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Weaver SR, Torres HM, Arnold KM, Zars EL, Peralta-Herrera E, Taylor EL, Yu K, Marron Fernandez de Velasco E, Wickman K, McGee-Lawrence ME, Bradley EW, Westendorf JJ. Girk3 deletion increases osteoblast maturation and bone mass accrual in adult male mice. JBMR Plus 2024; 8:ziae108. [PMID: 39228688 PMCID: PMC11370632 DOI: 10.1093/jbmrpl/ziae108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis and other metabolic bone diseases are prevalent in the aging population. While bone has the capacity to regenerate throughout life, bone formation rates decline with age and contribute to reduced bone density and strength. Identifying mechanisms and pathways that increase bone accrual in adults could prevent fractures and accelerate healing. G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ (GIRK) channels are key effectors of G protein-coupled receptor signaling. Girk3 was recently shown to regulate endochondral ossification. Here, we demonstrate that deletion of Girk3 increases bone mass after 18 weeks of age. Male 24-week-old Girk3 -/- mice have greater trabecular bone mineral density and bone volume fraction than wildtype (WT) mice. Osteoblast activity is moderately increased in 24-week-old Girk3 -/- mice compared to WT mice. In vitro, Girk3-/- bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) are more proliferative than WT BMSCs. Calvarial osteoblasts and BMSCs from Girk3 -/- mice are also more osteogenic than WT cells, with altered expression of genes that regulate the wingless-related integration site (Wnt) family. Wnt inhibition via Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1) or β-catenin inhibition via XAV939 prevents enhanced mineralization, but not proliferation, in Girk3 -/- BMSCs and slows these processes in WT cells. Finally, selective ablation of Girk3 from cells expressing Cre recombinase from the 2.3 kb-Col1a1 promoter, including osteoblasts and osteocytes, is sufficient to increase bone mass and bone strength in male mice at 24 weeks of age. Taken together, these data demonstrate that Girk3 regulates progenitor cell proliferation, osteoblast differentiation, and bone mass accrual in adult male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R Weaver
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Haydee M Torres
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Katherine M Arnold
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Elizabeth L Zars
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | | | | | - Kanglun Yu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | | | - Kevin Wickman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Meghan E McGee-Lawrence
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Elizabeth W Bradley
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Jennifer J Westendorf
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
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Venkatesh VS, Nie T, Golub S, Stok KS, Hemmatian H, Desai R, Handelsman DJ, Zajac JD, Grossmann M, Davey RA. High circulating concentrations of estradiol are anabolic for bone mass and strength in an adult male to female transgender mouse model. Bone 2024; 186:117143. [PMID: 38866125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The effects of gender affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) on bone microarchitecture and fracture risk in adult transgender women is unclear. To investigate the concept that skeletal integrity and strength in trans women may be improved by treatment with a higher dose of GAHT than commonly prescribed, we treated adult male mice with a sustained, high dose of estradiol. Adult male mice at 16 weeks of age were administered ~1.3 mg estradiol by silastic implant, implanted intraperitoneally, for 12 weeks. Controls included vehicle treated intact females and males. High-dose estradiol treatment in males stimulated the endocortical deposition of bone at the femoral mid-diaphysis, increasing cortical thickness and bone area. This led to higher stiffness, maximum force, and the work required to fracture the bone compared to male controls, while post-yield displacement was unaffected. Assessment of the material properties of the bone showed an increase in both elastic modulus and ultimate stress in the estradiol treated males. Treatment of male mice with high dose estradiol was also anabolic for trabecular bone, markedly increasing trabecular bone volume, number and thickness in the distal metaphysis which was accompanied by an increase in the histomorphometric markers of bone remodelling, mineralizing surface/bone surface, bone formation rate and osteoclast number. In conclusion, a high dose of estradiol is anabolic for cortical and trabecular bone in a male to female transgender mouse model, increasing both stiffness and strength. These findings suggest that increasing the current dose of GAHT administered to trans women, while considering other potential adverse effects, may be beneficial to preserving their bone microstructure and strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun S Venkatesh
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia; Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Tian Nie
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia.
| | - Suzanne Golub
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia.
| | - Kathryn S Stok
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Haniyeh Hemmatian
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia.
| | - Reena Desai
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney and Andrology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales 2137, Australia.
| | - David J Handelsman
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney and Andrology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales 2137, Australia.
| | - Jeffrey D Zajac
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia.
| | - Mathis Grossmann
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia; Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Rachel A Davey
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia.
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Rodríguez-Sosa MR, Del Castillo LM, Belarra A, Zapata AG, Alfaro D. The lack of EphB3 receptor prevents bone loss in mouse models of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 2024; 39:1008-1024. [PMID: 38739682 DOI: 10.1093/jbmr/zjae075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Bone homeostasis is a complex process in which some Eph kinase receptors and their ephrin ligands appear to be involved. In the present study, we address this issue by examining, both in vitro and in vivo, the role of EphB2 and EphB3 in mesenchymal stromal/stem cell (MSC) differentiation into bone tissue. This was first evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) and histological staining in MSCs cultured in specific mediums revealing that although EphB2-/- MSCs mainly expressed pro-adipogenic transcription factors, EphB3-/- MSCs showed abundant osteogenic transcripts, such as Runx2, Msx2, and Sp7. To clarify the underlying molecular mechanisms, we found that the lack of EphB3 signaling alters the genetic profile of differentiating MSCs, reducing the expression of many inhibitory molecules and antagonists of the BMP signaling pathway, and increasing Bmp7 expression, a robust bone inductor. Then, to confirm the osteogenic role of EphB3 in vivo, we studied the condition of 2 mouse models of induced bone loss (ovariectomy or long-term glucocorticoid treatment). Interestingly, in both models, both WT and EphB2-/- mice equally developed the disease but EphB3-/- mice did not exhibit the typical bone loss, nor an increase in urine Ca2+ or blood serum CTX-1. This phenotype in EphB3-KO mice could be due to their significantly higher proportions of osteoprogenitor cells and preosteoblasts, and their lower number of osteoclasts, as compared with WT and EphB2-KO mice. Thus, we conclude that EphB3 acts as a negative regulator of the osteogenic differentiation, and its absence prevents bone loss in mice subjected to ovariectomy or dexamethasone treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano R Rodríguez-Sosa
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, C.P. 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), C.P. 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis M Del Castillo
- Reproductive Medicine Research Group, IVI Foundation, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe (IIS La Fe), C.P. 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Adrián Belarra
- Micro-CT Laboratory, Central Radioactive Facility, Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, C.P. 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín G Zapata
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, C.P. 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Alfaro
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, C.P. 28040, Madrid, Spain
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4
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Koh NYY, Miszkiewicz JJ, Fac ML, Wee NKY, Sims NA. Preclinical Rodent Models for Human Bone Disease, Including a Focus on Cortical Bone. Endocr Rev 2024; 45:493-520. [PMID: 38315213 PMCID: PMC11244217 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnae004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Preclinical models (typically ovariectomized rats and genetically altered mice) have underpinned much of what we know about skeletal biology. They have been pivotal for developing therapies for osteoporosis and monogenic skeletal conditions, including osteogenesis imperfecta, achondroplasia, hypophosphatasia, and craniodysplasias. Further therapeutic advances, particularly to improve cortical strength, require improved understanding and more rigorous use and reporting. We describe here how trabecular and cortical bone structure develop, are maintained, and degenerate with aging in mice, rats, and humans, and how cortical bone structure is changed in some preclinical models of endocrine conditions (eg, postmenopausal osteoporosis, chronic kidney disease, hyperparathyroidism, diabetes). We provide examples of preclinical models used to identify and test current therapies for osteoporosis, and discuss common concerns raised when comparing rodent preclinical models to the human skeleton. We focus especially on cortical bone, because it differs between small and larger mammals in its organizational structure. We discuss mechanisms common to mouse and human controlling cortical bone strength and structure, including recent examples revealing genetic contributors to cortical porosity and osteocyte network configurations during growth, maturity, and aging. We conclude with guidelines for clear reporting on mouse models with a goal for better consistency in the use and interpretation of these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Y Y Koh
- Bone Cell Biology & Disease Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Justyna J Miszkiewicz
- School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Vertebrate Evolution Development and Ecology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mary Louise Fac
- Bone Cell Biology & Disease Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Natalie K Y Wee
- Bone Cell Biology & Disease Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Natalie A Sims
- Bone Cell Biology & Disease Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
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5
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Nie T, Venkatesh VS, Golub S, Stok KS, Hemmatian H, Desai R, Handelsman DJ, Zajac JD, Grossmann M, Davey RA. Estradiol increases cortical and trabecular bone accrual and bone strength in an adolescent male-to-female mouse model of gender-affirming hormone therapy. Bone Res 2024; 12:1. [PMID: 38212599 PMCID: PMC10784310 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-023-00308-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The effects of gender-affirming hormone therapy on the skeletal integrity and fracture risk in transitioning adolescent trans girls are unknown. To address this knowledge gap, we developed a mouse model to simulate male-to-female transition in human adolescents in whom puberty is first arrested by using gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogs with subsequent estradiol treatment. Puberty was suppressed by orchidectomy in male mice at 5 weeks of age. At 3 weeks post-surgery, male-to-female mice were treated with a high dose of estradiol (~0.85 mg) by intraperitoneal silastic implantation for 12 weeks. Controls included intact and orchidectomized males at 3 weeks post-surgery, vehicle-treated intact males, intact females and orchidectomized males at 12 weeks post-treatment. Compared to male controls, orchidectomized males exhibited decreased peak bone mass accrual and a decreased maximal force the bone could withstand prior to fracture. Estradiol treatment in orchidectomized male-to-female mice compared to mice in all control groups was associated with an increased cortical thickness in the mid-diaphysis, while the periosteal circumference increased to a level that was intermediate between intact male and female controls, resulting in increased maximal force and stiffness. In trabecular bone, estradiol treatment increased newly formed trabeculae arising from the growth plate as well as mineralizing surface/bone surface and bone formation rate, consistent with the anabolic action of estradiol on osteoblast proliferation. These data support the concept that skeletal integrity can be preserved and that long-term fractures may be prevented in trans girls treated with GnRHa and a sufficiently high dose of GAHT. Further study is needed to identify an optimal dose of estradiol that protects the bone without adverse side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Nie
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Varun S Venkatesh
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Suzanne Golub
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Kathryn S Stok
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Haniyeh Hemmatian
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Reena Desai
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney and Andrology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW, 2137, Australia
| | - David J Handelsman
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney and Andrology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW, 2137, Australia
| | - Jeffrey D Zajac
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Mathis Grossmann
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Rachel A Davey
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.
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6
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Dan A, Vaswani H, Šimonová A, Grząbka-Zasadzińska A, Li J, Sen K, Paul S, Tseng YC, Ramachandran R. End-point determination of heterogeneous formulations using inline torque measurements for a high-shear wet granulation process. Int J Pharm X 2023; 6:100188. [PMID: 37387778 PMCID: PMC10300204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2023.100188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the torque profiles of heterogeneous granulation formulations with varying powder properties in terms of particle size, solubility, deformability, and wettability, were studied, and the feasibility of identifying the end-point of the granulation process for each formulation based on the torque profiles was evaluated. Dynamic median particle size (d50) and porosity were correlated to the torque measurements to understand the relationship between torque and granule properties, and to validate distinction between different granulation stages based on the torque profiles made in previous studies. Generally, the torque curves obtained from the different granulation runs in this experimental design could be categorized into two different types of torque profiles. The primary factor influencing the likelihood of producing each profile was the binder type used in the formulation. A lower viscosity, higher solubility binder resulted in a type 1 profile. Other contributing factors that affected the torque profiles include API type and impeller speed. Material properties such as the deformability and solubility of the blend formulation and the binder were identified as important factors affecting both granule growth and the type of torque profiles observed. By correlating dynamic granule properties with torque values, it was possible to determine the granulation end-point based on a pre-determined target median particle size (d50) range which corresponded to specific markers identified in the torque profiles. In type 1 torque profiles, the end-point markers corresponded to the plateau phase, whereas in type 2 torque profiles the markers were indicated by the inflection point where the slope gradient changes. Additionally, we proposed an alternative method of identification by using the first derivative of the torque values, which facilitates an easier identification of the system approaching the end-point. Overall, this study identified the effects of different variations in formulation parameters on torque profiles and granule properties and implemented an improved method of identification of granulation end-point that is not dependent on the different types of torque profiles observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Dan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA 08854
| | - Haresh Vaswani
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA 08854
| | - Alice Šimonová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Charles University, Hlavova 2030/8, 12843, Prague, Czech Republic
- Zentiva k. s., U Kabelovny 130, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aleksandra Grząbka-Zasadzińska
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
| | - Jingzhe Li
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, 900 Ridgebury Rd, Ridgefield, CT 06877, United States of America
| | - Koyel Sen
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, 900 Ridgebury Rd, Ridgefield, CT 06877, United States of America
| | - Shubhajit Paul
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, 900 Ridgebury Rd, Ridgefield, CT 06877, United States of America
| | - Yin-Chao Tseng
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, 900 Ridgebury Rd, Ridgefield, CT 06877, United States of America
| | - Rohit Ramachandran
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA 08854
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7
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Leser JM, Torre OM, Gould NR, Guo Q, Buck HV, Kodama J, Otsuru S, Stains JP. Osteoblast-lineage calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase 2 delta and gamma regulates bone mass and quality. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2304492120. [PMID: 37976259 PMCID: PMC10666124 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304492120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone regulates its mass and quality in response to diverse mechanical, hormonal, and local signals. The bone anabolic or catabolic responses to these signals are often received by osteocytes, which then coordinate the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts on bone surfaces. We previously established that calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase 2 (CaMKII) is required for osteocytes to respond to some bone anabolic cues in vitro. However, a role for CaMKII in bone physiology in vivo is largely undescribed. Here, we show that conditional codeletion of the most abundant isoforms of CaMKII (delta and gamma) in mature osteoblasts and osteocytes [Ocn-cre:Camk2d/Camk2g double-knockout (dCKO)] caused severe osteopenia in both cortical and trabecular compartments by 8 wk of age. In addition to having less bone mass, dCKO bones are of worse quality, with significant deficits in mechanical properties, and a propensity to fracture. This striking skeletal phenotype is multifactorial, including diminished osteoblast activity, increased osteoclast activity, and altered phosphate homeostasis both systemically and locally. These dCKO mice exhibited decreased circulating phosphate (hypophosphatemia) and increased expression of the phosphate-regulating hormone fibroblast growth factor 23. Additionally, dCKO mice expressed less bone-derived tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase protein than control mice. Consistent with altered phosphate homeostasis, we observed that dCKO bones were hypo-mineralized with prominent osteoid seams, analogous to the phenotypes of mice with hypophosphatemia. Altogether, these data reveal a fundamental role for osteocyte CaMKIIδ and CaMKIIγ in the maintenance of bone mass and bone quality and link osteoblast/osteocyte CaMKII to phosphate homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M. Leser
- Department of Othopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21201
| | - Olivia M. Torre
- Department of Othopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21201
| | - Nicole R. Gould
- Department of Othopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21201
| | - Qiaoyue Guo
- Department of Othopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21201
| | - Heather V. Buck
- Department of Othopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21201
| | - Joe Kodama
- Department of Othopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21201
| | - Satoru Otsuru
- Department of Othopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21201
| | - Joseph P. Stains
- Department of Othopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21201
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8
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Ryan BA, McGregor NE, Kirby BJ, Al-Tilissi A, Poulton IJ, Sims NA, Kovacs CS. Calcitriol-Dependent and -Independent Regulation of Intestinal Calcium Absorption, Osteoblast Function, and Skeletal Mineralization during Lactation and Recovery in Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:2483-2497. [PMID: 36128890 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recovery from lactation-induced bone loss appears to be calcitriol-independent, since mice lacking 1-alpha-hydroxylase or vitamin D receptor (VDR) exhibit full skeletal recovery. However, in those studies mice consumed a calcium-, phosphorus-, and lactose-enriched "rescue" diet. Here we assessed whether postweaning skeletal recovery of Vdr null mice required that rescue diet. Wild type (WT) and Vdr null mice were raised on the rescue diet and switched to a normal (1% calcium) diet at Day 21 of lactation until 28 days after weaning. Unmated mice received the same regimen. In WT mice, cortical thickness was significantly reduced by 25% at 21 days of lactation and was completely restored by 28 days after weaning. Three-point bending tests similarly showed a significant reduction during lactation and full recovery of ultimate load and energy absorbed. Although Vdr null mice exhibited a similar lactational reduction in cortical thickness and mechanical strength, neither was even partially restored after weaning. Unmated mice showed no significant changes. In micro-computed tomography scans, diaphyses of Vdr null femora at 28 days after weaning were highly porous and exhibited abundant low-density bone extending into the marrow space from the endocortical surface. To quantify, we segregated bone into low-, mid-, and high-density components. In WT diaphyses, high-density bone was lost during lactation and restored after weaning. Vdr null mice also lost high-density bone during lactation but did not replace it; instead, they demonstrated a threefold increase in low-density bone mass. Histology revealed that intracortical and endocortical surfaces of Vdr null bones after weaning contained very thick (up to 20 micron) osteoid seams, covered with multiple layers of osteoblasts and precursors. We conclude that during the postweaning period, osteoblasts are potently stimulated to produce osteoid despite lacking VDRs, and that either calcitriol or a calcium-enriched diet are needed for this immature bone to become mineralized. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Ryan
- Faculty of Medicine-Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Narelle E McGregor
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Beth J Kirby
- Faculty of Medicine-Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Abdelkhayoum Al-Tilissi
- Faculty of Medicine-Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Ingrid J Poulton
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie A Sims
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher S Kovacs
- Faculty of Medicine-Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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9
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Isojima T, Walker EC, Poulton IJ, McGregor NE, Wicks IP, Gooi JH, Martin TJ, Sims NA. G-CSF Receptor Deletion Amplifies Cortical Bone Dysfunction in Mice With STAT3 Hyperactivation in Osteocytes. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:1876-1890. [PMID: 35856245 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bone strength is determined by the structure and composition of its thickened outer shell (cortical bone), yet the mechanisms controlling cortical consolidation are poorly understood. Cortical bone maturation depends on SOCS3-mediated suppression of IL-6 cytokine-induced STAT3 phosphorylation in osteocytes, the cellular network embedded in bone matrix. Because SOCS3 also suppresses granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor receptor (G-CSFR) signaling, we here tested whether global G-CSFR (Csf3r) ablation altereed bone structure in male and female mice lacking SOCS3 in osteocytes, (Dmp1Cre :Socs3f/f mice). Dmp1Cre :Socs3f/f :Csf3r-/- mice were generated by crossing Dmp1Cre :Socs3f/f mice with Csf3r-/- mice. Although G-CSFR is not expressed in osteocytes, Csf3r deletion further delayed cortical consolidation in Dmp1Cre :Socs3f/f mice. Micro-CT images revealed extensive, highly porous low-density bone, with little true cortex in the diaphysis, even at 26 weeks of age; including more low-density bone and less high-density bone in Dmp1Cre :Socs3f/f :Csf3r-/- mice than controls. By histology, the area where cortical bone would normally be found contained immature compressed trabecular bone in Dmp1Cre :Socs3f/f :Csf3r-/- mice and greater than normal levels of intracortical osteoclasts, extensive new woven bone formation, and the presence of more intracortical blood vessels than the already high levels observed in Dmp1Cre :Socs3f/f controls. qRT-PCR of cortical bone from Dmp1Cre :Socs3f/f :Csf3r-/- mice also showed more than a doubling of mRNA levels for osteoclasts, osteoblasts, RANKL, and angiogenesis markers. The further delay in cortical bone maturation was associated with significantly more phospho-STAT1 and phospho-STAT3-positive osteocytes, and a threefold increase in STAT1 and STAT3 target gene mRNA levels, suggesting G-CSFR deletion further increases STAT signaling beyond that of Dmp1Cre :Socs3f/f bone. G-CSFR deficiency therefore promotes STAT1/3 signaling in osteocytes, and when SOCS3 negative feedback is absent, elevated local angiogenesis, bone resorption, and bone formation delays cortical bone consolidation. This points to a critical role of G-CSF in replacing condensed trabecular bone with lamellar bone during cortical bone formation. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Isojima
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emma C Walker
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia
| | | | | | - Ian P Wicks
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jonathan H Gooi
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - T John Martin
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Natalie A Sims
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia
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10
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Blank M, McGregor NE, Rowley L, Kung LHW, Crimeen-Irwin B, Poulton IJ, Walker EC, Gooi JH, Lamandé SR, Sims NA, Bateman JF. The effect of carbamazepine on bone structure and strength in control and osteogenesis imperfecta (Col1a2 +/p.G610C ) mice. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:4021-4031. [PMID: 35701367 PMCID: PMC9279589 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The inherited brittle bone disease osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is commonly caused by COL1A1 and COL1A2 mutations that disrupt the collagen I triple helix. This causes intracellular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention of the misfolded collagen and can result in a pathological ER stress response. A therapeutic approach to reduce this toxic mutant load could be to stimulate mutant collagen degradation by manipulating autophagy and/or ER‐associated degradation. Since carbamazepine (CBZ) both stimulates autophagy of misfolded collagen X and improves skeletal pathology in a metaphyseal chondrodysplasia model, we tested the effect of CBZ on bone structure and strength in 3‐week‐old male OI Col1a2+/p.G610C and control mice. Treatment for 3 or 6 weeks with CBZ, at the dose effective in metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, provided no therapeutic benefit to Col1a2+/p.G610C mouse bone structure, strength or composition, measured by micro‐computed tomography, three point bending tests and Fourier‐transform infrared microspectroscopy. In control mice, however, CBZ treatment for 6 weeks impaired femur growth and led to lower femoral cortical and trabecular bone mass. These data, showing the negative impact of CBZ treatment on the developing mouse bones, raise important issues which must be considered in any human clinical applications of CBZ in growing individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Blank
- Bone Cell Biology and Disease Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Narelle E McGregor
- Bone Cell Biology and Disease Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lynn Rowley
- Musculoskeletal Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise H W Kung
- Musculoskeletal Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Blessing Crimeen-Irwin
- Bone Cell Biology and Disease Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ingrid J Poulton
- Bone Cell Biology and Disease Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma C Walker
- Bone Cell Biology and Disease Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan H Gooi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotecβhnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shireen R Lamandé
- Musculoskeletal Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie A Sims
- Bone Cell Biology and Disease Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John F Bateman
- Musculoskeletal Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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11
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McGregor NE, Walker EC, Chan AS, Poulton IJ, Cho EHJ, Windahl SH, Sims NA. STAT3 Hyperactivation Due to SOCS3 Deletion in Murine Osteocytes Accentuates Responses to Exercise- and Load-Induced Bone Formation. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:547-558. [PMID: 34870348 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cortical bone develops and changes in response to mechanical load, which is sensed by bone-embedded osteocytes. The bone formation response to load depends on STAT3 intracellular signals, which are upregulated after loading and are subject to negative feedback from Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 (Socs3). Mice with Dmp1Cre-targeted knockout of Socs3 have elevated STAT3 signaling in osteocytes and display delayed cortical bone maturation characterized by impaired accrual of high-density lamellar bone. This study aimed to determine whether these mice exhibit an altered response to mechanical load. The approach used was to test both treadmill running and tibial compression in female Dmp1Cre.Socs3f/f mice. Treadmill running for 5 days per week from 6 to 11 weeks of age did not change cortical bone mass in control mice, but further delayed cortical bone maturation in Dmp1Cre.Socs3f/f mice; accrual of high-density bone was suppressed, and cortical thickness was less than in genetically-matched sedentary controls. When strain-matched anabolic tibial loading was tested, both control and Dmp1Cre.Socs3f/f mice exhibited a significantly greater cortical thickness and periosteal perimeter in loaded tibia compared with the contralateral non-loaded bone. At the site of greatest compressive strain, the loaded Dmp1Cre.Socs3f/f tibias showed a significantly greater response than controls, indicated by a greater increase in cortical thickness. This was due to a greater bone formation response on both periosteal and endocortical surfaces, including formation of abundant woven bone on the periosteum. This suggests a greater sensitivity to mechanical load in Dmp1Cre.Socs3f/f bone. In summary, mice with targeted SOCS3 deletion and immature cortical bone have an exaggerated response to both physiological and experimental mechanical loads. We conclude that there is an optimal level of osteocytic response to mechanical load required for cortical bone maturation and that load-induced bone formation may be increased by augmenting STAT3 signaling within osteocytes. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma C Walker
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Audrey Sm Chan
- Centre for Muscle Research, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Ellie H-J Cho
- Biological Optical Microscopy Platform, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sara H Windahl
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Natalie A Sims
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia.,Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
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12
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Gut microbiome depletion and repetitive mild traumatic brain injury differentially modify bone development in male and female adolescent rats. Bone Rep 2021; 15:101123. [PMID: 34553007 PMCID: PMC8441164 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2021.101123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the gut microbiome has been shown to disrupt both bone formation and bone resorption in several preclinical and clinical models. However, the role of microbiome in adolescent bone development remains poorly understood. This effect of disrupted bone development may be more pronounced during adolescence, when bone development is vulnerable to environmental stimuli and external insults (e.g., antibiotic treatment and traumatic brain injury), as this is a critical window of development. Therefore, in this study, we sought to investigate the effect of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (RmTBI) and gut microbiome depletion by antibiotic treatment on femur length and bone density in male and female adolescent Sprague Dawley rats. Rats were randomly assigned to receive standard or antibiotic autoclaved drinking water and to receive sham or RmTBIs injuries. Using micro-computed tomography (μCT), we found sexually dimorphic changes in adolescent bone development in response to microbiome depletion and RmTBI. Specifically, gut microbiome depletion stunted femur growth in males and altered cross sectional bone area (CSA), bone area fraction, and the bone volume of low and mid density bone in the distal metaphyseal region of the femur. Conversely, RmTBI and antibiotic treatment individually disrupted bone growth, bone area fraction, and bone volume of high-density bone within the distal metaphyseal region of the femur in females, but not when combined. Therefore, findings from this study indicate that gut microbiome and RmTBI may alter bone development in a sex-dependent manner during adolescence.
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13
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Chan ASM, McGregor NE, Poulton IJ, Hardee JP, Cho EHJ, Martin TJ, Gregorevic P, Sims NA, Lynch GS. Bone Geometry Is Altered by Follistatin-Induced Muscle Growth in Young Adult Male Mice. JBMR Plus 2021; 5:e10477. [PMID: 33869993 PMCID: PMC8046154 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the musculoskeletal system and its maintenance depends on the reciprocal relationship between muscle and bone. The size of skeletal muscles and the forces generated during muscle contraction are potent sources of mechanical stress on the developing skeleton, and they shape bone structure during growth. This is particularly evident in hypermuscular global myostatin (Mstn)‐null mice, where larger muscles during development increase bone mass and alter bone shape. However, whether muscle hypertrophy can similarly influence the shape of bones after the embryonic and prepubertal period is unknown. To address this issue, bone structure was assessed after inducing muscle hypertrophy in the lower hindlimbs of young‐adult C57BL/6J male mice by administering intramuscular injections of recombinant adeno‐associated viral vectors expressing follistatin (FST), a potent antagonist of Mstn. Two FST isoforms were used: the full‐length 315 amino acid isoform (FST‐315) and a truncated 288 amino acid isoform (FST‐288). In both FST‐treated cohorts, muscle hypertrophy was observed, and the anterior crest of the tibia, adjacent to the tibialis anterior muscle, was lengthened. Hypertrophy of the muscles surrounding the tibia caused the adjacent cortical shell to recede inward toward the central axis: an event driven by bone resorption adjacent to the hypertrophic muscle. The findings reveal that inducing muscle hypertrophy in mice can confer changes in bone shape in early adulthood. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey S M Chan
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences University of Melbourne Melbourne 3010 Australia
| | | | - Ingrid J Poulton
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research Fitzroy 3065 Australia
| | - Justin P Hardee
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences University of Melbourne Melbourne 3010 Australia
| | - Ellie H-J Cho
- Biological Optical Microscopy Platform University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - T John Martin
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research Fitzroy 3065 Australia.,Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital University of Melbourne Fitzroy 3065 Australia
| | - Paul Gregorevic
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences University of Melbourne Melbourne 3010 Australia
| | - Natalie A Sims
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research Fitzroy 3065 Australia.,Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital University of Melbourne Fitzroy 3065 Australia
| | - Gordon S Lynch
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences University of Melbourne Melbourne 3010 Australia
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