Gefitinib Plus Bevacizumab vs. Gefitinib Alone for EGFR Mutant Non-squamous Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

The incidence of drug-induced interstitial lung disease caused by epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors or immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with non-small cell lung cancer in presence and absence of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors: a systematic review

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) or pneumonitis caused by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) or immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) is a major concern in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Whether the addition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor (VEGFR) inhibitors can reduce the incidence of drug-induced ILD remains unclear. We conducted a systematic review to assess the incidence of ILD induced by EGFR-TKIs or ICIs in the presence or absence of VEGF/VEGFR inhibitors in relevant randomized trials between January 2009 and October 2023. The primary outcome was the odds ratio for the incidence of ILD in all patients worldwide and Asians. Secondary outcomes were the odds ratios (ORs) of the incidence at grade-3 or higher ILD in all patients worldwide and Asians. We identified 13 randomized studies, one sub-analysis in the EGFR-TKI group, and three randomized studies in the ICI group. In the EGFR-TKI group, the OR of ILD incidence at any grade with VEGF/VEGFR inhibitors was 0.54 (95% CI, 0.32-0.90; p = 0.02), which represented a significantly lower incidence than that without VEGF/VEGFR inhibitors. Contrarily, the OR of ILD incidence at grade ≥ 3 with VEGF/VEGFR inhibitors was 1.00 (95% CI, 0.43-2.36; p = 0.99). In all subjects in the ICI group, the OR of ILD incidence at any grade with VEGF/VEGFR inhibitors was 0.78 (95% CI, 0.51-1.21; p = 0.27). The systematic review demonstrated that the addition of VEGF/VEGFR inhibitors could reduce the incidence of drug-induced ILD at any grade caused by EGFR-TKI in patients with NSCLC but could not reduce that at grade ≥ 3. The ILD induced by ICIs remains undetermined owing to the limited number of randomized trials for which ILD data are available.

Systematic review registration

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=409534, identifier CRD42023409534.

Potential roles of tumor microenvironment in gefitinib-resistant non-small cell lung cancer: A narrative review

During the course of treating non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutant, gefitinib resistance (GR) is unavoidable. As the environment for tumor cells to grow and survive, tumor microenvironment (TME) can significantly affect therapeutic response and clinical outcomes, offering new opportunities for addressing GR. Dynamic changes within the TME were identified during the treatment of gefitinib, suggesting the close relationship between TME and GR. Various dynamic processes like angiogenesis, hypoxia-pathway activation, and immune evasion can be blocked so as to synergistically enhance the therapeutic effects of gefitinib or reverse GR. Besides, cellular components like macrophages can be reprogrammed for the same purpose. In this review, we summarized recently proposed therapeutic targets to provide an overview of the potential roles of TME in treating gefitinib-resistant NSCLC, and discussed the difficulty of applying these targets in cancer treatment.

Successful neoadjuvant treatment of EGFR exon 19 deletion combined with TP53 mutation in non-small cell lung cancer using aumolertinib after osimertinib-induced myocardial damage: a case report and literature review

The development of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) represents a paradigm shift in the treatment of lung cancer with EGFR mutations. Aumolertinib has been shown to be a safe agent in the registry study. However, successful rechallenge with aumolertinib following osimertinib-induced myocardial damage has not been reported. In this article, a case of neoadjuvant therapy for lung adenocarcinoma is retrospectively analyzed, and the relevant literature is reviewed. The patient was diagnosed with stage IIIA lung adenocarcinoma, and genetic testing revealed EGFR exon 19 deletion mutation combined with Tumor Protein p53 (TP53) mutation. The mutation abundance is 33.5 and 14%, respectively. One month after osimertinib treatment, the patient developed myocardial damage, and abnormal indicators such as myocardial enzyme spectrum showed abnormalities and cardiac insufficiency, followed by pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary edema. Aumolertinib was subsequently used for treatment, following which the myocardial enzyme spectrum returned to normal, and the symptoms of bilateral interstitial edema disappeared. In addition to the disappearance of adverse reactions, the therapeutic effect was excellent; the lung lesions and mediastinal lymph nodes were significantly reduced, and the operation was successfully conducted. This is the first report of successful neoadjuvant treatment of EGFR exon 19 deletion combined with TP53 mutation in NSCLC using aumolertinib after osimertinib-induced myocardial damage. The results suggested that aumolertinib had fewer adverse reactions in patients with EGFR exon 19 deletion combined with TP53 mutation, and aumolertinib may be a potential neoadjuvant therapy for stage IIIA lung cancer.

EGFR inhibitor erlotinib plus monoclonal antibody versus erlotinib alone for first-line treatment of advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis

PURPOSE

Immuno-combination therapy is emerging as an effective treatment for advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). However, compared to monotherapy, such as monoclonal antibodies or kinase inhibitors, whether combination therapy can enhance antitumor efficacy or alleviate side effects remains unclear.

METHODS

A systematic literature search was undertaken using the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases to identify eligible studies concentrating on treatment with erlotinib or erlotinib plus monoclonal antibodies in NSCLC patients published between January 2017 and June 2022. The primary outcomes included progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), response rate (RR) and treatment-related adverse events (AEs).

RESULTS

Seven independent randomized, controlled clinical trials including 1513 patients were obtained for the final analysis. Erlotinib plus monoclonal antibodies was significantly associated with the improvement of PFS (hazards ratio [HR], 0.60; 95% CI 0.53-0.69; z = 7.59, P < 0.01) and with moderate performance regarding OS (HR, 0.81; 95% CI 0.58-1.13; z = 1.23, P = 0.22) and RR (odds ratio [OR], 1.25; 95% CI 0.98-1.59; z = 1.80, P = 0.07), irrespective of EGFR mutation status. In the safety evaluation, erlotinib plus monoclonal antibodies had a markedly higher occurrence of adverse events (AEs) of Clavien grade 3 or higher (OR, 3.32; 95% CI 2.66-4.15; z = 10.64, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

Compared with erlotinib alone, combination therapy (erlotinib plus monoclonal antibodies) was associated with significantly improved PFS in NSCLC therapy, accompanied by increased treatment-related AEs.

REGISTRATION

Our systematic review protocol was registered in the PROSPERO international register of systematic reviews (CRD42022347667).

Efficacy and Toxicity of Combined Inhibition of EGFR and VEGF in Patients With Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Harboring Activating EGFR Mutations: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Dual inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathways have demonstrated promising results for treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the efficacy and toxicity of the combined treatment with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and VEGF blockade for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer harboring activating EGFR mutations, in comparison to EGFR TKIs alone. The electronic databases were searched for relevant randomized trials between 2000 and 2022. The primary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival. Secondary endpoints included objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate, and grade ≥3 adverse events (AEs). The pooled hazard ratios (HR) and odds ratios were meta-analyzed using the generic inverse variance and the Mantel-Haenszel methods. A total of 1528 patients from 8 trials were evaluated for analyses. The combination treatment decreased the risk of disease progression by 37% (HR=0.63; 95% CI, 0.56 to 0.72) but had no added benefit on OS compared with EGFR inhibition alone (HR=0.90; 95% CI, 0.76 to 1.05). There was no significant difference in objective response rate or disease control rate between treatments. There was a significantly increased number of AEs reported in the dual treatment arm (odds ratio=3.02; 95% CI, 1.71 to 5.31), with proteinuria and hypertension being the most significantly increased AEs. This meta-analysis suggests combined inhibition of EGFR and VEGF pathways significantly improves progression-free survival, with no OS benefit, and increases AEs. Mature OS data are needed along with results from more trials exploring this strategy with third-generation EGFR TKIs to strengthen these results.

Efficacy and safety of antiangiogenic agents or chemotherapy plus EGFR-TKIs in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: A systematic review and network meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

The combination of antiangiogenic agents with epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) and chemotherapy with EGFR-TKIs are the most common combination treatment options in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This network meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the differences between them.

METHODS

We searched the PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register up to August 2022. The primary outcomes were progression-free survival (PFS) and objective response rate (ORR). The secondary endpoints were overall survival (OS), disease control rate (DCR) and adverse events (AEs). The data of hazard ratio (HR) or risk ratio (RR) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted in the studies. A network meta-analysis (NMA) was used to indirectly compare the efficacy and safety of antiangiogenic agents plus EGFR-TKIs and chemotherapy plus EGFR-TKIs.

RESULTS

Pooled data of included studies were demonstrated that chemotherapy plus EGFR-TKIs had a benefit in ORR compared to antiangiogenic agents plus EGFR-TKIs in patients with EGFR mutated NSCLC (RR = 1.1, 95% CI: 1.0-1.2). However, there were no significant differences in PFS, OS and DCR between in the two group (PFS: HR = 1.0, 95% CI: 0.74-1.6; OS: HR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.45-1.5; DCR: RR = 1.0, 95% CI: 0.94-1.1). The common treatment-related AEs in the two groups were relatively manageable.

CONCLUSION

Based on the efficacy and safety, the combination of chemotherapy with EGFR-TKIs is considered the best combination treatment options in advanced NSCLC with EGFR mutation.

Impact of Smoking Status in Combination Treatment with EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Anti-Angiogenic Agents in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Harboring Susceptible EGFR Mutations: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who harbor susceptible epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations and are treated with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) show longer progression-free survival (PFS) than those treated with chemotherapy. However, developed EGFR-TKI resistance limits PFS improvements. Currently, combination treatment with EGFR-TKIs and anti-angiogenic agents is considered a beneficial regimen for advanced-stage NSCLC harboring susceptible EGFR mutations. However, several trials reported osimertinib plus bevacizumab failed to show superior efficacy over osimertinib alone. However, subgroup analysis showed significantly longer PFS among patients with a history of smoking over those who never smoked. We performed a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the smoking status impact. At the end of the process, a total of 2068 patients from 11 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in our meta-analysis. Overall, combination EGFR-TKI plus anti-angiogenic agent treatment showed significantly better PFS among patients with a smoking history (Hazard Ratio (HR) = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.48-0.73). Erlotinib-based combination therapy showed positive PFS benefits regardless of smoking status (HR = 0.54, 95%CI = 0.41-0.71 for ever smoker, HR = 0.69, 95%CI = 0.54-0.87 for never smoker). Combination therapy prolonged PFS significantly regardless of ethnicity (HR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.44-0.93 for Asian RCTs, HR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.41-0.74 for global and non-Asian RCTs). PROSPERO registration number is CRD42022304198).

Efficacy and safety of first-line therapies in EGFR-mutated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a network meta-analysis

Aim: To evaluate the comparative efficacy and safety of identified first-line therapies for patients with EGFR mutation-positive advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), with a focus on ramucirumab + erlotinib. Methods: In the absence of head-to-head studies, a Bayesian network meta-analysis was conducted using randomized clinical trial data to evaluate first-line systemic therapies with erlotinib/gefitinib as the reference treatment. Results: For progression-free survival (PFS), ramucirumab + erlotinib was comparable to osimertinib and dacomitinib in the primary analysis. Conclusion: The analysis showed ramucirumab + erlotinib efficacy to be comparable to best-in-class treatment options for previously untreated patients with EGFRm⁺ advanced NSCLC. Registration information: PROSPERO ID: CRD42020136247.

FAK in Cancer: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Strategies

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, is overexpressed and activated in many cancer types. FAK regulates diverse cellular processes, including growth factor signaling, cell cycle progression, cell survival, cell motility, angiogenesis, and the establishment of immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments through kinase-dependent and kinase-independent scaffolding functions in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Mounting evidence has indicated that targeting FAK, either alone or in combination with other agents, may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for various cancers. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms underlying FAK-mediated signaling networks during tumor development. We also summarize the recent progress of FAK-targeted small-molecule compounds for anticancer activity from preclinical and clinical evidence.

Efficacy and safety of bevacizumab combined with EGFR-TKIs in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to estimate the efficacy and safety of bevacizumab combined with epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR TKIs) in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients.

METHODS

We searched randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on bevacizumab combined with EGFR TKIs in the NSCLC Cochrane Library, Web of Science, PubMed and Embase. The data were extracted and assessed according to the Cochrane Handbook. We calculated the hazard ratio (HR), risk ratio (RR), and confidence interval (CI), and accomplished this meta-analysis with Stata 14 software.

RESULTS

Of 1301 articles scanned, five articles were involved in this meta-analysis. We determined that compared with using EGFR TKIs alone, combination treatment significantly prolongs progression-free survival (PFS) (HR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.52-0.70; p < 0.001), and increases the objective response rate (ORR) (RR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.01-1.30, p = 0.10). However, there was no significant difference in overall survival (OS) between the two groups (HR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.78-1.11; p = <0.001) and combination treatment increases the risks of serious adverse events (SAEs) (RR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.21-2.05, p = 0.002).

CONCLUSIONS

Bevacizumab combined with EGFR-TKI significantly improves PFS and ORR in patients with advanced NSCLC, but there is no substantial difference in OS and increase the risks of serious adverse events.

The Safety and Effectiveness of Bevacizumab in the Treatment of Nonsquamous Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Objective

Bevacizumab was currently available for nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer (NSqNSCLC) patients and has been studied in several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for treatment of these patients. This meta-analysis summarizes the most up-to-date evidences regarding the effects and adverse reactions of bevacizumab in the treatment of NSqNSCLC patients.

Methods

The authors searched for RCTs from electronic database including PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Experimental arm was defined as the bevacizumab-containing group and the control arm as the bevacizumab-free group. Data of objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and adverse reactions were synthetically extracted. A protocol for this meta-analysis has been registered on PROSPERO (http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero).

Results

Ten RCTs that involved a total of 3134 patients were included. The experimental group was associated with significant superior ORR (RR 1.63, 95% CI 1.24 to 2.14, P < 0.001), OS (HR 0.90, 95% CI 0.82 to 0.99, P < 0.001), and prolonged PFS (HR 0.68, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.74, P < 0.001) compared to the control. No significant difference was observed regarding DCR (RR 1.13, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.30, P = 0.08). The experimental group showed higher rate of hypertension (RR 6.91, 95% CI 4.62 to 10.35, P < 0.00001) and hemorrhagic events (RR 3.07, 95% CI 1.78 to 5.30, P < 0.0001) than the control group. The experimental group showed lower rate of anemia (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.96, P = 0.02) than the control group. No significant difference was observed regarding treatment-related adverse event grade 3-5 (TRAE3-5) (RR 1.23, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.53, P = 0.06), thrombocytopenia (RR 1.11, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.33, P = 0.29), and neutropenia (RR 1.11, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.40, P = 0.36).

Conclusion

This meta-analysis showed that bevacizumab could increase ORR, OS, and prolonged PFS for treatment of NSqNSCLC patients. However, no significant improvement in DCR was observed and bevacizumab could increase the rate of hypertension and hemorrhagic events. Bevacizumab was an acceptable option for NSqNSCLC patients. This trial is registered with PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021226790.

A bispecific decoy receptor VEGFR-EGFR/Fc binding EGF-like ligands and VEGF shows potent antitumor efficacy

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) represent two clinically validated targets for a variety of human cancers, and dual inhibition of EGFR and VEGF(R) has demonstrated superior activity to single EGFR inhibitors. This study was to construct a novel bispecific decoy receptor VEGFR-EGFR/Fc that contains Fc portion of human IgG1 acted as molecular scaffold, and the immunoglobulin-like domain 1-3 of VEGFR1 and extracellular domain of EGFR fused to the N-terminal and C-terminal of Fc, respectively, aiming at capturing the EGF-like ligands and VEGF. ELISA showed that VEGFR-EGFR/Fc bound to EGF, TGF-α and VEGF with high affinity. It displayed potent proliferation inhibitory effects on human non-small-cell lung cancer A549 cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells revealed by MTT assays. VEGFR-EGFR/Fc significantly inhibited cell invasion and migration demonstrated by wound healing assay and transwell assay. In vivo, VEGFR-EGFR/Fc showed remarkable growth inhibition on A549 xenografts. Cell apoptosis and inhibition of angiogenesis were also observed in xenograft tumour tissues. Mechanistically, VEGFR-EGFR/Fc pre-treatment blocked the phosphorylation of EGFR and VEGFR2 and resulted in a decrease in the downstream signalling molecules, AKT, p44/42MAPK and p38MAPK. These data suggest VEGFR-EGFR/Fc would be a promising candidate for cancer targeted therapy.

Deoxypodophyllotoxin Inhibits Cell Growth and Induces Apoptosis by Blocking EGFR and MET in Gefitinib-Resistant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

As one of the major types of lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for the majority of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Treatments for NSCLC includes surgery, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. Among the targeted therapies, resistance to inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is common and remains a problem to be solved. MET (hepatocyte growth factor receptor) amplification is one of the major causes of EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistance. Therefore, there exists a need to find new and more efficacious therapies. Deoxypodophyllotoxin (DPT) extracted from Anthriscus sylvestris roots exhibits various pharmacological activities including anti-inflammation and anti-cancer effects. In this study we sought to determine the anti-cancer effects of DPT on HCC827GR cells, which are resistant to gefitinib (EGFR-TKI) due to regulation of EGFR and MET and their related signaling pathways. To identify the direct binding of DPT to EGFR and MET, we performed pull-down, ATP-binding, and kinase assays. DPT exhibited competitive binding with ATP against the network kinases EGFR and MET and reduced their activities. Also, DPT suppressed the expression of p-EGFR and p-MET as well as their downstreat proteins p-ErbB3, p-AKT, and p-ERK. The treatment of HCC827GR cells with DPT induced high ROS generation that led to endoplasmic-reticulum stress. Accordingly, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis by multi-caspase activation were observed. In conclusion, these results demonstrate the apoptotic effects of DPT on HCC827GR cells and signify the potential of DPT to serve as an adjuvant anti-cancer drug by simultaneously inhibiting EGFR and MET.

Anlotinib enhances the antitumor activity of radiofrequency ablation on lung squamous cell carcinoma

Anlotinib is a novel molecular targeted drug that has been approved for the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma. Currently these agents are rarely used in the treatment of lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). Bronchoscope-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a new strategy proposed for the treatment of LSCC that is able to alleviate the obstruction of the respiratory tract caused by LSCC by direct destruction of the tumor tissues. The presence work aims to reveal whether Anlotinib could enhance the antitumor activity of RFA on LSCC cells. The results from real-time PCR (qPCR) confirmed overexpression of targets of anlotinib activity, including receptor tyrosine kinase or the MPAK/PI3K-AKT pathway kinases, in LSCC tissues. Treatment with anlotinib inhibited the survival, in vitro invasion, and migration of LSCC cells. Moreover, the antitumor effects of RFA were investigated using a rodent model of LSCC. The combination of RFA and anlotinib treatment enhanced the antitumor effect of RFA treatment. We propose a combinative strategy of RFA and anlotinib as a novel approach for successful management of LSCC.

Rational Application of First-Line EGFR-TKIs Combined with Antiangiogenic Inhibitors in Advanced EGFR-Mutant Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Purpose

A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted to compare the difference in efficacy and safety between epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) with antiangiogenic inhibitors (A + T) and EGFR-TKI monotherapy in patients with treatment-naïve advanced EGFR-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Methods

PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane electronic databases were searched for relevant RCTs. Meeting abstracts were also reviewed to identify appropriate studies. The endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), 1- and 2-year OS rates, objective response rate (ORR), and grade ≥ 3 adverse events. All pooled outcomes were expressed using hazard ratios (HRs) or relative risk ratios (RRs).

Results

Data were collected from six eligible RCTs, which included 1,244 participants (619 in the A + T group and 625 in the TKI alone group). PFS was significantly improved with A + T compared to TKI alone (HR = 0.60; P < 0.01) regardless of EGFR mutation types (exon 19 deletion or L858R) and brain metastasis status (with or without brain metastases). There was no significant difference in median OS between the A + T and TKI alone groups (HR = 0.933; P = 0.551) regardless of EGFR mutation type. The ORR for A + T combination therapy was significantly increased compared to TKI monotherapy in exon 19 deletion subgroups (RR = 0.774; P = 0.008). There was no difference in the positive rates of acquired T790M mutation between the two groups (RR = 0.967; P = 0.846). More patients in the TKI alone group received a variety of subsequent systemic treatments than those in the A + T group (RR = 0.881; P = 0.002).

Conclusion

Addition of antiangiogenic inhibitors to first-line EGFR-TKI therapy significantly reduced the risk of disease progression for patients with advanced EGFR-mutant NSCLC regardless of EGFR mutation type and brain metastasis status. The lack of OS benefit may be explained by differences in subsequent treatments rather than drug resistance mechanisms.

EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer: treatment paradigm, current evidence, and challenges

Therapy with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for patients with EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been shown to have superior outcomes when compared to chemotherapy. First-generation EGFR TKI, including gefitinib and erlotinib, and second-generation EGFR TKI, including afatinib and dacomitinib, proved to be effective in patients with NSCLC harboring EGFR-sensitizing mutation. Later, resistance mutations were identified. Consequently, osimertinib, a third-generation EGFR TKI, was studied and demonstrated activity against EGFR-sensitizing and resistant mutations. Osimertinib moved recently to the first-line setting with the positive results of the FLAURA (AZD9291 Versus Gefitinib or Erlotinib in Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Non-small Cell Lung Cancer) trial. The use of these drugs is limited by their cost and availability mainly in middle- to low-income countries.

Bevacizumab for non-small cell lung cancer patients with brain metastasis: A meta-analysis

This study evaluates the efficacy and safety of bevacizumab (BEV) in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with brain metastases (BM) by performing meta-analyses of response and survival indices. Seventeen studies were included. BEV treatment was associated with a lower new BM incidence (hazard ratio: 0.30 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.14, 0.46]) during follow-up. Disease control rate (DCR) of BEV-treated patients with BM was 91% [95% CI: 85, 95]. However, intracranial DCR was relatively higher (94% [95% CI: 87, 98]) than extracranial DCR (86% [95% CI: 74, 96]). DCR of NSCLC patients with BM was significantly better with BEV than with control therapies (odds ratio: 2.71 [95% CI: 1.26, 5.86], P = 0.01). Progression-free survival (PFS) of BEV-treated patients with and without BM was 7.1 months [95% CI: 6.2, 8.0] and 7.4 months [95% CI: 6.3, 8.4], respectively. Intracranial PFS of BEV-treated patients with BM was 8.0 months [95% CI: 6.0, 10.0]. Overall survival of BEV-treated NSCLC patients with and without BM was 13.5 months [95% CI: 11.4, 15.6] and 12.5 months [95% CI: 10.2, 14.8], respectively. The incidence of bleeding/hemorrhage in the central nervous system was 1% with BEV treatment.

Angiogenesis and epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer

Abstract Several preclinical studies suggested a potential benefit from combined treatment with inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and angiogenesis, both effective in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In pretreated patients with advanced EGFR wild type NSCLC, bevacizumab plus erlotinib improved progression-free survival as second-line therapy in the BeTa study and as maintenance therapy in the ATLAS trial, although the benefit was modest and did not translate into an advantage in overall survival. Disappointing results were reported with oral VEGF inhibitors plus erlotinib in pretreated patients with EGFR wild type NSCLC. On the contrary, erlotinib plus bevacizumab or ramucirumab showed a clinically relevant improvement of progression-free survival in naïve patients with EGFR mutations, leading to the approval of these two regimens as first-line treatment of NSCLC patients with EGFR mutant tumors. Several clinical studies are evaluating the feasibility and activity of osimertinib plus bevacizumab or ramucirumab. However, limits that could affect its use in clinical practice are the need of an intravenous infusion for angiogenesis inhibitors, the increased incidence of treatment associated adverse events, the exclusion of patients with tumors located in central position or at risk of hemorrhage. The identification of predictive biomarkers is an important goal of research to optimize the combined use of these agents. Keywords Lung cancer, angiogenesis, tyrosine kinase inhibitor, erlotinib, bevacizumab

Efficacy of EGFR-TKIs with or without angiogenesis inhibitors in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis

In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases (EGFR-TKIs) combined with or without angiogenesis inhibitors in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We searched published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing EGFR-TKIs with and without angiogenesis inhibitors for the treatment of advanced NSCLC. PubMed, EMBASE, PMC, the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO) databases were searched. The extracted data on progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were measured in terms of hazard ratios (HRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). In addition, odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% CIs were pooled for objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR). Risk ratios (RRs) and corresponding 95% CIs were pooled for risk of adverse events (AEs). EGFR-TKIs combined with angiogenesis inhibitors showed significant improvements in PFS (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.61-0.84, P <0.0001), ORR (OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.17-1.97, P=0.002) and DCR (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.24-1.81, P<0.0001) compared with EGFR-TKIs combined with placebo. However, EGFR-TKIs combined with angiogenesis inhibitors failed to improve OS (HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.84-1.05, P = 0.26). In addition, diarrhea, hypertension, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, fatigue, rash, and dermatitis acneiform were significantly increased in patients treated with angiogenesis inhibitors. Thus, EGFR-TKIs combined with angiogenesis inhibitors were superior to EGFR-TKIs alone in advanced NSCLC due to their effects on PFS, ORR and DCR, but the increased incidence of AEs had an influence on the tolerability of this combination therapy.