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Mura E, Edwards J, Kittelmann S, Kaerger K, Voigt K, Mrázek J, Moniello G, Fliegerova K. Anaerobic fungal communities differ along the horse digestive tract. Fungal Biol 2018; 123:240-246. [PMID: 30798879 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Anaerobic fungi are potent fibre degrading microbes in the equine hindgut, yet our understanding of their diversity and community structure is limited to date. In this preliminary work, using a clone library approach we studied the diversity of anaerobic fungi along six segments of the horse hindgut: caecum, right ventral colon (RVC), left ventral colon (LVC), left dorsal colon (LDC), right dorsal colon (RDC) and rectum. Of the 647 ITS1 clones, 61.7 % were assigned to genus level groups that are so far without any cultured representatives, and 38.0 % were assigned to the cultivated genera Neocallimastix (35.1 %), Orpinomyces (2.3 %), and Anaeromyces (0.6 %). AL1 dominated the group of uncultured anaerobic fungi, particularly in the RVC (88 %) and LDC (97 %). Sequences from the LSU clone library analysis of the LDC, however, split into two distinct phylogenetic clusters with low sequence identity to Caecomyces sp. (94-96 %) and Liebetanzomyces sp. (92 %) respectively. Sequences belonging to cultured Neocallimastix spp. dominated in LVC (81 %) and rectum (75.5 %). Quantification of anaerobic fungi showed significantly higher concentrations in RVC and RDC compared to other segments, which influenced the interpretation of the changes in anaerobic fungal diversity along the horse hindgut. These preliminary findings require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Mura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Joan Edwards
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 WE, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra Kittelmann
- Wilmar International Ltd., Wil@NUS Corporate Lab, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Kerstin Kaerger
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Jena, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena Microbial Resource Collection, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Kerstin Voigt
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Jena, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena Microbial Resource Collection, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jakub Mrázek
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, CAS, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Giuseppe Moniello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Katerina Fliegerova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, CAS, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 14220, Czech Republic.
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Pyles MB, Fowler AL, Bill VT, Harlow BE, Crum AD, Hayes SH, Flythe MD, Lawrence LM. Effect of maternal diet on select fecal bacteria of foals. Transl Anim Sci 2018; 3:204-211. [PMID: 32704792 PMCID: PMC7200522 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txy141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult horses depend on the microbial community in the hindgut to digest fiber and produce short-chain fatty acids that are use for energy. Colonization of the foal gastrointestinal tract is essential to develop this symbiosis. However, factors affecting colonization are not well understood. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the age-related changes and effects of maternal diet on select fecal bacterial groups in foals from 1 to 28 d of age. Thoroughbred foals (n = 18) were from dams fed forage and one of two concentrates: an oat-based (OB) or corn and wheat middlings-based (CWB) pelleted concentrate. The mares had access to assigned concentrates, along with a mixed hay and cool-season grass pasture, 28 d before and 28 d after parturition. Fecal samples were collected from foals at 1 d (14 to 36 h), 4, 14, and 28 d after birth. Fecal samples were serially diluted with phosphate-buffered saline before inoculation of enriched, selective media to enumerate Lactobacillus spp., amylolytic bacteria, and cellulolytic bacteria. Enumeration data were log-transformed then analyzed with mixed model analysis of variance with repeated measures (SAS 9.3) to test the main effects of maternal diet (OB or CWB), time of sample, and interaction between maternal diet and time. Cellulolytic bacteria first appeared in foal feces between 4 and 14 d of age and increased with age (P < 0.05). Amylolytic bacteria and lactobacilli were abundant at 1 d and then increased with age (P < 0.05). There was an interaction between maternal diet and time for Lactobacillus spp. with OB foals having more lactobacilli than CWB foals at 1 and 4 d (P < 0.05); however, there were no differences observed at 14 d (P > 0.05). Maternal diet did not influence amylolytic or cellulolytic bacteria (P > 0.05). These results indicate that colonization of the hindgut is a sequential process beginning early in the foal’s life and that maternal diet may influence some bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of foals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan B Pyles
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Ashley L Fowler
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Veronica T Bill
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Brittany E Harlow
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.,Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Lexington, KY
| | - Andrea D Crum
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Susan H Hayes
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Michael D Flythe
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.,Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Lexington, KY
| | - Laurie M Lawrence
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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Comparative fibre-degrading capacity in foals at immediate and late post-weaning periods. Animal 2017; 11:1497-1504. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731117000349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Schoster A, Guardabassi L, Staempfli HR, Abrahams M, Jalali M, Weese JS. The longitudinal effect of a multi-strain probiotic on the intestinal bacterial microbiota of neonatal foals. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:689-696. [PMID: 26509834 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING THE STUDY The microbiota plays a key role in health and disease. Probiotics are a potential way to therapeutically modify the intestinal microbiota and prevent disease. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of probiotics on the bacterial microbiota of foals during and after administration. STUDY DESIGN Randomised placebo controlled field trial. METHODS Thirty-eight healthy neonatal foals enrolled in a previous study were selected. The foals had received a multi-strain probiotic (four Lactobacillus spp. 3-4 × 103 colony-forming units (cfu)/g each, Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis, 1 × 103-4 cfu/g) or placebo once daily for 3 weeks. A total of 3 faecal samples were collected from each foal at 2-week intervals and assessed via metagenomic sequencing. The Wilcoxon test was used to compare data between treatment groups. RESULTS There were no changes on the phylum, order or class level between treatment groups at any age (all P>0.05) but some significant changes in relative abundance of families. Probiotic administration did not result in an increased relative abundance of lactobacilli or bifidobacteria at any age (Lactobacillus: P = 0.9, P = 0.1 and P = 0.2, Bifidobacterium: P = 0.3, P = 0.6 and P = 0.1 for Weeks 2, 4 and 6, respectively). Lactobacillus was enriched in the probiotic group at Week 6 on LEfSe analysis (linear discriminant analysis score 0.34, P = 0 .02). There was no effect on alpha diversity (all P>0.2) or community structure when parsimony and unifrac analysis were applied (all P>0.6). CONCLUSIONS There were limited effects of probiotic treatment on the bacterial microbiota of foals. The studied probiotic based on lactobacilli and bifidobacteria has a limited potential for therapeutic modification of the gastrointestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schoster
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Equine Department, University of Zurich, Switzerland. .,Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - L Guardabassi
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H R Staempfli
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Canada
| | - M Abrahams
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Canada
| | - M Jalali
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Canada
| | - J S Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Canada
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John J, Roediger K, Schroedl W, Aldaher N, Vervuert I. Development of intestinal microflora and occurrence of diarrhoea in sucking foals: effects of Bacillus cereus var. toyoi supplementation. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:34. [PMID: 25889817 PMCID: PMC4333172 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0355-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Almost all foals develop transient diarrhoea within the first weeks of life. Studies indicated different viral, bacterial, and parasitic causes, such as rotavirus, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, and Cryptosporidium are discussed. But little is known about the development of intestinal microflora in foals. The present study investigated whether the supplementation with Bacillus cereus var. toyoi would modify the developing intestinal microflora and consequently reduce diarrhoea in foals. From birth, the foals were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: placebo (10 mL isotonic NaCl, n = 8), low dosage (LD; 5 × 108 cfu B. cereus var. toyoi, n = 7) and high dosage (HD; 2 × 109 cfu B. cereus var. toyoi, n = 10). Treatment groups were supplemented orally once a day for 58 days. Faeces scoring and sampling were performed within the first 24 h after birth and on day 9, 16, 23, 30, 44, 58 of the foal’s life and also on the first day of diarrhoea. Culture-plate methods were used to analyse the bacterial microflora. Results Eighty-eight per cent of the foals developed diarrhoea (placebo 7/8, LD 5/7, HD 10/10) during the first 58 days of life. Bacillus cereus var. toyoi supplementation had no effect on bacterial microflora. Clostridium perfringens and enterobacteria were equally prevalent in foals with diarrhoea and those who were not afflicted. Conclusions We conclude that the supplementation of B. cereus var. toyoi had no effect on the occurrence of diarrhoea and health status in the foals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0355-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny John
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. .,Present address: Tierklinik Teisendorf, Teisendorf, Germany.
| | | | - Wieland Schroedl
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Nada Aldaher
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Ingrid Vervuert
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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Faubladier C, Sadet-Bourgeteau S, Philippeau C, Jacotot E, Julliand V. Molecular monitoring of the bacterial community structure in foal feces pre- and post-weaning. Anaerobe 2014; 25:61-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Earing JE, Lawrence LM, Hayes SH, Brummer M, Vanzant E. Digestive capacity in weanling and mature horses1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:2151-7. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - S. H. Hayes
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546
| | - M. Brummer
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546
| | - E. Vanzant
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546
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Bacterial carbohydrate-degrading capacity in foal faeces: changes from birth to pre-weaning and the impact of maternal supplementation with fermented feed products. Br J Nutr 2013; 110:1040-52. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512006162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed at (1) describing age-related changes in faecal bacterial functional groups involved in carbohydrate degradation and in their activities in foals (n10) from birth (day (d) 0) to 6 months (d180) and (2) investigating the effect of maternal supplementation (five mares per treatment) from d − 45 to d60 with fermented feed products on response trends over time of the foal bacterial carbohydrate-degrading capacity. Maternal supplementation with fermented feed products stimulated foal growth from d0 to d60 and had an impact on the establishment of some digestive bacterial groups and their activities in foals from d0 to d5 but not in the longer term. Irrespective of the maternal treatment, total bacteria, total anaerobic, lactate-utilising and amylolytic bacteria were established immediately after birth (P< 0·05) and were active as shown by the significant increase in total volatile fatty acids. In the foals of supplemented mares, total anaerobes and lactate utilisers were established rapidly between d0 and d2 (P= 0·021 and 0·066, respectively) and the increase in the percentage of propionate occurred earlier (P= 0·013). Maternal supplementation had no effect on the establishment of fibrolytic bacteria and their activity. Cellulolytic bacteria andFibrobacter succinogenesfirst appeared at d2 and d5, and increased progressively, reaching stable values at d30 and d60, respectively. From the second week of life, the increase in the molar percentage of acetate and the ratio (acetate+butyrate):propionate (P< 0·05) suggested that fibrolytic activity had begun. From d60, only minor changes in bacterial composition and activities occurred, showing that the bacterial carbohydrate-degrading capacity was established at 2 months of age.
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GOACHET AG, VARLOUD M, PHILIPPEAU C, JULLIAND V. Long-term effects of endurance training on total tract apparent digestibility, total mean retention time and faecal microbial ecosystem in competing Arabian horses. Equine Vet J 2010:387-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00188.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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