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Karagoz H, Zhang F, Chaker SC, Lineaweaver WC. Experimental Cranial Nerve Models in the Rat. J Reconstr Microsurg 2024. [PMID: 38889745 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1787729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intricacies of nerve regeneration following injury have prompted increased research efforts in recent years, with a primary focus on elucidating regeneration mechanisms and exploring various surgical techniques. While many experimental animals have been used for these investigations, the rat continues to remain the most widely used model due to its cost-effectiveness, accessibility, and resilience against diseases and surgical/anesthetic complications. A comprehensive evaluation of all the experimental rat models available in this context is currently lacking. METHODS We summarize rat models of cranial nerves while furnishing descriptions of the intricacies of achieving optimal exposure. RESULTS This review article provides an examination of the technical exposure, potential applications, and the advantages and disadvantages inherent to each cranial nerve model. CONCLUSION Specifically in the context of cranial nerve injury, numerous studies have utilized different surgical techniques to expose and investigate the cranial nerves in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Karagoz
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sara C Chaker
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - William C Lineaweaver
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Secondary Degeneration of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells Occurs as Early as 24 h after Optic Nerve Injury in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043463. [PMID: 36834873 PMCID: PMC9964292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Optic nerve injury causes secondary degeneration, a sequela that spreads damage from the primary injury to adjacent tissue, through mechanisms such as oxidative stress, apoptosis, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), a key component of the BBB and oligodendrogenesis, are vulnerable to oxidative deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage by 3 days post-injury. However, it is unclear whether oxidative damage in OPCs occurs earlier at 1 day post-injury, or whether a critical 'window-of-opportunity' exists for therapeutic intervention. Here, a partial optic nerve transection rat model of secondary degeneration was used with immunohistochemistry to assess BBB dysfunction, oxidative stress, and proliferation in OPCs vulnerable to secondary degeneration. At 1 day post-injury, BBB breach and oxidative DNA damage were observed, alongside increased density of DNA-damaged proliferating cells. DNA-damaged cells underwent apoptosis (cleaved caspase3+), and apoptosis was associated with BBB breach. OPCs experienced DNA damage and apoptosis and were the major proliferating cell type with DNA damage. However, the majority of caspase3+ cells were not OPCs. These results provide novel insights into acute secondary degeneration mechanisms in the optic nerve, highlighting the need to consider early oxidative damage to OPCs in therapeutic efforts to limit degeneration following optic nerve injury.
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Toomey LM, Bartlett CA, Gavriel N, McGonigle T, Majimbi M, Gopalasingam G, Rodger J, Fitzgerald M. Comparing modes of delivery of a combination of ion channel inhibitors for limiting secondary degeneration following partial optic nerve transection. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15297. [PMID: 31653948 PMCID: PMC6814709 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51886-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the central nervous system is exacerbated by secondary degeneration. Previous research has shown that a combination of orally and locally administered ion channel inhibitors following partial optic nerve injury protects the myelin sheath and preserves function in the ventral optic nerve, vulnerable to secondary degeneration. However, local administration is often not clinically appropriate. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of systemic and local delivery of the ion channel inhibitor combination of lomerizine, brilliant blue G (BBG) and YM872, which inhibits voltage-gated calcium channels, P2X7 receptors and Ca2+ permeable α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors respectively. Following a partial optic nerve transection, adult female PVG rats were treated with BBG and YM872 delivered via osmotic mini pump directly to the injury site, or via intraperitoneal injection, both alongside oral administration of lomerizine. Myelin structure was preserved with both delivery modes of the ion channel inhibitor combination. However, there was no effect of treatment on inflammation, either peripherally or at the injury site, or on the density of oligodendroglial cells. Taken together, the data indicate that even at lower concentrations, the combinatorial treatment may be preserving myelin structure, and that systemic and local delivery are comparable at improving outcomes following neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian M Toomey
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute Building, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute Building, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Carole A Bartlett
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nikolas Gavriel
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Terence McGonigle
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute Building, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Maimuna Majimbi
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute Building, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gopana Gopalasingam
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jennifer Rodger
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute Building, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Melinda Fitzgerald
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia.
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute Building, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, 6009, Western Australia, Australia.
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute Building, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, 6009, Western Australia, Australia.
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