1
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Toshima JY, Toshima J. Transport mechanisms between the endocytic, recycling, and biosynthetic pathways via endosomes and the trans-Golgi network. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1464337. [PMID: 39291266 PMCID: PMC11405242 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1464337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
After the endocytic and biosynthetic pathway converge, they partially share the route to the lysosome/vacuole. Similarly, the endocytic recycling and secretory pathways also partially share the route to the plasma membrane. The interaction of these transport pathways is mediated by endosomes and the trans-Golgi network (TGN), which act as sorting stations in endocytic and biosynthesis pathway, and endosomes has a bidirectional transport to and from the TGN. In mammalian cells endosomes can be largely classified as early/sorting, late, and recycling endosomes, based on their morphological features and localization of Rab family proteins, which are key factors in vesicular trafficking. However, these endosomes do not necessarily represent specific compartments that are comparable among different species. For instance, Rab5 localizes to early endosomes in mammalian cells but is widely localized to early-to-late endosomes in yeast, and to pre-vacuolar endosomes and the TGN in plant cells. The SNARE complexes are also key factors widely conserved among species and localized specifically to the endosomal membrane, but the localization of respective homologs is not necessarily consistent among species. These facts suggest that endosomes should be classified more inclusively across species. Here we reconsider the mammalian endosome system based on findings in budding yeast and other species and discuss the differences and similarities between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Y Toshima
- School of Health Science, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jiro Toshima
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Yagi H, Tateo S, Saito T, Ohta Y, Nishi E, Obitsu S, Suzuki T, Seetaha S, Hellec C, Nakano A, Tojima T, Kato K. Deciphering the sub-Golgi localization of glycosyltransferases via 3D super-resolution imaging. Cell Struct Funct 2024; 49:47-55. [PMID: 38987202 DOI: 10.1247/csf.24008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus, a crucial organelle involved in protein processing, including glycosylation, exhibits complex sub-structures, i.e., cis-, medial, and trans-cisternae. This study investigated the distribution of glycosyltransferases within the Golgi apparatus of mammalian cells via 3D super-resolution imaging. Focusing on human glycosyltransferases involved in N-glycan modification, we found that even enzymes presumed to coexist in the same Golgi compartment exhibit nuanced variations in localization. By artificially making their N-terminal regions [composed of a cytoplasmic, transmembrane, and stem segment (CTS)] identical, it was possible to enhance the degree of their colocalization, suggesting the decisive role of this region in determining the sub-Golgi localization of enzymes. Ultimately, this study reveals the molecular codes within CTS regions as key determinants of glycosyltransferase localization, providing insights into precise control over the positioning of glycosyltransferases, and consequently, the interactions between glycosyltransferases and substrate glycoproteins as cargoes in the secretory pathway. This study advances our understanding of Golgi organization and opens avenues for programming the glycosylation of proteins for clinical applications.Key words: Golgi apparatus, glycosyltransferase, 3D super-resolution imaging, N-glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Yagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS)
| | - Seigo Tateo
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS)
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences
| | - Taiki Saito
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS)
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences
| | - Yusaku Ohta
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS)
| | - Emiko Nishi
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS)
| | - Saemi Obitsu
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS)
| | - Tatsuya Suzuki
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS)
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences
| | - Supaphorn Seetaha
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS)
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University
| | - Charles Hellec
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics
| | - Takuro Tojima
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics
| | - Koichi Kato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS)
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences
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3
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Miyashiro D, Tojima T, Nakano A. Extremely high spatiotemporal resolution microscopy for live cell imaging by single photon counting, noise elimination, and a novel restoration algorithm based on probability calculation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1324906. [PMID: 38979036 PMCID: PMC11228276 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1324906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Optical microscopy is essential for direct observation of dynamic phenomena in living cells. According to the classic optical theories, the images obtained through light microscopes are blurred for about half the wavelength of light, and therefore small structures below this "diffraction limit" were thought unresolvable by conventional optical microscopy. In reality, accurately obtained optical images contain complete information about the observed objects. Temporal resolution is also important for the observation of dynamic phenomena. A challenge exists here to overcome the trade-off between the time required for measurement and the accuracy of the measurement. The present paper describes a concrete methodology for reconstructing the structure of an observed object, based on the information contained in the image obtained by optical microscopy. It is realized by accurate single photon counting, complete noise elimination, and a novel restoration algorithm based on probability calculation. This method has been implemented in the Super-resolution Confocal Live Imaging Microscopy (SCLIM) we developed. The new system named SCLIM2M achieves unprecedented high spatiotemporal resolution. We have succeeded in capturing sub-diffraction-limit structures with millisecond-level dynamics of organelles and vesicles in living cells, which were never observed by conventional optical microscopy. Actual examples of the high-speed and high-resolution 4D observation of living cells are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Miyashiro
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takuro Tojima
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, Japan
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4
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Harada A, Kunii M, Kurokawa K, Sumi T, Kanda S, Zhang Y, Nadanaka S, Hirosawa KM, Tokunaga K, Tojima T, Taniguchi M, Moriwaki K, Yoshimura SI, Yamamoto-Hino M, Goto S, Katagiri T, Kume S, Hayashi-Nishino M, Nakano M, Miyoshi E, Suzuki KGN, Kitagawa H, Nakano A. Dynamic movement of the Golgi unit and its glycosylation enzyme zones. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4514. [PMID: 38802491 PMCID: PMC11130159 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48901-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Knowledge on the distribution and dynamics of glycosylation enzymes in the Golgi is essential for better understanding this modification. Here, using a combination of CRISPR/Cas9 knockin technology and super-resolution microscopy, we show that the Golgi complex is assembled by a number of small 'Golgi units' that have 1-3 μm in diameter. Each Golgi unit contains small domains of glycosylation enzymes which we call 'zones'. The zones of N- and O-glycosylation enzymes are colocalised. However, they are less colocalised with the zones of a glycosaminoglycan synthesizing enzyme. Golgi units change shapes dynamically and the zones of glycosylation enzymes rapidly move near the rim of the unit. Photobleaching analysis indicates that a glycosaminoglycan synthesizing enzyme moves between units. Depletion of giantin dissociates units and prevents the movement of glycosaminoglycan synthesizing enzymes, which leads to insufficient glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Thus, we show the structure-function relationship of the Golgi and its implications in human pathogenesis.
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Grants
- 17H0622 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- 21H02658 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- 21K06734 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- 17H06413 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- 17H06420 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- 18H05275 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- 18H05275 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- 17H06413 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- 17H06420 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- 18H05275 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Harada
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Masataka Kunii
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kurokawa
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takuya Sumi
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kanda
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satomi Nadanaka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Koichiro M Hirosawa
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu, Japan
| | | | - Takuro Tojima
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Manabu Taniguchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenta Moriwaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Yoshimura
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Satoshi Goto
- Department of Life Science, Rikkyo University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toyomasa Katagiri
- Laboratory of Biofunctional Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kume
- Laboratory for Pathophysiological and Health Science, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Hayashi-Nishino
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miyako Nakano
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Eiji Miyoshi
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenichi G N Suzuki
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu, Japan
- Division of Advanced Bioimaging, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, Japan
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5
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Tojima T, Suda Y, Jin N, Kurokawa K, Nakano A. Spatiotemporal dissection of the Golgi apparatus and the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment in budding yeast. eLife 2024; 13:e92900. [PMID: 38501165 PMCID: PMC10950332 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cargo traffic through the Golgi apparatus is mediated by cisternal maturation, but it remains largely unclear how the cis-cisternae, the earliest Golgi sub-compartment, is generated and how the Golgi matures into the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Here, we use high-speed and high-resolution confocal microscopy to analyze the spatiotemporal dynamics of a diverse set of proteins that reside in and around the Golgi in budding yeast. We find many mobile punctate structures that harbor yeast counterparts of mammalian endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) proteins, which we term 'yeast ERGIC'. It occasionally exhibits approach and contact behavior toward the ER exit sites and gradually matures into the cis-Golgi. Upon treatment with the Golgi-disrupting agent brefeldin A, the ERGIC proteins form larger aggregates corresponding to the Golgi entry core compartment in plants, while cis- and medial-Golgi proteins are absorbed into the ER. We further analyze the dynamics of several late Golgi proteins to better understand the Golgi-TGN transition. Together with our previous studies, we demonstrate a detailed spatiotemporal profile of the entire cisternal maturation process from the ERGIC to the Golgi and further to the TGN.
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Grants
- KAKENHI 19K06669 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- KAKENHI 19H04764 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- KAKENHI 22K06213 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- CREST JPMJCR21E3 Japan Science and Technology Agency
- KAKENHI 17H06420 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- KAKENHI 18H05275 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- KAKENHI 23H00382 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Tojima
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced PhotonicsWakoJapan
| | - Yasuyuki Suda
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced PhotonicsWakoJapan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Natsuko Jin
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced PhotonicsWakoJapan
| | - Kazuo Kurokawa
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced PhotonicsWakoJapan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced PhotonicsWakoJapan
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6
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Obata Y, Kurokawa K, Tojima T, Natsume M, Shiina I, Takahashi T, Abe R, Nakano A, Nishida T. Golgi retention and oncogenic KIT signaling via PLCγ2-PKD2-PI4KIIIβ activation in gastrointestinal stromal tumor cells. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113035. [PMID: 37616163 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Most gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) develop due to gain-of-function mutations in the tyrosine kinase gene, KIT. We recently showed that mutant KIT mislocalizes to the Golgi area and initiates uncontrolled signaling. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its Golgi retention remain unknown. Here, we show that protein kinase D2 (PKD2) is activated by the mutant, which causes Golgi retention of KIT. In PKD2-inhibited cells, KIT migrates from the Golgi region to lysosomes and subsequently undergoes degradation. Importantly, delocalized KIT cannot trigger downstream activation. In the Golgi/trans-Golgi network (TGN), KIT activates the PKD2-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIIβ (PKD2-PI4KIIIβ) pathway through phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2) to generate a PI4P-rich membrane domain, where the AP1-GGA1 complex is aberrantly recruited. Disruption of any factors in this cascade results in the release of KIT from the Golgi/TGN. Our findings show the molecular mechanisms underlying KIT mislocalization and provide evidence for a strategy for inhibition of oncogenic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Obata
- Laboratory of Intracellular Traffic & Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Kurokawa
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takuro Tojima
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Miyuki Natsume
- Laboratory of Intracellular Traffic & Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Isamu Shiina
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryo Abe
- Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Toshirou Nishida
- National Cancer Center Hospital, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; Laboratory of Nuclear Transport Dynamics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
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7
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Bian J, Su X, Yuan X, Zhang Y, Lin J, Li X. Endoplasmic reticulum membrane contact sites: cross-talk between membrane-bound organelles in plant cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:2956-2967. [PMID: 36847172 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells contain organelles surrounded by monolayer or bilayer membranes. Organelles take part in highly dynamic and organized interactions at membrane contact sites, which play vital roles during development and response to stress. The endoplasmic reticulum extends throughout the cell and acts as an architectural scaffold to maintain the spatial distribution of other membrane-bound organelles. In this review, we highlight the structural organization, dynamics, and physiological functions of membrane contact sites between the endoplasmic reticulum and various membrane-bound organelles, especially recent advances in plants. We briefly introduce how the combined use of dynamic and static imaging techniques can enable monitoring of the cross-talk between organelles via membrane contact sites. Finally, we discuss future directions for research fields related to membrane contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Bian
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiao Su
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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8
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Ito Y, Uemura T. Super resolution live imaging: The key for unveiling the true dynamics of membrane traffic around the Golgi apparatus in plant cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1100757. [PMID: 36618665 PMCID: PMC9818705 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1100757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to the relatively static image of the plants, the world inside each cell is surprisingly dynamic. Membrane-bounded organelles move actively on the cytoskeletons and exchange materials by vesicles, tubules, or direct contact between each other. In order to understand what is happening during those events, it is essential to visualize the working components in vivo. After the breakthrough made by the application of fluorescent proteins, the development of light microscopy enabled many discoveries in cell biology, including those about the membrane traffic in plant cells. Especially, super-resolution microscopy, which is becoming more and more accessible, is now one of the most powerful techniques. However, although the spatial resolution has improved a lot, there are still some difficulties in terms of the temporal resolution, which is also a crucial parameter for the visualization of the living nature of the intracellular structures. In this review, we will introduce the super resolution microscopy developed especially for live-cell imaging with high temporal resolution, and show some examples that were made by this tool in plant membrane research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Ito
- Institute for Human Life Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Uemura
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Tojima T, Miyashiro D, Kosugi Y, Nakano A. Super-Resolution Live Imaging of Cargo Traffic Through the Golgi Apparatus in Mammalian Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2557:127-140. [PMID: 36512214 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2639-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Super-resolution confocal live imaging microscopy (SCLIM) we developed provides high-speed, high-resolution, three- and four-dimensional, and multicolor simultaneous imaging. Using this technology, we are now able to observe the fine details of various dynamic events going on in living cells, such as membrane traffic and organelle dynamics. The retention using selective hooks (RUSH) system is a powerful tool to control synchronous release of natural cargo proteins of interest from the endoplasmic reticulum in mammalian cells. In this chapter, we describe a method for visualizing secretory cargo traffic within and around the Golgi apparatus in HeLa cells using SCLIM in combination with the RUSH assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Tojima
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Miyashiro
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Akihiko Nakano
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, Japan
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10
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Friedrich RP, Kappes M, Cicha I, Tietze R, Braun C, Schneider-Stock R, Nagy R, Alexiou C, Janko C. Optical Microscopy Systems for the Detection of Unlabeled Nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:2139-2163. [PMID: 35599750 PMCID: PMC9115408 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s355007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Label-free detection of nanoparticles is essential for a thorough evaluation of their cellular effects. In particular, nanoparticles intended for medical applications must be carefully analyzed in terms of their interactions with cells, tissues, and organs. Since the labeling causes a strong change in the physicochemical properties and thus also alters the interactions of the particles with the surrounding tissue, the use of fluorescently labeled particles is inadequate to characterize the effects of unlabeled particles. Further, labeling may affect cellular uptake and biocompatibility of nanoparticles. Thus, label-free techniques have been recently developed and implemented to ensure a reliable characterization of nanoparticles. This review provides an overview of frequently used label-free visualization techniques and highlights recent studies on the development and usage of microscopy systems based on reflectance, darkfield, differential interference contrast, optical coherence, photothermal, holographic, photoacoustic, total internal reflection, surface plasmon resonance, Rayleigh light scattering, hyperspectral and reflectance structured illumination imaging. Using these imaging modalities, there is a strong enhancement in the reliability of experiments concerning cellular uptake and biocompatibility of nanoparticles, which is crucial for preclinical evaluations and future medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf P Friedrich
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung Professorship, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Mona Kappes
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung Professorship, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Iwona Cicha
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung Professorship, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Rainer Tietze
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung Professorship, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Christian Braun
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, 80336, Germany
| | - Regine Schneider-Stock
- Experimental Tumor Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Roland Nagy
- Department Elektrotechnik-Elektronik-Informationstechnik (EEI), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Christoph Alexiou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung Professorship, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Christina Janko
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung Professorship, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
- Correspondence: Christina Janko, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung Professorship, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Glückstrasse 10a, Erlangen, 91054, Germany, Tel +49 9131 85 33142, Fax +49 9131 85 34808, Email
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Nakano A. The Golgi Apparatus and its Next-Door Neighbors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:884360. [PMID: 35573670 PMCID: PMC9096111 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.884360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus represents a central compartment of membrane traffic. Its apparent architecture, however, differs considerably among species, from unstacked and scattered cisternae in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to beautiful ministacks in plants and further to gigantic ribbon structures typically seen in mammals. Considering the well-conserved functions of the Golgi, its fundamental structure must have been optimized despite seemingly different architectures. In addition to the core layers of cisternae, the Golgi is usually accompanied by next-door compartments on its cis and trans sides. The trans-Golgi network (TGN) can be now considered as a compartment independent from the Golgi stack. On the cis side, the intermediate compartment between the ER and the Golgi (ERGIC) has been known in mammalian cells, and its functional equivalent is now suggested for yeast and plant cells. High-resolution live imaging is extremely powerful for elucidating the dynamics of these compartments and has revealed amazing similarities in their behaviors, indicating common mechanisms conserved along the long course of evolution. From these new findings, I would like to propose reconsideration of compartments and suggest a new concept to describe their roles comprehensively around the Golgi and in the post-Golgi trafficking.
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