including benefits and limitations of each, in order to inform study design and translational research models. Improved model design and implementation will optimize preclinical research efficiency and increase the translational value to positive findings, facilitating novel treatments that improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rebecca C. Arend
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (J.D.); (C.S.)
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10
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Singh T, Neal AS, Moatamed NA, Memarzadeh S. Exploring the Potential of Drug Response Assays for Precision Medicine in Ovarian Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010305. [PMID: 33396714 PMCID: PMC7794771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major challenges in the treatment of cancer are differential responses of patients to existing standard of care anti-cancer drugs. These differential responses may, in part, be due to a diverse range of genomic, epigenomic, proteomic, and metabolic alterations among individuals suffering from the same type of cancer. Precision medicine is an emerging approach in cancer therapeutics that takes into account specific molecular alterations, environmental factors as well as lifestyle of individual patients. This approach allows clinicians and researchers to select or predict treatments that would most likely benefit the patient based on their individual tumor characteristics. One class of precision medicine tools are predictive, in vitro drug-response assays designed to test the sensitivity of patient tumor cells to existing or novel therapies. These assays have the potential to rapidly identify the most effective treatments for cancer patients and thus hold great promise in the field of precision medicine. In this review, we have highlighted several drug-response assays developed in ovarian cancer and discussed the current challenges and future prospects of these assays in the clinical management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Singh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (T.S.); (A.S.N.)
- UCLA Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Adam S. Neal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (T.S.); (A.S.N.)
- UCLA Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Neda A. Moatamed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Sanaz Memarzadeh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (T.S.); (A.S.N.)
- UCLA Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- The VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
- Correspondence:
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11
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Emami F, Pathak S, Nguyen TT, Shrestha P, Maharjan S, Kim JO, Jeong JH, Yook S. Photoimmunotherapy with cetuximab-conjugated gold nanorods reduces drug resistance in triple negative breast cancer spheroids with enhanced infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages. J Control Release 2020; 329:645-664. [PMID: 33022330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) constitute up to 50-80% of stromal cells in breast cancer (BC), and are correlated with poor prognosis. As epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in 60-80% of patients with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), photoimmunotherapy (PIT) with cetuximab-targeted gold nanorods (CTX-AuNR) is an attractive therapeutic strategy for TNBC. The 3D cell culture model can mimic drug resistance conferred by the tumor microenvironment and its 3D organization; therefore, TAM and non-TAM embedded TNBC spheroids were constructed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of CTX-AuNR plus near infrared (NIR) irradiation. Cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and protein expression were compared in TNBC (± TAM) spheroids. The IC50 values of doxorubicin (DOX) in TAM-embedded TNBC spheroids were significantly higher than those in TNBC spheroids, demonstrating drug resistance, which could be explained by activation of IL-10/IL-10 receptor/STAT3/Bcl-2 signaling. However, 3D in vitro and in vivo results demonstrated that the efficacy of CTX-AuNR plus NIR irradiation was not significantly different in (± TAM) embedded TNBC cells. By enhancing ROS generation, CTX-AuNR plus NIR irradiation reprogrammed TAM polarization to the M1 anti-tumor phenotype, as indicated by macrophage mannose receptor (MMR) downregulation. Thus, CTX-AuNR plus NIR can serve as a potent PIT strategy for treating EGFR-overexpressing TNBC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakhrossadat Emami
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Shiva Pathak
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Tiep Tien Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Prakash Shrestha
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Srijan Maharjan
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Oh Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Heon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Simmyung Yook
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Heredia-Soto V, López-Guerrero J, Redondo A, Mendiola M. The hallmarks of ovarian cancer: Focus on angiogenesis and micro-environment and new models for their characterisation. EJC Suppl 2020; 15:49-55. [PMID: 33240442 PMCID: PMC7573462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcsup.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers develop by sustained growth, migration and invasion properties of tumour cells, supported by complex interactions with stromal cells within the tumour micro-environment. This review is focused on the latest discoveries regarding the highlighted role of angiogenesis and tumour micro-environment in ovarian cancer. This cancer milieu encompasses non-cancerous cells present in the tumour or nearby, including vessel-forming cells, fibroblasts and immune cells amongst others that work in a cooperative way with cancer cells, impacting tumour behaviour. Angiogenesis, migration and invasion, and more recently immune evasion, are cancer hallmarks clearly dependent on these supporting cells. Moreover, these stromal cells are more genetically stable than tumour cells and thus represent an attractive therapeutic target. A better understanding of the stromal cells function, and their complex interplay with cancer cells, will open additional areas to target, as the tumour-host interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Heredia-Soto
- Translational Oncology Research Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, IdiPAZ, Paseo de La Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Monforte de Lemos 5, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - J.A. López-Guerrero
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Carrer Del Professor Beltrán Báguena, 8, 46009, Valencia, Spain
| | - A. Redondo
- Translational Oncology Research Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, IdiPAZ, Paseo de La Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
- Medical Oncology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de La Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Cátedra UAM-Amgen, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Mendiola
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Monforte de Lemos 5, Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Molecular Pathology and Therapeutic Targets Research Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, IdiPAZ, Paseo de La Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Pathology Diagnostic Section, Medical and Molecular Medicine Institute, INGEMM, Paseo de La Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Xu Y, Guo X, Wang G, Zhou C. Vitamin C Inhibits Metastasis of Peritoneal Tumors By Preventing Spheroid Formation in ID8 Murine Epithelial Peritoneal Cancer Model. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:645. [PMID: 32477126 PMCID: PMC7236773 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High mortality is associated with exclusively metastasis within the peritoneal cavity among patients with epithelial ovarian cancer that is the most lethal gynecologic cancer. There is an unmet need to develop more effective therapies to prevent metastasis of peritoneal cancer. Multicellular spheroid formation, during which cancer cells migrate and adhere to tumor-associated macrophages, is a critical step of ovarian cancer metastasis. Here, we showed that vitamin C inhibited spheroid formation and metastasis in ID8 ovarian cancer-bearing mice. We further found that vitamin C treatment decreased the levels of M2 macrophages in tumor nodules and suppressed the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In vitro studies revealed that vitamin C inhibited proliferation, arrested cell cycle, attenuated migration, and prevented the spheroid formation of ID8 ovarian cancer cells. Vitamin C induced apoptosis of ID8 cells, which was confirmed by membrane potential collapse, cytosolic calcium overload, ATP depletion, and caspase-3 activation in vitamin C-treated cells. Intriguingly, vitamin C treatment caused striking morphological change and apoptosis of macrophages. The presented proof of concept study strategically identifies new anticancer mechanisms of vitamin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayun Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, China
| | - Ganyu Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Changkuo Zhou
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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14
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Kasper SH, Morell-Perez C, Wyche TP, Sana TR, Lieberman LA, Hett EC. Colorectal cancer-associated anaerobic bacteria proliferate in tumor spheroids and alter the microenvironment. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5321. [PMID: 32210258 PMCID: PMC7093526 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62139-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports show that colorectal tumors contain microbiota that are distinct from those that reside in a 'normal' colon environment, and that these microbiota can contribute to cancer progression. Fusobacterium nucleatum is the most commonly observed species in the colorectal tumor microenvironment and reportedly influences disease progression through numerous mechanisms. However, a detailed understanding of the role of this organism in cancer progression is limited, in part due to challenges in maintaining F. nucleatum viability under standard aerobic cell culture conditions. Herein we describe the development of a 3-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroid model that can harbor and promote the growth of anaerobic bacteria. Bacteria-tumor cell interactions and metabolic crosstalk were extensively studied by measuring the kinetics of bacterial growth, cell morphology and lysis, cancer-related gene expression, and metabolomics. We observed that viable F. nucleatum assembles biofilm-like structures in the tumor spheroid microenvironment, whereas heat-killed F. nucleatum is internalized and sequestered in the cancer cells. Lastly, we use the model to co-culture 28 Fusobacterium clinical isolates and demonstrate that the model successfully supports co-culture with diverse fusobacterial species. This bacteria-spheroid co-culture model enables mechanistic investigation of the role of anaerobic bacteria in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H Kasper
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
| | | | - Thomas P Wyche
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Theodore R Sana
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Linda A Lieberman
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erik C Hett
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
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15
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Curcumin-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Bypass P-Glycoprotein Mediated Doxorubicin Resistance in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12020096. [PMID: 31991669 PMCID: PMC7076516 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a critical hindrance to the success of cancer chemotherapy. The main thing responsible for MDR phenotypes are plasma-membranes associated with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Binding Cassette (ABC) drug efflux transporters, such as the P-glycoprotein (Pgp) transporter that has the broadest spectrum of substrates. Curcumin (CURC) is a Pgp inhibitor, but it is poorly soluble and bioavailable. To overcome these limitations, we validated the efficacy and safety of CURC, loaded in biocompatible solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), with or without chitosan coating, with the goal of increasing the stability, homogeneous water dispersibility, and cellular uptake. Both CURC-loaded SLNs were 5–10-fold more effective than free CURC in increasing the intracellular retention and toxicity of doxorubicin in Pgp-expressing triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). The effect was due to the decrease of intracellular reactive oxygen species, consequent inhibition of the Akt/IKKα-β/NF-kB axis, and reduced transcriptional activation of the Pgp promoter by p65/p50 NF-kB. CURC-loaded SLNs also effectively rescued the sensitivity to doxorubicin against drug-resistant TNBC tumors, without signs of systemic toxicity. These results suggest that the combination therapy, based on CURC-loaded SLNs and doxorubicin, is an effective and safe approach to overcome the Pgp-mediated chemoresistance in TNBC.
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16
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Vaithiyanathan M, Safa N, Melvin AT. FluoroCellTrack: An algorithm for automated analysis of high-throughput droplet microfluidic data. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215337. [PMID: 31042738 PMCID: PMC6493727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput droplet microfluidic devices with fluorescence detection systems provide several advantages over conventional end-point cytometric techniques due to their ability to isolate single cells and investigate complex intracellular dynamics. While there have been significant advances in the field of experimental droplet microfluidics, the development of complementary software tools has lagged. Existing quantification tools have limitations including interdependent hardware platforms or challenges analyzing a wide range of high-throughput droplet microfluidic data using a single algorithm. To address these issues, an all-in-one Python algorithm called FluoroCellTrack was developed and its wide-range utility was tested on three different applications including quantification of cellular response to drugs, droplet tracking, and intracellular fluorescence. The algorithm imports all images collected using bright field and fluorescence microscopy and analyzes them to extract useful information. Two parallel steps are performed where droplets are detected using a mathematical Circular Hough Transform (CHT) while single cells (or other contours) are detected by a series of steps defining respective color boundaries involving edge detection, dilation, and erosion. These feature detection steps are strengthened by segmentation and radius/area thresholding for precise detection and removal of false positives. Individually detected droplet and contour center maps are overlaid to obtain encapsulation information for further analyses. FluoroCellTrack demonstrates an average of a ~92-99% similarity with manual analysis and exhibits a significant reduction in analysis time of 30 min to analyze an entire cohort compared to 20 h required for manual quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manibarathi Vaithiyanathan
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Nora Safa
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Adam T Melvin
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
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