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Synthetic selenium nanoparticles as co-adjuvant improved immune responses against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:16. [PMID: 36401129 PMCID: PMC9676803 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03455-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the leading causes of hospital-acquired infections worldwide, which is resistant to many antibiotics, resulting in significant mortality in societies. Vaccination is a well-known approach to preventing disease. Autolysin, a surface-associated protein in S. aureus with multiple functions, is a suitable candidate for vaccine development. As a co-adjuvant, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) can increase the immune system, presumably resulting in increased vaccine efficacy. The present study evaluated the immunogenicity and defense of recombinant autolysin formulated in SeNPs and Alum adjuvants against MRSA. r-Autolysin was expressed and purified by the Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. SeNPs were synthetically obtained from sodium dioxide, followed by an assessment of shape and size using SEM and DLS. Balb/c mice were injected subcutaneously with 20 mg of r-autolysin formulated in Alum and SeNps adjuvants three times with the proper control group in 2 weeks intervals. Cytokine profile and isotyping ELISA were conducted to determine the type of induced immunity. Opsonophagocytosis tests assessed the functional activity of the vaccine, and the bacterial burden from the infected tissues was determined. Results showed that mice receiving SeNps and r-Autolysin had higher levels of total IgG and isotypes (IgG1 and IgG2a) and increased cytokine levels (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12, and IL-4) as compared with those only receiving autolysin and PBS as a control. More importantly, mice immunized with SeNps and r-Autolysin exhibited a decrease in mortality and bacterial burden compared to the control group. We concluded that SeNps could stimulate immune responses and can be used as an adjuvant element in vaccine formulation.
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Lu Y, Cai WJ, Ren Z, Han P. The Role of Staphylococcal Biofilm on the Surface of Implants in Orthopedic Infection. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1909. [PMID: 36296183 PMCID: PMC9612000 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advanced implant sterilization and aseptic surgical techniques, implant-associated infection remains a major challenge for orthopedic surgeries. The subject of bacterial biofilms is receiving increasing attention, probably as a result of the wide acknowledgement of the ubiquity of biofilms in the clinical environment, as well as the extreme difficulty in eradicating them. Biofilm can be defined as a structured microbial community of cells that are attached to a substratum and embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) that they have produced. Biofilm development has been proposed as occurring in a multi-step process: (i) attachment and adherence, (ii) accumulation/maturation due to cellular aggregation and EPS production, and (iii) biofilm detachment (also called dispersal) of bacterial cells. In all these stages, characteristic proteinaceous and non-proteinaceous compounds are expressed, and their expression is strictly controlled. Bacterial biofilm formation around implants shelters the bacteria and encourages the persistence of infection, which could lead to implant failure and osteomyelitis. These complications need to be treated by major revision surgeries and extended antibiotic therapies, which could lead to high treatment costs and even increase mortality. Effective preventive and therapeutic measures to reduce risks for implant-associated infections are thus in urgent need.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pei Han
- Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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Lex JR, Koucheki R, Stavropoulos NA, Michele JD, Toor JS, Tsoi K, Ferguson PC, Turcotte RE, Papagelopoulos PJ. Megaprosthesis anti-bacterial coatings: A comprehensive translational review. Acta Biomater 2022; 140:136-148. [PMID: 34879295 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Periprosthetic joint infections (PJI) are catastrophic complications for patients with implanted megaprostheses and pose significant challenges in the management of orthopaedic oncology patients. Despite various preventative strategies, with the increasing rate of implanted orthopaedic prostheses, the number of PJIs may be increasing. PJIs are associated with a high rate of amputation. Therefore, novel strategies to combat bacterial colonization and biofilm formation are required. A promising strategy is the utilization of anti-bacterial coatings on megaprosthetic implants. In this translational review, a brief overview of the mechanism of bacterial colonization of implants and biofilm formation will be provided, followed by a discussion and classification of major anti-bacterial coatings currently in use and development. In addition, current in vitro outcomes, clinical significance, economic importance, evolutionary perspectives, and future directions of anti-bacterial coatings will also be discussed. Megaprosthetic anti-bacterial coating strategies will help reduce infection rates following the implantation of megaprostheses and would positively impact sarcoma care. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This review highlights the clinical challenges and a multitude of potential solutions to combating peri-prosthetic join infections in megaprotheses using anti-bacterial coatings. Reducing infection rates following the implantation of megaprostheses would have a major impact on sarcoma care and major trauma surgeries that require reconstruction of large skeletal defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan R Lex
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robert Koucheki
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Joseph Di Michele
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jay S Toor
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kim Tsoi
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; University Musculoskeletal Oncology Unit, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Peter C Ferguson
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; University Musculoskeletal Oncology Unit, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robert E Turcotte
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Panayiotis J Papagelopoulos
- 1st Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
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Suchý T, Vištejnová L, Šupová M, Klein P, Bartoš M, Kolinko Y, Blassová T, Tonar Z, Pokorný M, Sucharda Z, Žaloudková M, Denk F, Ballay R, Juhás Š, Juhásová J, Klapková E, Horný L, Sedláček R, Grus T, Čejka Z, Čejka Z, Chudějová K, Hrabák J. Vancomycin-Loaded Collagen/Hydroxyapatite Layers Electrospun on 3D Printed Titanium Implants Prevent Bone Destruction Associated with S. epidermidis Infection and Enhance Osseointegration. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050531. [PMID: 34068788 PMCID: PMC8151920 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to develop an orthopedic implant coating in the form of vancomycin-loaded collagen/hydroxyapatite layers (COLHA+V) that combine the ability to prevent bone infection with the ability to promote enhanced osseointegration. The ability to prevent bone infection was investigated employing a rat model that simulated the clinically relevant implant-related introduction of bacterial contamination to the bone during a surgical procedure using a clinical isolate of Staphylococcus epidermidis. The ability to enhance osseointegration was investigated employing a model of a minipig with terminated growth. Six weeks following implantation, the infected rat femurs treated with the implants without vancomycin (COLHA+S. epidermidis) exhibited the obvious destruction of cortical bone as evinced via a cortical bone porosity of up to 20% greater than that of the infected rat femurs treated with the implants containing vancomycin (COLHA+V+S. epidermidis) (3%) and the non-infected rat femurs (COLHA+V) (2%). The alteration of the bone structure of the infected COLHA+S. epidermidis group was further demonstrated by a 3% decrease in the average Ca/P molar ratio of the bone mineral. Finally, the determination of the concentration of vancomycin released into the blood stream indicated a negligible systemic load. Six months following implantation in the pigs, the quantified ratio of new bone indicated an improvement in osseointegration, with a two-fold bone ingrowth on the COLHA (47%) and COLHA+V (52%) compared to the control implants without a COLHA layer (27%). Therefore, it can be concluded that COLHA+V layers are able to significantly prevent the destruction of bone structure related to bacterial infection with a minimal systemic load and, simultaneously, enhance the rate of osseointegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Suchý
- Department of Composites and Carbon Materials, Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 18209 Prague 8, Czech Republic; (M.Š.); (Z.S.); (M.Ž.); (F.D.)
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (R.S.)
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (L.V.); (P.K.); (M.B.); (Y.K.); (T.B.); (Z.T.); (K.C.); (J.H.)
- Correspondence: ; +420-777-608-280
| | - Lucie Vištejnová
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (L.V.); (P.K.); (M.B.); (Y.K.); (T.B.); (Z.T.); (K.C.); (J.H.)
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 301 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Šupová
- Department of Composites and Carbon Materials, Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 18209 Prague 8, Czech Republic; (M.Š.); (Z.S.); (M.Ž.); (F.D.)
| | - Pavel Klein
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (L.V.); (P.K.); (M.B.); (Y.K.); (T.B.); (Z.T.); (K.C.); (J.H.)
| | - Martin Bartoš
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (L.V.); (P.K.); (M.B.); (Y.K.); (T.B.); (Z.T.); (K.C.); (J.H.)
- Institute of Dental Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 12000 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12000 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Yaroslav Kolinko
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (L.V.); (P.K.); (M.B.); (Y.K.); (T.B.); (Z.T.); (K.C.); (J.H.)
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 301 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Blassová
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (L.V.); (P.K.); (M.B.); (Y.K.); (T.B.); (Z.T.); (K.C.); (J.H.)
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 301 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyněk Tonar
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (L.V.); (P.K.); (M.B.); (Y.K.); (T.B.); (Z.T.); (K.C.); (J.H.)
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 301 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Pokorný
- R&D Department, Contipro Inc., 56102 Dolni Dobrouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Zbyněk Sucharda
- Department of Composites and Carbon Materials, Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 18209 Prague 8, Czech Republic; (M.Š.); (Z.S.); (M.Ž.); (F.D.)
| | - Margit Žaloudková
- Department of Composites and Carbon Materials, Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 18209 Prague 8, Czech Republic; (M.Š.); (Z.S.); (M.Ž.); (F.D.)
| | - František Denk
- Department of Composites and Carbon Materials, Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 18209 Prague 8, Czech Republic; (M.Š.); (Z.S.); (M.Ž.); (F.D.)
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (R.S.)
| | - Rastislav Ballay
- 1st Department of Orthopedics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, 150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic;
| | - Štefan Juhás
- PIGMOD Centre, Laboratory of Cell Regeneration and Plasticity, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 27721 Libechov, Czech Republic; (Š.J.); (J.J.)
| | - Jana Juhásová
- PIGMOD Centre, Laboratory of Cell Regeneration and Plasticity, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 27721 Libechov, Czech Republic; (Š.J.); (J.J.)
| | - Eva Klapková
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Charles University, 2nd Medical School and University Hospital Motol, 15006 Prague 5, Czech Republic;
| | - Lukáš Horný
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (R.S.)
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (L.V.); (P.K.); (M.B.); (Y.K.); (T.B.); (Z.T.); (K.C.); (J.H.)
| | - Radek Sedláček
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (R.S.)
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (L.V.); (P.K.); (M.B.); (Y.K.); (T.B.); (Z.T.); (K.C.); (J.H.)
| | - Tomáš Grus
- 2nd Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 12000 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
| | - Zdeněk Čejka
- ProSpon Ltd., 27201 Kladno, Czech Republic; (Z.Č.J.); (Z.Č.)
| | - Zdeněk Čejka
- ProSpon Ltd., 27201 Kladno, Czech Republic; (Z.Č.J.); (Z.Č.)
| | - Kateřina Chudějová
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (L.V.); (P.K.); (M.B.); (Y.K.); (T.B.); (Z.T.); (K.C.); (J.H.)
| | - Jaroslav Hrabák
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (L.V.); (P.K.); (M.B.); (Y.K.); (T.B.); (Z.T.); (K.C.); (J.H.)
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Kalali Y, Haghighat S, Mahdavi M. Passive immunotherapy with specific IgG fraction against autolysin: Analogous protectivity in the MRSA infection with antibiotic therapy. Immunol Lett 2018; 212:125-131. [PMID: 30496765 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading infectious cause of life-threatening diseases in human beings, with no effective vaccine available to date against this bacterium. Treatment of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections has become increasingly difficult because of the emergence of multidrug-resistant isolates. Immunotherapy represents a potential approach to prevent S. aureus-related infections. Autolysin is one of the virulence factors, which controls the growth, cell lysis, daughter-cell separation, and biofilm formation. Our study focused on passive immunization against MRSA infection. Herein, rabbit polyclonal IgG was produced following the preparation of r-autolysin. Specificity of IgG against r-autolysin was investigated by ELISA and western blotting assays. IgG fraction was prepared using sulfate ammonium precipitation, and the ability of antiserum to promote phagocytosis of bacteria was assessed by opsonophagocytosis assay. Then, passive immunization of mice was carried out with polyclonal IgG fraction and, mice were sacrificed three days after challenge and their kidneys, liver, and spleen were collected. Results exhibited that the passive immunization with rabbit polyclonal anti-IgG fraction tremendously improved survival rates of mice challenged by S. aureus as well as vancomycin treatment compared with the negative control groups. In addition, a remarkable decrease in bacterial numbers was observed in mice treated with rabbit polyclonal anti-IgG. Importantly, our findings demonstrated that passive immunotherapy and antibiotic therapy lead to decreased histopathological damage in mice infected by S. aureus as compared with control groups. Our results suggested that the passive immunization may result in the introduction of excellent strategies to control infections caused by MRSA, like antibiotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasamin Kalali
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Setareh Haghighat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Mahdavi
- Recombinant Vaccine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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