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Pardo Cuervo OH, Rosas CA, Romanelli GP. Valorization of residual lignocellulosic biomass in South America: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:44575-44607. [PMID: 38954334 PMCID: PMC11255045 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33968-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Residual lignocellulosic biomass (RLB) is a valuable resource that can help address environmental issues by serving as an alternative to fossil fuels and as a raw material for producing various value-added molecules. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the use of lignocellulosic waste in South America, a review was conducted over the last 4 years. The review focused on energy generation, biofuel production, obtaining platform molecules (such as ethanol, hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural, and levulinic acid), and other materials of interest. The review found that Brazil, Colombia, and Ecuador had the most RLB sources, with sugarcane, oil palm, and rice crop residues being the most prominent. In South America, RLB is used to produce biogas, syngas, hydrogen, bio-oil, biodiesel, torrefied biomass, pellets, and biomass briquettes. The most studied and produced value-added molecule was ethanol, followed by furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural, and levulinic acid. Other applications of interest that have been developed with RLB include obtaining activated carbon and nanomaterials. Significant progress has been made in South America in utilizing RLB, and some countries have been more proactive in regulating its use. However, there is still much to learn about the potential of RLB in each country. This review provides an updated perspective on the typification and valorization of residual biomass in South America and discusses the level of research and technology being applied in the region. This information can be helpful for future research on RLB in South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar H Pardo Cuervo
- Escuela de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia UPTC, Avenida Central del Norte, Tunja, Boyacá, Colombia.
| | - Camila A Rosas
- Escuela de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia UPTC, Avenida Central del Norte, Tunja, Boyacá, Colombia
| | - Gustavo P Romanelli
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias Aplicadas "Dr. Jorge J. Ronco" (CINDECA-CCT La Plata-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 47 No 257, B1900AJK, La Plata, Argentina
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Zambrano-Mite LF, Villasana Y, Bejarano ML, Luciani C, Niebieskikwiat D, Álvarez W, Cueva DF, Aguilera-Pesantes D, Orejuela-Escobar LM. Optimization of microfibrillated cellulose isolation from cocoa pod husk via mild oxalic acid hydrolysis: A response surface methodology approach. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17258. [PMID: 37389052 PMCID: PMC10300216 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Theobroma cacao L. species, cultivated worldwide for its valuable beans, generates up to 72% weight of the fruit as waste. The lack of reutilization technologies in the cocoa agroindustry has hindered the exploitation of valuable bio-components applicable to the generation of high value added bioproducts. One such bioproduct is microfibrillated cellulose (MFC), a biopolymer that stands out for its desirable mechanical properties and biocompatibility in biomedical, packing, 3D printing, and construction applications. In this study, we isolated microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) from cocoa pod husk (CPH) via oxalic acid hydrolysis combined with a steam explosion. MFC isolation started with the Solid/Liquid extraction via Soxhlet, followed by mild citric acid hydrolysis, diluted alkaline hydrolysis, and bleaching pre-treatments. A Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the hydrolysis reaction at levels between 110 and 125 °C, 30-90 min at 5-10% (w/v) oxalic acid concentration. The cellulose-rich fraction was characterized by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses. Characterization analyses revealed a cellulose-rich polymer with fibers ranging from 6 to 10 μm, a maximum thermal degradation temperature of 350 °C, and a crystallinity index of 63.4% (peak height method) and 29.0% (amorphous subtraction method). The optimized hydrolysis conditions were 125 °C, 30 min, at 5% w/v oxalic acid: with a 75.7% yield. These results compare with MFC obtained through highly concentrated inorganic acid hydrolysis from different biomass sources. Thus, we show a reliable and greener alternative chemical treatment for the obtention of MFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Fernando Zambrano-Mite
- Biomass Laboratory, Biomass to Resources Group, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Tena 096975, Ecuador
| | - Yanet Villasana
- Biomass Laboratory, Biomass to Resources Group, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Tena 096975, Ecuador
| | - M. Lorena Bejarano
- Institute of Energy and Materials, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito 170901, Ecuador
| | - Christian Luciani
- Departamento de Física, Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito 170901, Ecuador
| | - Dario Niebieskikwiat
- Departamento de Física, Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito 170901, Ecuador
| | - Willin Álvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Vida. Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Tena 096975, Ecuador
| | - Dario F. Cueva
- Applied Circular Engineering & Simulation Group (GICAS), Chemical Engineering Department, Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito 170901, Ecuador
| | | | - Lourdes M. Orejuela-Escobar
- Institute of Energy and Materials, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito 170901, Ecuador
- Applied Circular Engineering & Simulation Group (GICAS), Chemical Engineering Department, Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito 170901, Ecuador
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Ambientales (Biósfera), Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito 170901, Ecuador
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (IBioMed), Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito 170901, Ecuador
- Geocircular Consulting Group LLC, Temple Terrace, FL 33617, USA
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