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Joo I, Kim SY, Kang TW, Kim YK, Park BJ, Lee YJ, Choi JI, Lee CH, Park HS, Lee K, Kim H, Yu E, Kang HJ, Ha SY, Kim JY, Ahn S, Jung ES, Kim BH, Han HS, Lee JM. Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation of Hepatobiliary Phase Hypointense Nodules without Arterial Phase Hyperenhancement at Gadoxetic Acid-enhanced MRI: A Multicenter Study. Radiology 2020; 296:335-345. [PMID: 32484414 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2020192275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Hepatobiliary phase (HBP) hypointense nodules without arterial phase hyperenhancement (APHE) at gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI may indicate hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or nonmalignant cirrhosis-associated nodules. Purpose To assess the distribution of pathologic diagnoses of HBP hypointense nodules without APHE at gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI and to evaluate clinical and imaging features in differentiating their histologic grades. Materials and Methods This retrospective multicenter study included pathologic analysis-confirmed HBP hypointense nodules without APHE (≤30 mm) in patients with chronic liver disease or cirrhosis screened between January 2008 and June 2016. Central pathologic review by 10 pathologists determined final histologic grades as progressed HCC, early HCC, high-grade dysplastic nodule (DN), and low-grade DN or regenerative nodule. Gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI features were analyzed by three radiologists. Multivariable logistic regression analyses with elastic net regularization were performed to identify clinical and imaging features for differentiating histologic grades. Results There were 298 patients (mean age, 59 years ± 10; 226 men) with 334 nodules evaluated, and progressed HCCs were diagnosed in 44.0% (147 of 334), early HCCs in 20.4% (68 of 334), high-grade DNs in 27.5% (92 of 334), and low-grade DNs or regenerative nodules in 8.1% (27 of 334). Serum α-fetoprotein level 100 ng/mL or greater (odds ratio, 2.7; P = .01) and MRI features including well-defined margin (odds ratio, 5.5; P = .003), hypointensity at precontrast T1-weighted imaging (odds ratio, 3.2; P < .001), intermediate hyperintensity at T2-weighted imaging (odds ratio, 3.4; P < .001), and restricted diffusion (odds ratio, 1.9; P = .04) were independent predictors for progressed HCC at multivariable analysis. Conclusion In patients at high risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), hepatobiliary phase hypointense nodules without arterial phase hyperenhancement at gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI corresponded mainly to progressed HCCs, early HCCs, and high-grade dysplastic nodules. High α-fetoprotein level and some imaging features at MRI helped to differentiate progressed HCC from lower grade nodules. © RSNA, 2020 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Motosugi in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ijin Joo
- From the Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.M.L.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (T.W.K., Y.K.K.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (Y.J.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.I.C.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (C.H.L.); Department of Radiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (H.S.P.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.L., H.K.); Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (E.Y., H.J.K.); Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.H.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.K.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (S.A.); Department of Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (E.S.J.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.H.K.); and Department of Pathology, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (H.S.H.)
| | - So Yeon Kim
- From the Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.M.L.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (T.W.K., Y.K.K.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (Y.J.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.I.C.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (C.H.L.); Department of Radiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (H.S.P.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.L., H.K.); Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (E.Y., H.J.K.); Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.H.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.K.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (S.A.); Department of Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (E.S.J.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.H.K.); and Department of Pathology, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (H.S.H.)
| | - Tae Wook Kang
- From the Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.M.L.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (T.W.K., Y.K.K.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (Y.J.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.I.C.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (C.H.L.); Department of Radiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (H.S.P.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.L., H.K.); Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (E.Y., H.J.K.); Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.H.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.K.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (S.A.); Department of Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (E.S.J.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.H.K.); and Department of Pathology, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (H.S.H.)
| | - Young Kon Kim
- From the Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.M.L.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (T.W.K., Y.K.K.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (Y.J.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.I.C.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (C.H.L.); Department of Radiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (H.S.P.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.L., H.K.); Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (E.Y., H.J.K.); Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.H.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.K.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (S.A.); Department of Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (E.S.J.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.H.K.); and Department of Pathology, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (H.S.H.)
| | - Beom Jin Park
- From the Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.M.L.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (T.W.K., Y.K.K.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (Y.J.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.I.C.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (C.H.L.); Department of Radiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (H.S.P.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.L., H.K.); Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (E.Y., H.J.K.); Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.H.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.K.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (S.A.); Department of Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (E.S.J.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.H.K.); and Department of Pathology, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (H.S.H.)
| | - Yoon Jin Lee
- From the Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.M.L.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (T.W.K., Y.K.K.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (Y.J.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.I.C.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (C.H.L.); Department of Radiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (H.S.P.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.L., H.K.); Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (E.Y., H.J.K.); Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.H.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.K.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (S.A.); Department of Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (E.S.J.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.H.K.); and Department of Pathology, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (H.S.H.)
| | - Joon-Il Choi
- From the Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.M.L.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (T.W.K., Y.K.K.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (Y.J.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.I.C.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (C.H.L.); Department of Radiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (H.S.P.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.L., H.K.); Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (E.Y., H.J.K.); Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.H.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.K.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (S.A.); Department of Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (E.S.J.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.H.K.); and Department of Pathology, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (H.S.H.)
| | - Chang-Hee Lee
- From the Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.M.L.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (T.W.K., Y.K.K.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (Y.J.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.I.C.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (C.H.L.); Department of Radiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (H.S.P.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.L., H.K.); Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (E.Y., H.J.K.); Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.H.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.K.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (S.A.); Department of Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (E.S.J.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.H.K.); and Department of Pathology, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (H.S.H.)
| | - Hee Sun Park
- From the Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.M.L.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (T.W.K., Y.K.K.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (Y.J.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.I.C.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (C.H.L.); Department of Radiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (H.S.P.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.L., H.K.); Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (E.Y., H.J.K.); Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.H.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.K.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (S.A.); Department of Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (E.S.J.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.H.K.); and Department of Pathology, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (H.S.H.)
| | - Kyoungbun Lee
- From the Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.M.L.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (T.W.K., Y.K.K.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (Y.J.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.I.C.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (C.H.L.); Department of Radiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (H.S.P.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.L., H.K.); Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (E.Y., H.J.K.); Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.H.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.K.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (S.A.); Department of Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (E.S.J.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.H.K.); and Department of Pathology, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (H.S.H.)
| | - Haeryoung Kim
- From the Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.M.L.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (T.W.K., Y.K.K.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (Y.J.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.I.C.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (C.H.L.); Department of Radiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (H.S.P.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.L., H.K.); Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (E.Y., H.J.K.); Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.H.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.K.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (S.A.); Department of Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (E.S.J.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.H.K.); and Department of Pathology, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (H.S.H.)
| | - Eunsil Yu
- From the Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.M.L.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (T.W.K., Y.K.K.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (Y.J.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.I.C.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (C.H.L.); Department of Radiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (H.S.P.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.L., H.K.); Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (E.Y., H.J.K.); Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.H.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.K.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (S.A.); Department of Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (E.S.J.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.H.K.); and Department of Pathology, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (H.S.H.)
| | - Hyo Jeong Kang
- From the Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.M.L.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (T.W.K., Y.K.K.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (Y.J.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.I.C.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (C.H.L.); Department of Radiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (H.S.P.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.L., H.K.); Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (E.Y., H.J.K.); Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.H.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.K.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (S.A.); Department of Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (E.S.J.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.H.K.); and Department of Pathology, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (H.S.H.)
| | - Sang Yun Ha
- From the Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.M.L.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (T.W.K., Y.K.K.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (Y.J.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.I.C.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (C.H.L.); Department of Radiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (H.S.P.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.L., H.K.); Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (E.Y., H.J.K.); Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.H.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.K.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (S.A.); Department of Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (E.S.J.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.H.K.); and Department of Pathology, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (H.S.H.)
| | - Joo Young Kim
- From the Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.M.L.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (T.W.K., Y.K.K.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (Y.J.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.I.C.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (C.H.L.); Department of Radiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (H.S.P.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.L., H.K.); Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (E.Y., H.J.K.); Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.H.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.K.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (S.A.); Department of Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (E.S.J.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.H.K.); and Department of Pathology, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (H.S.H.)
| | - Soomin Ahn
- From the Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.M.L.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (T.W.K., Y.K.K.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (Y.J.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.I.C.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (C.H.L.); Department of Radiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (H.S.P.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.L., H.K.); Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (E.Y., H.J.K.); Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.H.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.K.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (S.A.); Department of Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (E.S.J.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.H.K.); and Department of Pathology, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (H.S.H.)
| | - Eun Sun Jung
- From the Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.M.L.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (T.W.K., Y.K.K.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (Y.J.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.I.C.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (C.H.L.); Department of Radiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (H.S.P.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.L., H.K.); Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (E.Y., H.J.K.); Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.H.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.K.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (S.A.); Department of Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (E.S.J.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.H.K.); and Department of Pathology, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (H.S.H.)
| | - Baek-Hui Kim
- From the Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.M.L.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (T.W.K., Y.K.K.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (Y.J.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.I.C.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (C.H.L.); Department of Radiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (H.S.P.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.L., H.K.); Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (E.Y., H.J.K.); Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.H.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.K.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (S.A.); Department of Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (E.S.J.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.H.K.); and Department of Pathology, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (H.S.H.)
| | - Hye Seung Han
- From the Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.M.L.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (T.W.K., Y.K.K.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (Y.J.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.I.C.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (C.H.L.); Department of Radiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (H.S.P.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.L., H.K.); Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (E.Y., H.J.K.); Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.H.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.K.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (S.A.); Department of Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (E.S.J.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.H.K.); and Department of Pathology, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (H.S.H.)
| | - Jeong Min Lee
- From the Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.M.L.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (T.W.K., Y.K.K.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (Y.J.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.I.C.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (C.H.L.); Department of Radiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (H.S.P.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.L., H.K.); Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (E.Y., H.J.K.); Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.H.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.K.); Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (S.A.); Department of Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea (E.S.J.); Department of Pathology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea (B.H.K.); and Department of Pathology, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (H.S.H.)
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