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Nayeri D, Mohammadi A, Hysen L, Hipólito D, Huber D, Wan HY. Identifying human-caused mortality hotspots to inform human-wildlife conflict mitigation. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Dai Y, Li Y, Xue Y, Hacker CE, Li C, Zahoor B, Liu Y, Li D, Li D. Mitigation Strategies for Human-Tibetan Brown Bear ( Ursus arctos pruinosus) Conflicts in the Hinterland of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111422. [PMID: 35681886 PMCID: PMC9179409 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The conservation of Tibetan brown bear (Ursus arctos pruinosus) and its habitat is of great value to the conservation of sympatric species, which helps to maintain the health and stability of the regional ecosystem. In recent years, human–bear conflicts (HBCs) have intensified in the Sanjiangyuan Region in Qinghai Province, China, decreasing the tolerance of local herders of the species and seriously affecting the motivation of local communities to protect brown bears and other wildlife, with retaliatory killing posing a threat to their survival. Timely development of effective measures and countermeasures for mitigating HBCs is crucial to protect brown bears. The mitigation or resolution of HBC issues is beneficial to both the promotion of people’s livelihoods and the conservation of brown bears on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). At present, there is still a lack of research on the mitigation measures of HBCs on the QTP. This study combined field surveys, semi-structured interviews, and HBC seminars to understand the effectiveness of current mitigation measures and to propose potential mitigation measures in the hinterland of the QTP. This work proposed targeted mitigation measures for HBCs taking into account existing HBC management practices in China and abroad, and the unique geographical environment, laws and regulations, folk culture, and religious beliefs of local regions. Although this study was limited to a single species on the QTP, the results herein are useful for drafting national-level wildlife conservation policies, compensation programs for wildlife damage, and natural resource conservation regulations. Abstract Personal injury and property damage caused by wildlife can worsen the relationship between humans and wildlife. In recent years, conflicts between herders and Tibetan brown bears (Ursus arctos pruinosus) (human–bear conflicts; HBCs) on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau have increased dramatically, severely affecting community motivation for the conservation of brown bears and other species. Understanding the types, effectiveness, and flaws of current HBC mitigation measures is critical to develop effective strategies to alleviate HBC. From 2017 to 2019, we conducted a systematic field survey regarding HBCs on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. In addition, we invited bear specialists and multiple interest groups to hold an HBC seminar and proposed some potential mitigation strategies. We surveyed 312 families via semi-structured interviews and documented 16 types of HBC mitigation measures. A total of 96% of respondents were using more than two mitigation measures simultaneously. The effectiveness evaluation of HBC mitigation measures showed that: (1) removing food from winter homes while herders were at their summer pastures and asking people to keep watch of winter homes were effective at protecting food and houses; (2) traditional grazing methods (human guarding of livestock all day) and solar soundboxes (attached to livestock) were effective at protecting free-range livestock; (3) solar street lights had a deterrent effect on brown bears and were effective in protecting livestock, houses, and people; and (4) due to the unstable power supply of photovoltaic cells and improper installation of ground wires, electric fences were not ideal in practice. Evaluation of the potential mitigation measures at the seminar showed that upgrading electric fence technology, expanding electric fence pilot areas, installing diversionary feeders, and introducing bear spray were the most optimal solutions. This study provides a scientific basis for creating human–bear coexistence plans on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchuan Dai
- Institute for Ecology and Environmental Resources, Chongqing Academy of Social Sciences, Chongqing 400020, China; (Y.D.); (C.L.)
- Research Center for Ecological Security and Green Development, Chongqing Academy of Social Sciences, Chongqing 400020, China
| | - Yi Li
- Research Center for Economy of Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China;
| | - Yadong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China;
| | - Charlotte E. Hacker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA;
| | - Chunyan Li
- Institute for Ecology and Environmental Resources, Chongqing Academy of Social Sciences, Chongqing 400020, China; (Y.D.); (C.L.)
- Research Center for Ecological Security and Green Development, Chongqing Academy of Social Sciences, Chongqing 400020, China
| | - Babar Zahoor
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Tourism, Kaili University, Kaili 556000, China;
| | - Diqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China;
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (D.L.)
| | - Dayong Li
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (D.L.)
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Herrero J, García-Serrano A, Reiné R, Ferrer V, Azón R, López-Bao JV, Palomero G. Challenges for recovery of large carnivores in humanized countries: attitudes and knowledge of sheep farmers towards brown bear in Western Pyrenees, Spain. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-021-01545-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDuring 2017, we studied knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes towards brown bears by extensive mountain sheep farmers in the Western Pyrenees, using a structured questionnaire, specifically, whether the scarce bear presence, or the administrative region, was influential. Livestock raising practices are mainly family properties and have suffered a strong decline in the last decades. Despite its low abundance (only 2 bear individuals during the study period in the area), there was a generalized negative attitude towards the presence of bears. Farmers considered bear presence as incompatible with sheep mountain herding. One third of them have experienced bear damages, although this was not the main difficulty for the viability of farming practices. They were able to change husbandry practices after wildlife and dog’s damages, increasing vigilance, hiring shepherds, and using livestock guarding dogs, whose work is perceived as satisfactory. Farmers considered that information available about bear and compensation systems for damages was insufficient, and should be improved.
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The Predictive Ability of Wildlife Value Orientations for Mammal Management Varies with Species Conservation Status and Provenance. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132011335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wildlife value orientations (WVOs) can predict consensus or controversy over wildlife-related issues and are therefore important for their successful management. We carried out on-site face-to-face interviews with Greek people (n = 2392) to study two basic WVOs, i.e., domination (prioritize human well-being over wildlife) and mutualism (wildlife has rights just as humans). Our sample was more mutualism-oriented than domination-oriented; however, domination was a better predictor of management acceptability than mutualism. WVOs were better predictors of the acceptability of lethal strategies (shooting, destruction at breeding sites, 11–36% of variance explained) relative to taking no action (9–18%) and non-lethal strategies (e.g., compensation, fencing, trapping, and relocating, 0–13%). In addition, the predictive ability of WVOs, mostly for accepting lethal strategies, increased with the increasing severity of the conflict (crop damage, attacking domestic animals, 11–29%; disease transmission, 17–36%) and depending on species conservation status and provenance (endangered native brown bear (Ursus arctos), 11–20%; common native red fox (Vulpes vulpes), 12–31%; common exotic coypu (Myocastor coypus), 17–36%). Managers should consider these findings for developing education and outreach programs, especially when they intend to raise support for lethal strategies. In doing so, they would be able to subsequently implement effective wildlife management plans.
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Dai Y, Hacker CE, Cao Y, Cao H, Xue Y, Ma X, Liu H, Zahoor B, Zhang Y, Li D. Implementing a comprehensive approach to study the causes of human-bear (Ursus arctos pruinosus) conflicts in the Sanjiangyuan region, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 772:145012. [PMID: 33581527 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Personal injury and property loss caused by wildlife often deteriorates the relationship between humans and animals, prompting retaliatory killings that threaten species survival. Conflicts between humans and Tibetan brown bears (Ursus arctos pruinosus) (Human-Bear Conflicts, HBC) in the Sanjiangyuan region have recently dramatically increased, seriously affecting community enthusiasm for brown bears and the conservation of other species. In order to understand the driving mechanisms of HBC, we proposed six potential drivers leading to increased occurrences of HBC. We conducted field research in Zhiduo County of the Sanjiangyuan region from 2017 to 2019 to test hypotheses through semi-constructed interviews, marmot (Marmota himalayana) density surveys and brown bear diet analysis based on metagenomic sequencing. Analysis of herder perceptions revealed that the driving factors of HBC were related to changes in their settlement practice and living habits, changes in foraging behavior of brown bears and recovery of the brown bear population. Since the establishment of winter homes, brown bears have gradually learned to utilize the food in unattended homes. Although 91.4% (n = 285) of the respondents no longer store food in unattended homes, brown bears were reported to still frequently approach winter homes for food due to improper disposal of dead livestock and household garbage. The frequency and abundance of marmots were found to be high in brown bear diet, indicating that marmots were the bears' primary food. However, marmot density had no significant effect on brown bears utilizing human food (P = 0.329), and HBC appears to not be caused by natural food shortages. Distance to rocky outcrops (P = 0.022) and winter homes (P = 0.040) were the key factors linked to brown bears pursuing human food. The number of brown bears has increased over the past decade, and HBC is likely linked to its population recovery. Our findings will provide scientific basis for formulating effective mitigation measures and protection countermeasures for brown bears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchuan Dai
- Institute for Ecology and Environmental Resources, Chongqing Academy of Social Sciences, Chongqing 400020, China; Research Center for Ecological Security and Green Development, Chongqing Academy of Social Sciences, Chongqing 400020, China; Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Charlotte E Hacker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Yu Cao
- School of Public Administration, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400000, China
| | - Hanning Cao
- The High School Affiliated to Renmin University of China, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yadong Xue
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- Research and Development Center for Grass and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 10097, China
| | - Haodong Liu
- Research Institute of Forest Resource Information Techniques, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Babar Zahoor
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuguang Zhang
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Diqiang Li
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
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Cost of Coexisting with a Relict Large Carnivore Population: Impact of Apennine Brown Bears, 2005-2015. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051453. [PMID: 34069365 PMCID: PMC8158715 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-carnivore conflicts are a major conservation issue. As bears are expanding their range in Europe's human-modified landscapes, it is increasingly important to understand, prevent, and address human-bear conflicts and evaluate mitigation strategies in areas of historical coexistence. Based on verified claims, we assessed costs, patterns, and drivers of bear damages in the relict Apennine brown bear population in the Abruzzo Lazio and Molise National Park (PNALM), central Italy. During 2005-2015, 203 ± 71 (SD) damage events were verified annually, equivalent to 75,987 ± 30,038 €/year paid for compensation. Most damages occurred in summer and fall, with livestock depredation, especially sheep and cattle calves, prevailing over other types of damages, with apiaries ranking second in costs of compensation. Transhumant livestock owners were less impacted than residential ones, and farms that adopted prevention measures loaned from the PNALM were less susceptible to bear damages. Livestock farms chronically damaged by bears represented 8 ± 3% of those annually impacted, corresponding to 24 ± 6% of compensation costs. Further improvements in the conflict mitigation policy adopted by the PNALM include integrated prevention, conditional compensation, and participatory processes. We discuss the implications of our study for Human-bear coexistence in broader contexts.
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de Gabriel Hernando M, Karamanlidis AA, Grivas K, Krambokoukis L, Papakostas G, Beecham J. Habitat use and selection patterns inform habitat conservation priorities of an endangered large carnivore in southern Europe. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2021. [DOI: 10.3354/esr01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the habitat use and selection patterns of endangered species is essential in developing management measures that will protect critical habitat and mitigate human-wildlife conflicts. This understanding is particularly important in areas with high anthropogenic pressures. To understand the ecological role of various habitat types in the conservation of an endangered large carnivore in southern Europe, with its distinct environmental conditions and predominantly anthropogenic landscapes, we studied 18 GPS-collared brown bears Ursus arctos in Greece. We examined the use and selection of habitats according to age and sex categories and behavioral status during 5 ecologically defined seasons. Areas with rough terrain were identified as important refuge areas and were used by all bears in late hyperphagia and emergence. All bears used areas closer to human-related habitat features during the night. Habitat selection was positive for areas with rough terrain and naturalized (i.e. abandoned or not intensive) crops and areas close to water courses, while high-altitude areas and roads were avoided. The selection or avoidance of other habitats varied across bear categories and between stationary and moving behavior. We recommend that the results of the study be used to develop guidelines for species conservation and allow for prioritizing management actions that will promote the conservation of bears in Greece. In particular, the habitat use patterns provide information on how to limit interactions between humans and bears in space and/or time, while the habitat selection patterns indicate suitable habitats that should be protected/improved based on their importance and ecological role for the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M de Gabriel Hernando
- ARCTUROS, Civil Society for the Protection and Management of Wildlife and the Natural Environment, Florina 53075, Greece
- Department of Biodiversity and Environmental Management, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Universidad de León, León 24007, Spain
| | - AA Karamanlidis
- ARCTUROS, Civil Society for the Protection and Management of Wildlife and the Natural Environment, Florina 53075, Greece
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås 1432, Norway
| | - K Grivas
- ARCTUROS, Civil Society for the Protection and Management of Wildlife and the Natural Environment, Florina 53075, Greece
| | - L Krambokoukis
- ARCTUROS, Civil Society for the Protection and Management of Wildlife and the Natural Environment, Florina 53075, Greece
| | - G Papakostas
- ARCTUROS, Civil Society for the Protection and Management of Wildlife and the Natural Environment, Florina 53075, Greece
| | - J Beecham
- ARCTUROS, Civil Society for the Protection and Management of Wildlife and the Natural Environment, Florina 53075, Greece
- 252 N. Pierce Park Lane, Boise, ID 83703, USA
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Karamanlidis AA, Kopatz A, de Gabriel Hernando M. Dispersal patterns of a recovering brown bear (Ursus arctos) population in a human-dominated landscape. J Mammal 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyaa173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Despite increasing habitat fragmentation, large carnivore populations in parts of Europe have been recovering and expanding into human-dominated areas. Knowledge of animal dispersal patterns in such areas is important for their conservation, management, and coexistence with humans. We used genetic data based on 15 microsatellite markers from 312 individuals (98 females, 214 males) to assess kinship and dispersal patterns during the recovery and spatial expansion of a wild brown bear (Ursus arctos) population (2003–2010) in the human-dominated landscape of Greece. We hypothesized that bear dispersal in Greece was sex-biased, with females being more philopatric and males dispersing more frequently and over greater distances. Dispersal indeed was sex-biased, with males dispersing more frequently and farther than females. Overall, females were found to be philopatric; males also appeared to be philopatric, but to a lesser degree. However, a high proportion of females displayed dispersal behavior, which may be indicative of a pre-saturation stage of the population in that part of the country. Our results indicate that dispersal may be due to evading competition and avoiding inbreeding. We also documented long-distance dispersal of bears, which is considered to be indicative of a spatially expanding population. Our results highlight the value of using noninvasive genetic monitoring data to assess kinship among individuals and study dispersal patterns in human-dominated landscapes. Brown bears remain threatened in Greece; we therefore recommend systematic genetic monitoring of the species in combination with careful habitat management to protect suitable habitat (i.e., dispersal corridors) and ultimately ensure co-existence with humans and survival of brown bears in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros A Karamanlidis
- ARCTUROS, Civil Society for the Protection and Management of Wildlife and the Natural Environment, Aetos, Florina, Greece
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Alexander Kopatz
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Miguel de Gabriel Hernando
- ARCTUROS, Civil Society for the Protection and Management of Wildlife and the Natural Environment, Aetos, Florina, Greece
- Department of Biodiversity and Environmental Management, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain
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Human-Elephant Conflicts and Villagers' Attitudes and Knowledge in the Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17238910. [PMID: 33266140 PMCID: PMC7730466 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17238910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the accidents associated with the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus Linnaeus) and issues pertaining to compensation in Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve from 2011 to 2018. We conducted interviews and a questionnaire survey with 217 villagers. The results show that: (1) the main Asian elephants damage is crop loss (more than 95% of the total damage), and the villagers suffer economic losses; (2) through the influence of traditional culture and natural education, the majority of local villagers still have a favorable impression of Asian elephants; (3) female respondents, those engaged in agricultural production, those who had experienced crop loss and those who had never seen Asian elephants had more negative attitudes toward Asian elephants; (4) most villagers believe that the Asian elephant population has increased in the past decade; and (5) the villagers are quite passive in the human–elephant conflict, and most of them do not take action. Finally, based on the research results, this paper discusses the causes of human elephant conflict and proposes targeted mitigation measures.
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Conflicts of human with the Tibetan brown bear (Ursus arctos pruinosus) in the Sanjiangyuan region, China. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Gabriel Hernando M, Karamanlidis AA, Grivas K, Krambokoukis L, Papakostas G, Beecham J. Reduced movement of wildlife in Mediterranean landscapes: a case study of brown bears in Greece. J Zool (1987) 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Gabriel Hernando
- Civil Society for the Protection and Management of Wildlife and the Natural Environment ARCTUROS Florina Greece
- Department of Biodiversity and Environmental Management Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences Universidad de León León Spain
| | - A. A. Karamanlidis
- Civil Society for the Protection and Management of Wildlife and the Natural Environment ARCTUROS Florina Greece
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås Norway
| | - K. Grivas
- Civil Society for the Protection and Management of Wildlife and the Natural Environment ARCTUROS Florina Greece
| | - L. Krambokoukis
- Civil Society for the Protection and Management of Wildlife and the Natural Environment ARCTUROS Florina Greece
| | - G. Papakostas
- Civil Society for the Protection and Management of Wildlife and the Natural Environment ARCTUROS Florina Greece
| | - J. Beecham
- Civil Society for the Protection and Management of Wildlife and the Natural Environment ARCTUROS Florina Greece
- Boise ID USA
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Dai Y, Hacker CE, Zhang Y, Li W, Li J, Zhang Y, Bona G, Liu H, Li Y, Xue Y, Li D. Identifying the risk regions of house break-ins caused by Tibetan brown bears ( Ursus arctos pruinosus) in the Sanjiangyuan region, China. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:13979-13990. [PMID: 31938496 PMCID: PMC6953560 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage to homesteads by brown bears (Ursus arctos) has become commonplace in Asia, Europe, and the Americas. Science-based solutions for preventing damages can contribute to the establishment of mechanisms that promote human-bear coexistence. We examined the spatial distribution patterns of house break-ins by Tibetan brown bears (U. a. pruinosus) in Zhiduo County of the Sanjiangyuan region in China. Occurrence points of bear damage were collected from field surveys completed from 2017 to 2019. The maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model was then used to assess house break-in risk. Circuit theory modeling was used to simulate risk diffusion paths based on the risk map generated from our MaxEnt model. The results showed that (a) the total risk area of house break-ins caused by brown bears was 11,577.91 km2, accounting for 29.85% of Zhiduo County, with most of the risk areas were distributed in Sanjiangyuan National Park, accounting for 58.31% of the total risk area; (b) regions of alpine meadow located in Sanjiangyuan National Park with a high human population density were associated with higher risk; (c) risk diffusion paths extended southeast to northwest, connecting the inside of Sanjiangyuan National Park to its outside border; and (d) eastern Suojia, southern Zhahe, eastern Duocai, and southern Jiajiboluo had more risk diffusion paths than other areas examined, indicating higher risk for brown bear break-ins in these areas. Risk diffusion paths will need strong conservation management to facilitate migration and gene flow of brown bears and to alleviate bear damage, and implementation of compensation schemes may be necessary in risk areas to offset financial burdens. Our analytical methods can be applied to conflict reduction efforts and wildlife conservation planning across the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchuan Dai
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and ProtectionChinese Academy of ForestryBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity ConservationState Forestry and Grassland AdministrationBeijingChina
| | | | - Yuguang Zhang
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and ProtectionChinese Academy of ForestryBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity ConservationState Forestry and Grassland AdministrationBeijingChina
| | - Wenwen Li
- Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological EngineeringMinistry of EducationCollege of Life SciencesBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jia Li
- Institute of Desertification StudiesChinese Academy of ForestryBeijingChina
| | - Yu Zhang
- Qilian Mountain National Park Qinghai AdministrationXiningChina
| | | | - Haodong Liu
- Research Institute of Forest Resource Information TechniquesChinese Academy of ForestryBeijingChina
| | - Ye Li
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and ProtectionChinese Academy of ForestryBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity ConservationState Forestry and Grassland AdministrationBeijingChina
| | - Yadong Xue
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and ProtectionChinese Academy of ForestryBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity ConservationState Forestry and Grassland AdministrationBeijingChina
| | - Diqiang Li
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and ProtectionChinese Academy of ForestryBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity ConservationState Forestry and Grassland AdministrationBeijingChina
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Reyna‐Sáenz F, Zarco‐González MM, Monroy‐Vilchis O, Antonio‐Némiga X. Regionalization of environmental and anthropic variables associated to livestock predation by large carnivores in Mexico. Anim Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Reyna‐Sáenz
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas Aplicadas Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Carretera Toluca‐Ixtlahuaca Km. 14.5, Unidad San Cayetano de Morelos Toluca Estado de México México
| | - M. M. Zarco‐González
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas Aplicadas Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Carretera Toluca‐Ixtlahuaca Km. 14.5, Unidad San Cayetano de Morelos Toluca Estado de México México
| | - O. Monroy‐Vilchis
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas Aplicadas Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Carretera Toluca‐Ixtlahuaca Km. 14.5, Unidad San Cayetano de Morelos Toluca Estado de México México
| | - X. Antonio‐Némiga
- Facultad de Geografía Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México Toluca México
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Bonnet‐Lebrun A, Karamanlidis AA, de Gabriel Hernando M, Renner I, Gimenez O. Identifying priority conservation areas for a recovering brown bear population in Greece using citizen science data. Anim Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - A. A. Karamanlidis
- ARCTUROS Civil Society for the Protection and Management of Wildlife and the Natural Environment Florina Greece
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås Norway
| | - M. de Gabriel Hernando
- ARCTUROS Civil Society for the Protection and Management of Wildlife and the Natural Environment Florina Greece
- Department of Biodiversity and Environmental Management Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences Universidad de León León Spain
| | - I. Renner
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences The University of Newcastle Callaghan NSW Australia
| | - O. Gimenez
- CEFE, CNRS Université of Montpellier Montpellier France
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Using questionnaire surveys and occupancy modelling to identify conservation priorities for the Critically Endangered Balkan lynx Lynx lynx balcanicus. ORYX 2018. [DOI: 10.1017/s0030605318000492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractWith an estimated < 50 adult individuals remaining, the Critically Endangered Balkan lynx Lynx lynx balcanicus is one of the rarest, most threatened and least-studied large carnivores. To identify priority conservation areas and actions for the subspecies, during 2006–2014 we conducted 1,374 questionnaire surveys throughout the potential range of the Balkan lynx to (1) evaluate human–lynx interactions and identify potential threats, and (2) determine the probability of site use in 207 grid cells through occupancy modelling. Human–lynx interactions were related mainly to poaching of lynx, and damage to livestock by lynx. Poaching was intense throughout the potential range of the subspecies, apparently having affected 50–100% of the total estimated extant population. Damage to livestock was recorded only in relation to sheep, mainly in the southern part of the lynx's potential range. Occupancy modelling indicated 108 grid cells with high probability of site use, which was affected mainly by increased terrain ruggedness and reduced forest cover. Based on the combined results of our study we identified five priority areas for conservation, as well as in situ habitat protection, community participation in the conservation of the subspecies, and the improvement and implementation of the existing legal framework as the priority conservation actions for the Balkan lynx.
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Abstract
AbstractHuman–bear conflicts resulting from livestock depredation and crop use are a common threat to the brown bear Ursus arctos throughout its range. Understanding these conflicts requires the recording and categorization of incidents, assessment of their geographical distribution and frequency, and documentation of the financial costs and the presence of any preventative measures. Damage compensation schemes can help mitigate conflicts and, in some cases, improve acceptance of bears. This study aims to elucidate the major factors determining the patterns of damage caused by bears, examine the effectiveness of preventative measures in reducing such damage, and identify bear damage hotspots in Croatia. Our analysis is based on damage reports provided by hunting organizations to the Croatian Ministry of Agriculture during 2004–2014. The highest number of claims were made for damage to field crops and orchards. Damage to livestock, agricultural crops and beehives resulted in the highest total cost to farmers. Damage to beehives and to automatic corn feeders for game species incurred the highest cost per damage event. We identified a hotspot for bear damage claims in Croatia, located near Risnjak National Park and the border with Slovenia. Damage appears higher in areas that have more villages closer to protected areas and a greater per cent of forest cover, indicating a synergistic effect of protected environments that facilitate bear movements and the presence of human activities that provide easily accessible food for bears.
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17
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Ntemiri K, Saravia V, Angelidis C, Baxevani K, Probonas M, Kret E, Mertzanis Y, Iliopoulos Y, Georgiadis L, Skartsi D, Vavylis D, Manolopoulos A, Michalopoulou P, Xirouchakis SM. Animal mortality and illegal poison bait use in Greece. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:488. [PMID: 30046915 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6838-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes the use of poison baits against so-called pest species in Greece and explores various aspects of this illegal practice. Data were collected from 2000 to 2016, and a total of 1015 poisoning incidents in rural areas causing the death of 3248 animals were examined. In 58.7% of investigated cases, the motives remained unknown; in the remaining cases, human-wildlife conflicts and retaliatory actions among stakeholders (e.g., hunters vs. livestock breeders) were found to be the main reasons for poison bait use. The target animals for these actions were mainly mammalian carnivores, and stray canids, all of which were blamed for livestock and game losses. Avian scavengers were the wildlife species most affected by secondary poisoning (30% of the wildlife fatalities), whereas shepherd dogs accounted for 66.4% of domestic animal losses. Toxicological analyses showed that a wide range of chemical substances were used, mostly legal or banned pesticides (e.g., carbamates, organophosphates, and organochlorines) and potassium cyanide. Furthermore, the widespread trafficking of black marketed insecticides was also recorded, with methomyl (in powder form) and carbofuran being most common. The majority of poisoning events (72%) took place outside protected areas, while in approximately 73.4% of them, no official reporting to the competent authorities was made. Overall, the study highlights the significant impact of illegal poison bait use on wildlife in Greece and addresses its extreme socioeconomic complexity. The need for an integrated national anti-poison strategy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ntemiri
- Hellenic Ornithological Society/BirdLife Greece, 80 Themistokleous Str, 10681, Athens, Greece
| | - V Saravia
- Hellenic Ornithological Society/BirdLife Greece, 80 Themistokleous Str, 10681, Athens, Greece
| | - C Angelidis
- Hellenic Ornithological Society/BirdLife Greece, 80 Themistokleous Str, 10681, Athens, Greece
| | - K Baxevani
- University of Crete, Natural History Museum of Crete, 71409, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - M Probonas
- University of Crete, Natural History Museum of Crete, 71409, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - E Kret
- WWF Greece, 21 Lempes, 11743, Athens, Greece
| | - Y Mertzanis
- CALLISTO, Wildlife and Nature Conservation Society, Mitropoleos 123, 54621, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Y Iliopoulos
- CALLISTO, Wildlife and Nature Conservation Society, Mitropoleos 123, 54621, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - L Georgiadis
- Hellenic Anti-poison Task Force/BirdLife Greece, 80 Themistokleous Str, 10681, Athens, Greece
| | - D Skartsi
- WWF Greece, 21 Lempes, 11743, Athens, Greece
| | - D Vavylis
- Hellenic Ornithological Society/BirdLife Greece, 80 Themistokleous Str, 10681, Athens, Greece
| | - A Manolopoulos
- Hellenic Ornithological Society/BirdLife Greece, 80 Themistokleous Str, 10681, Athens, Greece
| | - P Michalopoulou
- Athens Center of Veterinary Institutes, Ministry of Rural Development & Food, Neapoleos 25, 15341, Athens, Greece
| | - S M Xirouchakis
- University of Crete, Natural History Museum of Crete, 71409, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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Karamanlidis AA, Skrbinšek T, de Gabriel Hernando M, Krambokoukis L, Munoz-Fuentes V, Bailey Z, Nowak C, Stronen AV. History-driven population structure and asymmetric gene flow in a recovering large carnivore at the rear-edge of its European range. Heredity (Edinb) 2018; 120:168-182. [PMID: 29225354 PMCID: PMC5837125 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-017-0031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms and patterns involved in population recoveries is challenging and important in shaping conservation strategies. We used a recovering rear-edge population of brown bears at their southernmost European range in Greece as a case study (2007-2010) to explore the recovery genetics at a species' distribution edge. We used 17 microsatellite and a mitochondrial markers to evaluate genetic structure, estimate effective population size and genetic diversity, and infer gene flow between the identified subpopulations. To understand the larger picture, we also compared the observed genetic diversity of each subpopulation with other brown bear populations in the region. The results indicate that the levels of genetic diversity for bears in western Greece are the lowest recorded in southeastern Europe, but still higher than those of other genetically depauperate bear populations. Apart from a complete separation of bear populations in eastern and western Greece, our results also indicate a considerable genetic sub-structuring in the West. As bear populations in Greece are now recovering, this structure is dissolving through a "recovery cascade" of asymmetric gene flow from South to North between neighboring subpopulations, mediated mainly by males. Our study outlines the importance of small, persisting populations, which can act as "stepping stones" that enable a rapid population expansion and recovery. This in turn makes their importance much greater than their numeric or genetic contribution to a species as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Karamanlidis
- ARCTUROS-Civil Society for the Protection and Management of Wildlife and the Natural Environment, Aetos, 53075, Florina, Greece.
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1432, Ås, Norway.
| | - T Skrbinšek
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - L Krambokoukis
- ARCTUROS-Civil Society for the Protection and Management of Wildlife and the Natural Environment, Aetos, 53075, Florina, Greece
| | - V Munoz-Fuentes
- Conservation Genetics Section, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Clamecystrasse 12, 63571, Gelnhausen, Germany
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Z Bailey
- Conservation Genetics Section, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Clamecystrasse 12, 63571, Gelnhausen, Germany
| | - C Nowak
- Conservation Genetics Section, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Clamecystrasse 12, 63571, Gelnhausen, Germany
| | - A V Stronen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark
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Papadopoulos E, Komnenou A, Poutachides T, Heikkinen P, Oksanen A, Karamanlidis AA. Detection of Dirofilaria immitis in a brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Greece. Helminthologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/helm-2017-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary
Dirofilaria immitis (canine heartworm) is a filarial nematode found in the pulmonary circulation and the heart of susceptible hosts. It represents an important zoonotic vector-borne disease of domestic dogs and several wildlife species. Herein we report for the first time, the finding of Dirofilaria immitis worms in a brown bear killed in a vehicle collision in Northern Greece. The worms were morphologically identified; molecular examination, based on the analysis of the mitochondrial genes 12S (433 bp) and CO1 (610 bp), verified the identification by demonstrating 100% similarity to D. immitis specimens deposited in GenBank. Brown bears in Greece occupy habitats that are shared with the potential wild and domestic hosts and the vectors of D. immitis and thus may be particularly susceptible to this parasite. This report contributes to the knowledge of dirofilariosis spread in Europe and on the epidemiological threats that may affect the survival of the endangered brown bear in Greece.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Papadopoulos
- School of Veterinary Medicine , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , 541 24 Thessaloniki Greece
| | - A. Komnenou
- School of Veterinary Medicine , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , 541 24 Thessaloniki Greece
| | - T. Poutachides
- School of Veterinary Medicine , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , 541 24 Thessaloniki Greece
| | - P. Heikkinen
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira , Oulu , Finland
| | - A. Oksanen
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira , Oulu , Finland
| | - A. A. Karamanlidis
- ARCTUROS , Civil Society for the Protection and Management of Wildlife and the Natural Environment , Aetos, GR-53075 Florina , Greece
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management , Norwegian University of Life Sciences , NO-1432 Ås, Norway
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20
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Bautista C, Naves J, Revilla E, Fernández N, Albrecht J, Scharf AK, Rigg R, Karamanlidis AA, Jerina K, Huber D, Palazón S, Kont R, Ciucci P, Groff C, Dutsov A, Seijas J, Quenette PI, Olszańska A, Shkvyria M, Adamec M, Ozolins J, Jonozovič M, Selva N. Patterns and correlates of claims for brown bear damage on a continental scale. J Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Bautista
- Institute of Nature Conservation; Polish Academy of Sciences; Mickiewicza 33 Krakow 31120 Poland
| | - Javier Naves
- Estación Biológica de Doñana - CSIC; Av. Américo Vespucio s/n 41092 Sevilla Spain
| | - Eloy Revilla
- Estación Biológica de Doñana - CSIC; Av. Américo Vespucio s/n 41092 Sevilla Spain
| | - Néstor Fernández
- Estación Biológica de Doñana - CSIC; Av. Américo Vespucio s/n 41092 Sevilla Spain
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; Deutcher Pl. 5E 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Jörg Albrecht
- Institute of Nature Conservation; Polish Academy of Sciences; Mickiewicza 33 Krakow 31120 Poland
| | - Anne K. Scharf
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology; Am Obstberg 1 78315 Radolfzell Germany
| | - Robin Rigg
- Slovak Wildlife Society; Post Office Box 72 03301 Liptovský Hrádok Slovakia
| | - Alexandros A. Karamanlidis
- ARCTUROS - Civil Society for the Protection and Management of Wildlife and the Natural Environment; 53075 Aetos, Florina Greece
| | - Klemen Jerina
- Biotechnical Faculty; University of Ljubljana; Jamnikarjeva 101 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Djuro Huber
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Zagreb; Heinzelova 55 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Santiago Palazón
- Biodiversity and Animal Protection Service; Generalitat de Catalunya; Dr. Roux, 80 08017 Barcelona Spain
| | - Raido Kont
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences; Vanemuise 46 51014 Tartu Estonia
| | - Paolo Ciucci
- University of Rome “La Sapienza”; Viale dell'Università 32 00185 Roma Italy
| | - Claudio Groff
- Provincia Autonoma di Trento - Servizio Foreste e Fauna; Via Trener no. 3 38100 Trento Italy
| | - Aleksandar Dutsov
- Balkani Wildlife Society; Boulevard Dragan Tzankov 8 1164 Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Juan Seijas
- Servicio Territorial de Medio Ambiente de León; Junta de Castilla y León; Av. Peregrinos s/n 24008 León Spain
| | - Pierre-Ives Quenette
- ONCFS-CNERA PAD, Equipe Ours, Impasse de la Chapelle; 31800 Villeneuve de Rivière France
| | - Agnieszka Olszańska
- Institute of Nature Conservation; Polish Academy of Sciences; Mickiewicza 33 Krakow 31120 Poland
| | - Maryna Shkvyria
- Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine; 15 Bogdan Khmelnitsky 01601 Kyev-30 Ukraine
| | - Michal Adamec
- State Nature Conservancy of Slovak Republic; Tajovskeho 28B 97401 Banská Bystrica Slovakia
| | - Janis Ozolins
- Latvian State Forest Research Institute “Silava”; Rīgas str 111 Salaspils 2169 Latvia
| | - Marko Jonozovič
- Slovenia Forest Service; Večna pot 2 SI-1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Nuria Selva
- Institute of Nature Conservation; Polish Academy of Sciences; Mickiewicza 33 Krakow 31120 Poland
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21
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Ćirović D, de Gabriel Hernando M, Paunović M, Karamanlidis AA. Home range, movements, and activity patterns of a brown bear in Serbia. URSUS 2015. [DOI: 10.2192/ursus-d-15-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Karamanlidis AA, Hernando MDG, Krambokoukis L, Gimenez O. Evidence of a large carnivore population recovery: Counting bears in Greece. J Nat Conserv 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Beecham JJ, De Gabriel Hernando M, Karamanlidis AA, Beausoleil RA, Burguess K, Jeong DH, Binks M, Bereczky L, Ashraf NVK, Skripova K, Rhodin L, Auger J, Lee BK. Management implications for releasing orphaned, captive-reared bears back to the wild. J Wildl Manage 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John J. Beecham
- Idaho Department of Fish and Game; 600 S. Walnut Street, Boise, ID 83707, USA and 7252 N. Pierce Park Lane; Boise, ID 83703 USA
| | | | - Alexandros A. Karamanlidis
- ARCTUROS, Civil Society for the Protection and Management of Wildlife and the Natural Environment, Florina 53075; Greece and Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Ås 1432 Norway
| | - Richard A. Beausoleil
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife; 3515 State Highway 97A; Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA
| | - Kelcey Burguess
- New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife; 141 Van Syckels Road; Hampton, NJ 08827 USA
| | - Dong-Hyuk Jeong
- Species Restoration Technology Institute of Korea National Park Service; 53-1, Hwangjeon-ri, Masan-myeon, Gurye; Jeonnam Province South Korea
| | - Mathew Binks
- Laurentian University; Sudbury; Ontario; Canada and 104 David Street, Sudbury, ON P3E 1T1 Canada
| | - Leonardo Bereczky
- Association for Conserving Natural Values; 1st December Street Number 22; Balan 535200 Romania
| | - N. V. K. Ashraf
- Wildlife Trust of India; F13, Sector 8, Noida; Uttar Pradesh 201301 India
| | - Kira Skripova
- Vladivostok Branch of Russian Customs Academy 16v; Strelkovaya Street; Vladivostok 690034 Russia
| | - Lisa Rhodin
- Montana Wildlife Center at Montana Wild; Post Office Box 200701; Helena, Montana 59601 USA
| | - Janene Auger
- 1110 Monte L. Bean Museum; Brigham Young University; Provo, UT 84602 USA
| | - Bae-Keun Lee
- Species Restoration Technology Institute of Korea National Park Service; 53-1, Hwangjeon-ri, Masan-myeon, Gurye, Jeonnam Province South Korea
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Can ÖE, D'Cruze N, Garshelis DL, Beecham J, Macdonald DW. Resolving Human-Bear Conflict: A Global Survey of Countries, Experts, and Key Factors. Conserv Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Özgün Emre Can
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit; Department of Zoology; University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan Centre; Tubney House Oxford OX13 5QL UK
| | - Neil D'Cruze
- The World Society for the Protection of Animals; 5th Floor, 222 Grays Inn Road London WC1X 8HB UK
| | - David L. Garshelis
- Minnesota Department of Natural Resources; 1201 E. Hwy. 2, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA
| | | | - David W. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit; Department of Zoology; University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan Centre; Tubney House Oxford OX13 5QL UK
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25
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Roellig M, Dorresteijn I, von Wehrden H, Hartel T, Fischer J. Brown bear activity in traditional wood-pastures in Southern Transylvania, Romania. URSUS 2014. [DOI: 10.2192/ursus-d-13-00007.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Karamanlidis AA, Pllaha S, Krambokoukis L, Shore K, Zedrosser A. Preliminary brown bear survey in southeastern Albania. URSUS 2014. [DOI: 10.2192/ursus-d-13-00009.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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