1
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Rea DJ, Miller RS, Crucian BE, Valentine RW, Cristoforetti S, Bearg SB, Sipic Z, Cheng J, Yu R, Calaway KM, Eames D, Nelson ES, Lewandowski BE, Perusek GP, Chan EY. Single drop cytometry onboard the International Space Station. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2634. [PMID: 38528030 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46483-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Real-time lab analysis is needed to support clinical decision making and research on human missions to the Moon and Mars. Powerful laboratory instruments, such as flow cytometers, are generally too cumbersome for spaceflight. Here, we show that scant test samples can be measured in microgravity, by a trained astronaut, using a miniature cytometry-based analyzer, the rHEALTH ONE, modified specifically for spaceflight. The base device addresses critical spaceflight requirements including minimal resource utilization and alignment-free optics for surviving rocket launch. To fully enable reduced gravity operation onboard the space station, we incorporated bubble-free fluidics, electromagnetic shielding, and gravity-independent sample introduction. We show microvolume flow cytometry from 10 μL sample drops, with data from five simultaneous channels using 10 μs bin intervals during each sample run, yielding an average of 72 million raw data points in approximately 2 min. We demonstrate the device measures each test sample repeatably, including correct identification of a sample that degraded in transit to the International Space Station. This approach can be utilized to further our understanding of spaceflight biology and provide immediate, actionable diagnostic information for management of astronaut health without the need for Earth-dependent analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Rea
- DNA Medicine Institute (DMI), Bedford, MA, USA
- rHEALTH, Bedford, MA, USA
| | | | - Brian E Crucian
- Human Health and Performance Directorate, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Samuel B Bearg
- DNA Medicine Institute (DMI), Bedford, MA, USA
- rHEALTH, Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Zlatko Sipic
- DNA Medicine Institute (DMI), Bedford, MA, USA
- rHEALTH, Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Jamie Cheng
- DNA Medicine Institute (DMI), Bedford, MA, USA
- rHEALTH, Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca Yu
- DNA Medicine Institute (DMI), Bedford, MA, USA
- rHEALTH, Bedford, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eugene Y Chan
- DNA Medicine Institute (DMI), Bedford, MA, USA.
- rHEALTH, Bedford, MA, USA.
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2
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Zhang Y, Du X, Zhao L, Sun Y. Construction of dose prediction model and identification of sensitive genes for space radiation based on single-sample networks under spaceflight conditions. Int J Radiat Biol 2024; 100:777-790. [PMID: 38471034 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2024.2327393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify sensitive genes for space radiation, we integrated the transcriptomic samples of spaceflight mice from GeneLab and predicted the radiation doses absorbed by individuals in space. METHODS AND MATERIALS A single-sample network (SSN) for each individual sample was constructed. Then, using machine learning and genetic algorithms, we built the regression models to predict the absorbed dose equivalent based on the topological structure of SSNs. Moreover, we analyzed the SSNs from each tissue and compared the similarities and differences among them. RESULTS Our model exhibited excellent performance with the following metrics: R 2 = 0.980 , MSE = 6.74 e - 04 , and the Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.990 (p value <.0001) between predicted and actual values. We identified 20 key genes, the majority of which had been proven to be associated with radiation. However, we uniquely established them as space radiation sensitive genes for the first time. Through further analysis of the SSNs, we discovered that the different tissues exhibited distinct mechanisms in response to space stressors. CONCLUSIONS The topology structures of SSNs effectively predicted radiation doses under spaceflight conditions, and the SSNs revealed the gene regulatory patterns within the organisms under space stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaohui Du
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yeqing Sun
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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3
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Sharma G, Curtis PD. The Impacts of Microgravity on Bacterial Metabolism. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12060774. [PMID: 35743807 PMCID: PMC9225508 DOI: 10.3390/life12060774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The inside of a space-faring vehicle provides a set of conditions unlike anything experienced by bacteria on Earth. The low-shear, diffusion-limited microenvironment with accompanying high levels of ionizing radiation create high stress in bacterial cells, and results in many physiological adaptations. This review gives an overview of the effect spaceflight in general, and real or simulated microgravity in particular, has on primary and secondary metabolism. Some broad trends in primary metabolic responses can be identified. These include increases in carbohydrate metabolism, changes in carbon substrate utilization range, and changes in amino acid metabolism that reflect increased oxidative stress. However, another important trend is that there is no universal bacterial response to microgravity, as different bacteria often have contradictory responses to the same stress. This is exemplified in many of the observed secondary metabolite responses where secondary metabolites may have increased, decreased, or unchanged production in microgravity. Different secondary metabolites in the same organism can even show drastically different production responses. Microgravity can also impact the production profile and localization of secondary metabolites. The inconsistency of bacterial responses to real or simulated microgravity underscores the importance of further research in this area to better understand how microbes can impact the people and systems aboard spacecraft.
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4
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Abstract
Microbial research in space is being conducted for almost 50 years now. The closed system of the International Space Station (ISS) has acted as a microbial observatory for the past 10 years, conducting research on adaptation and survivability of microorganisms exposed to space conditions. This adaptation can be either beneficial or detrimental to crew members and spacecraft. Therefore, it becomes crucial to identify the impact of two primary stress conditions, namely, radiation and microgravity, on microbial life aboard the ISS. Elucidating the mechanistic basis of microbial adaptation to space conditions aids in the development of countermeasures against their potentially detrimental effects and allows us to harness their biotechnologically important properties. Several microbial processes have been studied, either in spaceflight or using devices that can simulate space conditions. However, at present, research is limited to only a few microorganisms, and extensive research on biotechnologically important microorganisms is required to make long-term space missions self-sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Bijlani
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Elisa Stephens
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Nitin Kumar Singh
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | | | - Clay C C Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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5
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Wang H, Dong J, Li G, Tan Y, Zhao H, Zhang L, Wang Y, Hu Z, Cao X, Shi F, Zhang S. The small protein MafG plays a critical role in MC3T3-E1 cell apoptosis induced by simulated microgravity and radiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 555:175-181. [PMID: 33819748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Microgravity and radiation exposure-induced bone damage is one of the most significant alterations in astronauts after long-term spaceflight. However, the underlying mechanism is still largely unknown. Recent ground-based simulation studies have suggested that this impairment is likely mediated by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during spaceflight. The small Maf protein MafG is a basic-region leucine zipper-type transcription factor, and it globally contributes to regulation of antioxidant and metabolic networks. Our research investigated the role of MafG in the process of apoptosis induced by simulated microgravity and radiation in MC3T3-E1 cells. We found that simulated microgravity or radiation alone decreased MafG expression and elevated apoptosis in MC3T3-E1 cells, and combined simulated microgravity and radiation treatment aggravated apoptosis. Meanwhile, under normal conditions, increased ROS levels facilitated apoptosis and downregulated the expression of MafG in MC3T3-E1 cells. Overexpression of MafG decreased apoptosis induced by simulated microgravity and radiation. These findings provide new insight into the mechanism of bone damage induced by microgravity and radiation during space flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghui Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, 100094, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Rehabilitation Physiotherapy Department, Lintong Rehabilitation and Recuperation Center, PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, 710600, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gaozhi Li
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingjun Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, 100094, Beijing, China
| | - Hai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, 100094, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yixuan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zebing Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinsheng Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fei Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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6
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Li L, Zhang S, Ge C, Ji L, Lv Y, Zhao C, Xu L, Zhang J, Song C, Chen J, Wei W, Fang Y, Yuan N, Wang J. HSCs transdifferentiate primarily to pneumonocytes in radiation-induced lung damage repair. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:8335-8354. [PMID: 33686967 PMCID: PMC8034935 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Accumulative radiation exposure leads to hematopoietic or tissue aging. Whether hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are involved in lung damage repair in response to radiation remains controversial. The aim of this study is to identify if HSC can transdifferentiate to pneumonocytes for radiation-induced damage repair. To this end, HSCs from male RosamT/mG mice were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and transplanted into lethally irradiated female CD45.1 mice. 4 months after transplantation, transplanted HSC was shown to repair the radiation-induced tissue damage, and donor-derived tdTomato (phycoerythrin, PE) red fluorescence cells and Ddx3y representing Y chromosome were detected exclusively in female recipient lung epithelial and endothelial cells. Co-localization of donor-derived cells and recipient lung tissue cells were observed by laser confocal microscopy and image flow cytometry. Furthermore, the results showed HSC transplantation replenished radiation-induced lung HSC depletion and the PE positive repaired lung epithelial cells were identified as donor HSC origin. The above data suggest that donor HSC may migrate to the injured lung of the recipient and some of them can be transdifferentiated to pneumonocytes to repair the injury caused by radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Hematology Center of Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.,Department of Hematopoietic Engineering, Susky Life SciTech (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215124, China
| | - Suping Zhang
- Hematology Center of Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.,State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China.,Department of Hematopoietic Engineering, Susky Life SciTech (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215124, China
| | - Chaorong Ge
- Hematology Center of Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Li Ji
- Hematology Center of Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yaqi Lv
- Hematology Center of Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Hematology Center of Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.,Department of Hematopoietic Engineering, Susky Life SciTech (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215124, China
| | - Li Xu
- Hematology Center of Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.,Department of Hematopoietic Engineering, Susky Life SciTech (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215124, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Hematology Center of Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Chenglin Song
- Hematology Center of Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jianing Chen
- Hematology Center of Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Wen Wei
- Hematology Center of Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.,Department of Hematopoietic Engineering, Susky Life SciTech (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215124, China
| | - Yixuan Fang
- Hematology Center of Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.,State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China.,Department of Hematopoietic Engineering, Susky Life SciTech (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215124, China
| | - Na Yuan
- Hematology Center of Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.,State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China.,Department of Hematopoietic Engineering, Susky Life SciTech (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215124, China
| | - Jianrong Wang
- Hematology Center of Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.,State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China.,Department of Hematopoietic Engineering, Susky Life SciTech (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215124, China
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7
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Repair Kinetics of DNA Double Strand Breaks Induced by Simulated Space Radiation. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10120341. [PMID: 33321941 PMCID: PMC7763067 DOI: 10.3390/life10120341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation is unavoidable in space. Energetic particles in space radiation are reported to induce cluster DNA damage that is difficult to repair. In this study, normal human fibroblasts were irradiated with components of space radiation such as proton, helium, or carbon ion beams. Immunostaining for γ-H2AX and 53BP1 was performed over time to evaluate the kinetics of DNA damage repair. Our data clearly show that the repair kinetics of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) induced by carbon ion irradiation, which has a high linear energy transfer (LET), are significantly slower than those of proton and helium ion irradiation. Mixed irradiation with carbon ions, followed by helium ions, did not have an additive effect on the DSB repair kinetics. Interestingly, the mean γ-H2AX focus size was shown to increase with LET, suggesting that the delay in repair kinetics was due to damage that is more complex. Further, the 53BP1 focus size also increased in an LET-dependent manner. Repair of DSBs, characterized by large 53BP1 foci, was a slow process within the biphasic kinetics of DSB repair, suggesting non-homologous end joining with error-prone end resection. Our data suggest that the biological effects of space radiation may be significantly influenced by the dose as well as the type of radiation exposure.
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8
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Furusawa Y, Yamamoto T, Hattori A, Suzuki N, Hirayama J, Sekiguchi T, Tabuchi Y. De novo transcriptome analysis and gene expression profiling of fish scales isolated from Carassius auratus during space flight: Impact of melatonin on gene expression in response to space radiation. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:2627-2636. [PMID: 32945420 PMCID: PMC7466330 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astronauts are inevitably exposed to two major risks during space flight, microgravity and radiation. Exposure to microgravity has been discovered to lead to rapid and vigorous bone loss due to elevated osteoclastic activity. In addition, long-term exposure to low-dose-rate space radiation was identified to promote DNA damage accumulation that triggered chronic inflammation, resulting in an increased risk for bone marrow suppression and carcinogenesis. In our previous study, melatonin, a hormone known to regulate the sleep-wake cycle, upregulated calcitonin expression levels and downregulated receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand expression levels, leading to improved osteoclastic activity in a fish scale model. These results indicated that melatonin may represent a potential drug or lead compound for the prevention of bone loss under microgravity conditions. However, it is unclear whether melatonin affects the biological response induced by space radiation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of melatonin on the expression levels of genes responsive to space radiation. In the present study, to support the previous data regarding de novo transcriptome analysis of goldfish scales, a detailed and improved experimental method (e.g., PCR duplicate removal followed by de novo assembly, global normalization and calculation of statistical significance) was applied for the analysis. In addition, the transcriptome data were analyzed via global normalization, functional categorization and gene network construction to determine the impact of melatonin on gene expression levels in irradiated fish scales cultured in space. The results of the present study demonstrated that melatonin treatment counteracted microgravity- and radiation-induced alterations in the expression levels of genes associated with DNA replication, DNA repair, proliferation, cell death and survival. Thus, it was concluded that melatonin may promote cell survival and ensure normal cell proliferation in cells exposed to space radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Furusawa
- Department of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Toyama Prefectural University, Toyama 939‑0398, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Yamamoto
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 927‑0553, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Hattori
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiba 272‑0827, Japan
| | - Nobuo Suzuki
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 927‑0553, Japan
| | - Jun Hirayama
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, Komatsu University, Ishikawa 923‑0961, Japan
| | - Toshio Sekiguchi
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 927‑0553, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tabuchi
- Division of Molecular Genetics Research, Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama 930‑0194, Japan
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9
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Bevelacqua JJ, Welsh J, Mortazavi S. Comment on "Dexamethasone Inhibits Spheroid Formation of Thyroid Cancer Cells Exposed to Simulated Microgravity". Cells 2020; 9:cells9071738. [PMID: 32708131 PMCID: PMC7409090 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - James Welsh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Edward Hines Jr VA Hospital, Hines, IL 60141, USA;
| | - S.M.J. Mortazavi
- Diagnostic Imaging Department, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(215)-214-1769
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10
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Furukawa S, Nagamatsu A, Nenoi M, Fujimori A, Kakinuma S, Katsube T, Wang B, Tsuruoka C, Shirai T, Nakamura AJ, Sakaue-Sawano A, Miyawaki A, Harada H, Kobayashi M, Kobayashi J, Kunieda T, Funayama T, Suzuki M, Miyamoto T, Hidema J, Yoshida Y, Takahashi A. Space Radiation Biology for "Living in Space". BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:4703286. [PMID: 32337251 PMCID: PMC7168699 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4703286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Space travel has advanced significantly over the last six decades with astronauts spending up to 6 months at the International Space Station. Nonetheless, the living environment while in outer space is extremely challenging to astronauts. In particular, exposure to space radiation represents a serious potential long-term threat to the health of astronauts because the amount of radiation exposure accumulates during their time in space. Therefore, health risks associated with exposure to space radiation are an important topic in space travel, and characterizing space radiation in detail is essential for improving the safety of space missions. In the first part of this review, we provide an overview of the space radiation environment and briefly present current and future endeavors that monitor different space radiation environments. We then present research evaluating adverse biological effects caused by exposure to various space radiation environments and how these can be reduced. We especially consider the deleterious effects on cellular DNA and how cells activate DNA repair mechanisms. The latest technologies being developed, e.g., a fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicator, to measure real-time cell cycle progression and DNA damage caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation are presented. Progress in examining the combined effects of microgravity and radiation to animals and plants are summarized, and our current understanding of the relationship between psychological stress and radiation is presented. Finally, we provide details about protective agents and the study of organisms that are highly resistant to radiation and how their biological mechanisms may aid developing novel technologies that alleviate biological damage caused by radiation. Future research that furthers our understanding of the effects of space radiation on human health will facilitate risk-mitigating strategies to enable long-term space and planetary exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Furukawa
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
| | - Aiko Nagamatsu
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Nenoi
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Akira Fujimori
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Shizuko Kakinuma
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Takanori Katsube
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Bing Wang
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Chizuru Tsuruoka
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shirai
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Asako J. Nakamura
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1, Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan
| | - Asako Sakaue-Sawano
- Lab for Cell Function and Dynamics, CBS, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyawaki
- Lab for Cell Function and Dynamics, CBS, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Harada
- Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Minoru Kobayashi
- Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Junya Kobayashi
- Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takekazu Kunieda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomoo Funayama
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, QST, 1233 Watanuki-machi, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Michiyo Suzuki
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, QST, 1233 Watanuki-machi, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Miyamoto
- Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Jun Hidema
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
- Division for the Establishment of Frontier Sciences of the Organization for Advanced Studies, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yukari Yoshida
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Akihisa Takahashi
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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11
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Matsumura T, Noda T, Muratani M, Okada R, Yamane M, Isotani A, Kudo T, Takahashi S, Ikawa M. Male mice, caged in the International Space Station for 35 days, sire healthy offspring. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13733. [PMID: 31551430 PMCID: PMC6760203 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50128-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect on the reproductive system and fertility of living in a space environment remains unclear. Here, we caged 12 male mice under artificial gravity (≈1 gravity) (AG) or microgravity (MG) in the International Space Station (ISS) for 35 days, and characterized the male reproductive organs (testes, epididymides, and accessory glands) after their return to earth. Mice caged on earth during the 35 days served as a “ground” control (GC). Only a decrease in accessory gland weight was detected in AG and MG males; however, none of the reproductive organs showed any overt microscopic defects or changes in gene expression as determined by RNA-seq. The cauda epididymal spermatozoa from AG and MG mice could fertilize oocytes in vitro at comparable levels as GC males. When the fertilized eggs were transferred into pseudo-pregnant females, there was no significant difference in pups delivered (pups/transferred eggs) among GC, AG, and MG spermatozoa. In addition, the growth rates and fecundity of the obtained pups were comparable among all groups. We conclude that short-term stays in outer space do not cause overt defects in the physiological function of male reproductive organs, sperm function, and offspring viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Matsumura
- Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical and Regenerative Sciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Life Science, Yokohama City University Association of Medical Science, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Taichi Noda
- Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masafumi Muratani
- Department of Genome Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.,Mouse Epigenetics Project, ISS/Kibo experiment, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Risa Okada
- JEM Utilization Center, Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba Space Center, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8505, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Yamane
- Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Center for Animal Research and Education, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ayako Isotani
- Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Takashi Kudo
- Mouse Epigenetics Project, ISS/Kibo experiment, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Laboratory Animal Resource Center in Transborder Medical Research Center, and Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Mouse Epigenetics Project, ISS/Kibo experiment, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Laboratory Animal Resource Center in Transborder Medical Research Center, and Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. .,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. .,Mouse Epigenetics Project, ISS/Kibo experiment, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. .,Laboratory of Reproductive Systems Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
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12
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Voorhies AA, Mark Ott C, Mehta S, Pierson DL, Crucian BE, Feiveson A, Oubre CM, Torralba M, Moncera K, Zhang Y, Zurek E, Lorenzi HA. Study of the impact of long-duration space missions at the International Space Station on the astronaut microbiome. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9911. [PMID: 31289321 PMCID: PMC6616552 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46303-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the course of a mission to the International Space Station (ISS) crew members are exposed to a number of stressors that can potentially alter the composition of their microbiomes and may have a negative impact on astronauts’ health. Here we investigated the impact of long-term space exploration on the microbiome of nine astronauts that spent six to twelve months in the ISS. We present evidence showing that the microbial communities of the gastrointestinal tract, skin, nose and tongue change during the space mission. The composition of the intestinal microbiota became more similar across astronauts in space, mostly due to a drop in the abundance of a few bacterial taxa, some of which were also correlated with changes in the cytokine profile of crewmembers. Alterations in the skin microbiome that might contribute to the high frequency of skin rashes/hypersensitivity episodes experienced by astronauts in space were also observed. The results from this study demonstrate that the composition of the astronauts’ microbiome is altered during space travel. The impact of those changes on crew health warrants further investigation before humans embark on long-duration voyages into outer space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Voorhies
- Department of Infectious Diseases, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - C Mark Ott
- NASA-Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Manolito Torralba
- Department of Infectious Diseases, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Kelvin Moncera
- Department of Infectious Diseases, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Hernan A Lorenzi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
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13
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Senatore G, Mastroleo F, Leys N, Mauriello G. Effect of microgravity & space radiation on microbes. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:831-847. [PMID: 29745771 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2017-0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the new challenges facing humanity is to reach increasingly further distant space targets. It is therefore of upmost importance to understand the behavior of microorganisms that will unavoidably reach the space environment together with the human body and equipment. Indeed, microorganisms could activate their stress defense mechanisms, modifying properties related to human pathogenesis. The host-microbe interactions, in fact, could be substantially affected under spaceflight conditions and the study of microorganisms' growth and activity is necessary for predicting these behaviors and assessing precautionary measures during spaceflight. This review gives an overview of the effects of microgravity and space radiation on microorganisms both in real and simulated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Senatore
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Felice Mastroleo
- Microbiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Natalie Leys
- Microbiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Gianluigi Mauriello
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
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14
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Zhang Y, Lu T, Wong M, Wang X, Stodieck L, Karouia F, Story M, Wu H. Transient gene and microRNA expression profile changes of confluent human fibroblast cells in spaceflight. FASEB J 2016; 30:2211-24. [PMID: 26917741 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Microgravity, or an altered gravity environment different from the 1 g of the Earth, has been shown to influence global gene expression patterns and protein levels in cultured cells. However, most of the reported studies that have been conducted in space or by using simulated microgravity on the ground have focused on the growth or differentiation of these cells. It has not been specifically addressed whether nonproliferating cultured cells will sense the presence of microgravity in space. In an experiment conducted onboard the International Space Station, confluent human fibroblast cells were fixed after being cultured in space for 3 and 14 d, respectively, to investigate changes in gene and microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles in these cells. Results of the experiment showed that on d 3, both the flown and ground cells were still proliferating slowly, as measured by the percentage of Ki-67(+) cells. Gene and miRNA expression data indicated activation of NF-κB and other growth-related pathways that involve hepatocyte growth factor and VEGF as well as the down-regulation of the Let-7 miRNA family. On d 14, when the cells were mostly nonproliferating, the gene and miRNA expression profile of the flight sample was indistinguishable from that of the ground sample. Comparison of gene and miRNA expressions in the d 3 samples, with respect to d 14, revealed that most of the changes observed on d 3 were related to cell growth for both the flown and ground cells. Analysis of cytoskeletal changes via immunohistochemistry staining of the cells with antibodies for α-tubulin and fibronectin showed no difference between the flown and ground samples. Taken together, our study suggests that in true nondividing human fibroblast cells in culture, microgravity experienced in space has little effect on gene and miRNA expression profiles.-Zhang, Y., Lu, T., Wong, M., Wang, X., Stodieck, L., Karouia, F., Story, M., Wu, H. Transient gene and microRNA expression profile changes of confluent human fibroblast cells in spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhang
- Johnson Space Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Houston, Texas, USA; Wyle Laboratories, Houston, Texas, USA; Kennedy Space Center, NASA, Cape Canaveral, Florida, USA
| | - Tao Lu
- Johnson Space Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Houston, Texas, USA; University of Houston Clear Lake, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael Wong
- Johnson Space Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Fathi Karouia
- Ames Research Center, NASA, Moffett Field, California, USA; and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael Story
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Honglu Wu
- Johnson Space Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Houston, Texas, USA;
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15
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Ma L, Ma J, Xu K. Effect of spaceflight on the circadian rhythm, lifespan and gene expression of Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121600. [PMID: 25798821 PMCID: PMC4370389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Space travelers are reported to experience circadian rhythm disruption during spaceflight. However, how the space environment affects circadian rhythm is yet to be determined. The major focus of this study was to investigate the effect of spaceflight on the Drosophila circadian clock at both the behavioral and molecular level. We used China's Shenzhou-9 spaceship to carry Drosophila. After 13 days of spaceflight, behavior tests showed that the flies maintained normal locomotor activity rhythm and sleep pattern. The expression level and rhythm of major clock genes were also unaffected. However, expression profiling showed differentially regulated output genes of the circadian clock system between space flown and control flies, suggesting that spaceflight affected the circadian output pathway. We also investigated other physiological effects of spaceflight such as lipid metabolism and lifespan, and searched genes significantly affected by spaceflight using microarray analysis. These results provide new information on the effects of spaceflight on circadian rhythm, lipid metabolism and lifespan. Furthermore, we showed that studying the effect of spaceflight on gene expression using samples collected at different Zeitgeber time could obtain different results, suggesting the importance of appropriate sampling procedures in studies on the effects of spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Ma
- Laboratory of Space Microbiology, Shenzhou Space Biotechnology Group, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Laboratory of Space Microbiology, Shenzhou Space Biotechnology Group, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Kanyan Xu
- Laboratory of Space Microbiology, Shenzhou Space Biotechnology Group, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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16
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Xu D, Zhao X, Li Y, Ji Y, Zhang J, Wang J, Xie X, Zhou G. The combined effects of X-ray radiation and hindlimb suspension on bone loss. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2014; 55:720-5. [PMID: 24699002 PMCID: PMC4100006 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rru014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Outer space is a complex environment with various phenomena that negatively affect bone metabolism, including microgravity and highly energized ionizing radiation. In the present study, we used four groups of male Wistar rats treated with or without four-week hindlimb suspension after 4 Gy of X-rays to test whether there is a combined effect for hindlimb suspension and X-ray radiation. We tested trabecular parameters and some cytokines of the bone as leading indicators of bone metabolism. The results showed that hindlimb suspension and X-ray radiation could cause a significant increase in bone loss. Hindlimb suspension caused a 56.6% bone loss (P = 0.036), while X-ray radiation caused a 30.7% (P = 0.041) bone loss when compared with the control group. The combined factors of hindlimb suspension and X-rays exerted a combined effect on bone mass, with a reduction of 64.8% (P = 0.003).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- Department of Space Radiobiology, Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yinli Ji
- Gansu Hualing Biotechnology Research Center, 32 Central West Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jiangyan Zhang
- Institution of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jufang Wang
- Department of Space Radiobiology, Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Guangming Zhou
- Department of Space Radiobiology, Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou, China
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17
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Risk assessment of space radiation during manned space flights. RENDICONTI LINCEI-SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-013-0277-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Abstract
Mutagenesis drives natural selection. In the lab, mutations allow gene function to be deciphered. C. elegans is highly amendable to functional genetics because of its short generation time, ease of use, and wealth of available gene-alteration techniques. Here we provide an overview of historical and contemporary methods for mutagenesis in C. elegans, and discuss principles and strategies for forward (genome-wide mutagenesis) and reverse (target-selected and gene-specific mutagenesis) genetic studies in this animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena M Kutscher
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York NY 10065, USA.
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19
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Tian J, Tian S, Gridley DS. Comparison of acute proton, photon, and low-dose priming effects on genes associated with extracellular matrix and adhesion molecules in the lungs. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2013; 6:4. [PMID: 23374750 PMCID: PMC3579759 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-6-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Crew members on space missions inevitably are exposed to low background radiation and can receive much higher doses during solar particle events (SPE) that consist primarily of protons. Ionizing radiation could cause lung pathologies. Cell adhesion molecules (CAM) are believed to participate in fibrogenesis. Interactions between CAM and extracellular matrix (ECM) affect epithelial repair mechanisms in the lung. However, there are very limited data on biological effects of protons on normal lung tissue. Numerous reports have shown that exposure to low-dose/low-dose-rate (LDR) radiation can result in radioadaptation that renders cells more resistant to subsequent acute radiation. The goal of this study was to compare expression of genes associated with ECM and CAM, as well as critical profibrotic mediators, in mouse lungs after acute irradiation with photons and protons, and also determine whether pre-exposure to LDR γ-rays induces an adaptive effect. Results Overall, a marked difference was present in the proton vs. photon groups in gene expression. When compared to 0 Gy, more genes were affected by protons than by photons at both time points (11 vs. 6 on day 21 and 14 vs. 8 on day 56), and all genes affected by protons were upregulated. Many genes were modulated by LDR γ-rays when combined with photons or protons. Col1a1, mmp14, and mmp15 were significantly upregulated by all radiation regimens on day 21. Similarly, the change in expression of profibrotic proteins was also detected after acute and combination irradiation. Conclusion These data show that marked differences were present between acutely delivered protons and photons in modulating genes, and the effect of protons was more profound than that of photons. Pre-exposure to LDR γ-rays ‘normalized’ some genes that were modified by acute irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tian
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Radiation Research Laboratories and Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA.,Department of Pathological Anatomy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Sisi Tian
- Department of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
| | - Daila S Gridley
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Radiation Research Laboratories and Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
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20
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Lloyd SA, Bandstra ER, Willey JS, Riffle SE, Tirado-Lee L, Nelson GA, Pecaut MJ, Bateman TA. Effect of proton irradiation followed by hindlimb unloading on bone in mature mice: a model of long-duration spaceflight. Bone 2012; 51:756-64. [PMID: 22789684 PMCID: PMC3601666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bone loss associated with microgravity unloading is well documented; however, the effects of spaceflight-relevant types and doses of radiation on the skeletal system are not well defined. In addition, the combined effect of unloading and radiation has not received much attention. In the present study, we investigated the effect of proton irradiation followed by mechanical unloading via hindlimb suspension (HLS) in mice. Sixteen-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were either exposed to 1 Gy of protons or a sham irradiation procedure (n=30/group). One day later, half of the mice in each group were subjected to four weeks of HLS or normal loading conditions. Radiation treatment alone (IRR) resulted in approximately 20% loss of trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV) in the tibia and femur, with no effect in the cortical bone compartment. Conversely, unloading induced substantially greater loss of both trabecular bone (60-70% loss of BV/TV) and cortical bone (approximately 20% loss of cortical bone volume) in both the tibia and femur, with corresponding decreases in cortical bone strength. Histological analyses and serum chemistry data demonstrated increased levels of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption in unloaded mice, but not IRR. HLS+IRR mice generally experienced greater loss of trabecular bone volume fraction, connectivity density, and trabecular number than either unloading or irradiation alone. Although the duration of unloading may have masked certain effects, the skeletal response to irradiation and unloading appears to be additive for certain parameters. Appropriate modeling of the environmental challenges of long duration spaceflight will allow for a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms mediating spaceflight-associated bone loss and for the development of effective countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane A. Lloyd
- Division of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, USA, 17033
| | - Eric R. Bandstra
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 501 Rhodes Research Center, Clemson, SC, USA, 29634
| | - Jeffrey S. Willey
- Section of Molecular Medicine and Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, USA, 27157
| | - Stephanie E. Riffle
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 501 Rhodes Research Center, Clemson, SC, USA, 29634
| | - Leidamarie Tirado-Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 501 Rhodes Research Center, Clemson, SC, USA, 29634
| | - Gregory A. Nelson
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, 11234 Anderson Street Loma Linda, CA, USA, 92354
| | - Michael J. Pecaut
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, 11234 Anderson Street Loma Linda, CA, USA, 92354
| | - Ted A. Bateman
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 152 MacNider Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, 27599
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21
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Takahashi A, Su X, Suzuki H, Omori K, Seki M, Hashizume T, Shimazu T, Ishioka N, Iwasaki T, Ohnishi T. p53-Dependent Adaptive Responses in Human Cells Exposed to Space Radiations. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010; 78:1171-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Revised: 03/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Gridley DS, Grover RS, Loredo LN, Wroe AJ, Slater JD. Proton-beam therapy for tumors of the CNS. Expert Rev Neurother 2010; 10:319-30. [PMID: 20136386 DOI: 10.1586/ern.09.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The focus of this review is proton radiotherapy for primary neoplasms of the brain. Although glial cells are among the most radioresistant in the body, the presence of sensitive critical structures and the high doses needed to control CNS tumors present a formidable challenge to the treating radiation oncologist. Treatment with conventional photon radiation at doses required to control disease progression all too often results in unacceptable toxicity. Protons have intrinsic properties that often allow radiation oncologists to deliver a higher dose to the tumor compared with photons, while at the same time offering better sparing of normal tissues. Recognition of these advantages has resulted in development of many new proton treatment facilities worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daila S Gridley
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Chan Shun Pavilion, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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23
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Hayashi N, Takahashi K, Kashiwakura I. The effects of x-irradiation on ex vivo expansion of cryopreserved human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2010; 51:137-144. [PMID: 20057174 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.09086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In our previous study (Life Sciences 84: 598, 2009), we demonstrated that placental/umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cell-like stromal cells have the effect to support the regeneration of freshly prepared X-irradiated hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). Generally, HSPCs are supplied from companies, institutions, and cell banks that cryopreserve them for clinical and experimental use. In this study, the influence of cryopreservation on the responses of HSPCs to irradiation and co-culture with stromal cells is assessed. After cryopreservation with the optimal procedure, 2 Gy-irradiated HSPCs were cultured with or without stromal cells supplemented with combination of interleukin-3, stem cell factor, and thrombopoietin. The population of relatively immature CD34(+)/CD38(-) cells in cryopreserved cells was significantly higher than in fresh cells prior to cryopreservation; furthermore, the hematopoietic progenitor populations of CD34(+)/CD45RA(+) cells and CD34(+)/CD117(+) cells in cryopreserved cells were significantly lower than that in fresh cells. However, the rate of expansion in the cryopreserved HSPCs was lower than in the fresh HSPCs. In the culture of cryopreserved cells irradiated with 2 Gy, the growth rates of CD34(+) cells, CD34(+)/CD38(-) cells, and hematopoietic progenitors were greater than growth rates of their counterparts in the culture of fresh cells. Surprisingly, the effect to support the hematopoiesis in co-culture with stromal cells was never observed in the X-irradiated HSPCs after cryopreservation. The present results demonstrated that cryopreserving process increased the rate of immature and radio-resistant HSPCs but decreased the effects to support the hematopoiesis by stromal cells, thus suggesting that cryopreservation changes the character of HSPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Hayashi
- Department of Radiological Life Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences
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Takahashi A, Nagamatsu A, Su X, Suzuki M, Tsuruoka C, Omori K, Suzuki H, Shimazu T, Seki M, Hashizume T, Iwasaki T, Ishioka N, Ohnishi T. The First Life Science Experiments in ISS: Reports of "Rad Gene"-Space Radiation Effects on Human Cultured Cells-. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2187/bss.24.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Ohnishi T, Takahashi A, Nagamatsu A, Omori K, Suzuki H, Shimazu T, Ishioka N. Detection of space radiation-induced double strand breaks as a track in cell nucleus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 390:485-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.09.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Tian J, Pecaut MJ, Slater JM, Gridley DS. Spaceflight modulates expression of extracellular matrix, adhesion, and profibrotic molecules in mouse lung. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 108:162-71. [PMID: 19850731 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00730.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
NASA has reported pulmonary abnormalities in astronauts on space missions, but the molecular changes in lung tissue remain unknown. The goal of the present study was to explore the effects of spaceflight on expression of extracellular matrix (ECM), cell adhesion, and pro-fibrotic molecules in lungs of mice flown on Space Shuttle Endeavour (STS-118). C57BL/6Ntac mice housed in animal enclosure modules during a 13-day mission in space (FLT) were killed within hours after return; ground controls were treated similarly for comparison (GRD). Analysis of genes associated with ECM and adhesion molecules was performed according to quantitative RT-PCR. The data revealed that FLT lung samples had statistically significant transcriptional changes, i.e., at least 1.5-fold, in 25 out of 84 examined genes (P < 0.05); 15 genes were upregulated and 10 were downregulated. The genes that were upregulated by more than twofold were Ctgf, Mmp2, Ncam1, Sparc, Spock1, and Timp3, whereas the most downregulated genes were Lama1, Mmp3, Mmp7, vcam-1, and Sele. Histology showed profibrosis-like changes occurred in FLT mice, more abundant collagen accumulation around blood vessels, and thicker walls compared with lung samples from GRD mice. Immunohistochemistry was used to compare expression of six selected proteins associated with fibrosis. Immunoreactivity of four proteins (MMP-2, CTGF, TGF-beta1, and NCAM) was enhanced by spaceflight, whereas, no difference was detected in expression of MMP-7 and MMP-9 proteins between the FLT and GRD groups. Taken together, the data demonstrate that significant changes can be readily detected shortly after return from spaceflight in the expression of factors that can adversely influence lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tian
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Radiation Research Laboratories, Loma Linda Univ., Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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27
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Tian J, Pecaut MJ, Coutrakon GB, Slater JM, Gridley DS. Response of extracellular matrix regulators in mouse lung after exposure to photons, protons and simulated solar particle event protons. Radiat Res 2009; 172:30-41. [PMID: 19580505 DOI: 10.1667/rr1670.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the effects of photons (gamma rays), protons and simulated solar particle event protons (sSPE) on the expression of profibrotic factors/extracellular matrix (ECM) regulators in lung tissue after whole-body irradiation. TGF-beta1, matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9 (MMP-2, -9), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 and 2 (TIMP-1, -2) were assessed on days 4 and 21 in lungs from C57BL/6 mice exposed to 0 Gy or 2 Gy photons (0.7 Gy/min), protons (0.9 Gy/min) and sSPE (0.056 Gy/h). RT-PCR, histological and immunohistochemical techniques were used. The most striking changes included (1) up-regulation of TGF-beta1 by photons and sSPE, but not protons, at both times, (2) MMP-2 enhancement by photons and sSPEs, (3) TIMP-1 up-regulation by photons at both times, and (4) more collagen accumulation after exposure to either photons or sSPE than after exposure to protons. The findings demonstrate that expression of important ECM regulators was highly dependent upon the radiation regimen as well as the time after exposure. The data further suggest that irradiation during an SPE may increase an astronaut's risk for pulmonary complications. The greater perturbations after photon exposure compared to proton exposure have clinical implications and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tian
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Radiation Research Laboratories, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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28
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Ohnishi T, Takahashi A, Suzuki H, Omori K, Shimazu T, Ishioka N. Expression of p53-Regulated Genes in Cultured Mammalian Cells After Exposure to A Space Environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2187/bss.23.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Bandstra ER, Pecaut MJ, Anderson ER, Willey JS, De Carlo F, Stock SR, Gridley DS, Nelson GA, Levine HG, Bateman TA. Long-term dose response of trabecular bone in mice to proton radiation. Radiat Res 2008; 169:607-14. [PMID: 18494551 DOI: 10.1667/rr1310.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Astronauts on exploratory missions will experience a complex environment, including microgravity and radiation. While the deleterious effects of unloading on bone are well established, fewer studies have focused on the effects of radiation. We previously demonstrated that 2 Gy of ionizing radiation has deleterious effects on trabecular bone in mice 4 months after exposure. The present study investigated the skeletal response after total doses of proton radiation that astronauts may be exposed to during a solar particle event. We exposed mice to 0.5, 1 or 2 Gy of whole-body proton radiation and killed them humanely 117 days later. Tibiae and femora were analyzed using microcomputed tomography, mechanical testing, mineral composition and quantitative histomorphometry. Relative to control mice, mice exposed to 2 Gy had significant differences in trabecular bone volume fraction (-20%), trabecular separation (+11%), and trabecular volumetric bone mineral density (-19%). Exposure to 1 Gy radiation induced a nonsignificant trend in trabecular bone volume fraction (-13%), while exposure to 0.5 Gy resulted in no differences. No response was detected in cortical bone. Further analysis of the 1-Gy mice using synchrotron microCT revealed a significantly lower trabecular bone volume fraction (-13%) than in control mice. Trabecular bone loss 4 months after exposure to 1 Gy highlights the importance of further examination of how space radiation affects bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Bandstra
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA
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Lloyd SA, Bandstra ER, Travis ND, Nelson GA, Bourland JD, Pecaut MJ, Gridley DS, Willey JS, Bateman TA. Spaceflight-relevant types of ionizing radiation and cortical bone: Potential LET effect? ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 2008; 42:1889-1897. [PMID: 19122806 PMCID: PMC2603056 DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Extended exposure to microgravity conditions results in significant bone loss. Coupled with radiation exposure, this phenomenon may place astronauts at a greater risk for mission-critical fractures. In a previous study, we identified a profound and prolonged loss of trabecular bone (29-39%) in mice following exposure to an acute, 2 Gy dose of radiation simulating both solar and cosmic sources. However, because skeletal strength depends on trabecular and cortical bone, accurate assessment of strength requires analysis of both bone compartments. The objective of the present study was to examine various properties of cortical bone in mice following exposure to multiple types of spaceflight-relevant radiation. Nine-week old, female C57BL/6 mice were sacrificed 110 days after exposure to a single, whole body, 2 Gy dose of gamma, proton, carbon, or iron radiation. Femora were evaluated with biomechanical testing, microcomputed tomography, quantitative histomorphometry, percent mineral content, and micro-hardness analysis. Compared to non-irradiated controls, there were significant differences compared to carbon or iron radiation for only fracture force, medullary area and mineral content. A greater differential effect based on linear energy transfer (LET) level may be present: high-LET (carbon or iron) particle irradiation was associated with a decline in structural properties (maximum force, fracture force, medullary area, and cortical porosity) and mineral composition compared to low-LET radiation (gamma and proton). Bone loss following irradiation appears to be largely specific to trabecular bone and may indicate unique biological microenvironments and microdosimetry conditions. However, the limited time points examined and non-haversian skeletal structure of the mice employed highlight the need for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane A.J. Lloyd
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 501 Rhodes Engineering Research Center, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Eric R. Bandstra
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 501 Rhodes Engineering Research Center, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Neil D. Travis
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 501 Rhodes Engineering Research Center, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Gregory A. Nelson
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Chan Shun Pavilion, Room A-1010, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 82354, USA
| | - J. Daniel Bourland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Michael J. Pecaut
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Chan Shun Pavilion, Room A-1010, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 82354, USA
| | - Daila S. Gridley
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Chan Shun Pavilion, Room A-1010, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 82354, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Willey
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 501 Rhodes Engineering Research Center, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Ted A. Bateman
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 501 Rhodes Engineering Research Center, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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Hino M, Wada S, Tajika Y, Morimura Y, Hamada N, Funayama T, Sakashita T, Kakizaki T, Kobayashi Y, Yorifuji H. Heavy ion microbeam irradiation induces ultrastructural changes in isolated single fibers of skeletal muscle. Cell Struct Funct 2007; 32:51-6. [PMID: 17460350 DOI: 10.1247/csf.06038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of heavy ion microbeams on muscle fibers isolated from mouse skeletal muscles were examined by electron microscopy. The plasma membranes of heavy ion beam-irradiated areas of muscle fibers showed irregular protrusions and invaginations. In the cytoplasm, an irregular distribution of microfilaments was found near the plasma membrane. Sarcoplasmic reticula in the irradiated regions showed a distended appearance with flocculent material within the lumen. These changes were seen as early as 2 min after irradiation, and persisted until as late as 22 min after irradiation. Many autophagic vacuoles could be seen at 7 min after irradiation. At 22 min, the vacuoles became more prominent and showed more variety. These observations suggest that heavy ion beam irradiation causes disruption of the cellular architecture and the autophagy is involved in removal of this disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Hino
- Department of Neuromuscular and Developmental Anatomy, Division of Bioregulatory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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Pathak R, Dey SK, Sarma A, Khuda-Bukhsh AR. Genotoxic effects in M5 cells and Chinese hamster V79 cells after exposure to 7Li-beam (LET=60 keV/microm) and correlation of their survival dynamics to nuclear damages and cell death. Mutat Res 2007; 628:56-66. [PMID: 17258499 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Revised: 09/29/2006] [Accepted: 11/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster V79 cell and a cell strain M5, derived from V79 cells and reported to be relatively resistant to gamma-ray, hydrogen peroxide, and N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG; a potent human carcinogen), were exposed to high LET (7)Li-beam (LET=60 keV/microm) at approximately 90% confluent state in the dose range of 0-1 Gy. Effects of (7)Li-beam exposure on cell survival, micronuclei induction (MN), chromosomal aberrations (CA) and apoptosis were compared in both the cell lines. A dose-dependent decline in survival for both the cell lines was noted, relatively less in M5 cells (mostly p<0.01) indicating greater radio-resistance in this strain. The MN, CA and apoptosis increased in a dose-dependent manner in both V79 and M5 cells. Significant differences in various other parameters between these two cell lines were also noted. The relative intensity of DNA ladder, which is a useful marker for the determination of the extent of apoptosis induction, was much higher in V79 cells. A good correlation between the reduction of the surviving fractions and the increase in frequencies of MN or CA or apoptosis was noted for both the cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupak Pathak
- Department of Biotechnology, West Bengal University of Technology, Salt Lake Sector-I, Kolkata 700064, India
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