Implementation of an Anticoagulation Practice Guideline for COVID-19 via a Clinical Decision Support System in a Large Academic Health System and Its Evaluation: Observational Study

A scoping review, novel taxonomy and catalogue of implementation frameworks for clinical decision support systems

BACKGROUND

The primary aim of this scoping review was to synthesise key domains and sub-domains described in existing clinical decision support systems (CDSS) implementation frameworks into a novel taxonomy and demonstrate most-studied and least-studied areas. Secondary objectives were to evaluate the frequency and manner of use of each framework, and catalogue frameworks by implementation stage.

METHODS

A scoping review of Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, PsychInfo and Embase was conducted on 12/01/2022, limited to English language, including 2000-2021. Each framework was categorised as addressing one or multiple stages of implementation: design and development, evaluation, acceptance and integration, and adoption and maintenance. Key parts of each framework were grouped into domains and sub-domains.

RESULTS

Of 3550 titles identified, 58 papers were included. The most-studied implementation stage was acceptance and integration, while the least-studied was design and development. The three main framework uses were: for evaluating adoption, for understanding attitudes toward implementation, and for framework validation. The most frequently used framework was the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research.

CONCLUSIONS

Many frameworks have been published to overcome barriers to CDSS implementation and offer guidance towards successful adoption. However, for co-developers, choosing relevant frameworks may be a challenge. A taxonomy of domains addressed by CDSS implementation frameworks is provided, as well as a description of their use, and a catalogue of frameworks listed by the implementation stages they address. Future work should ensure best practices for CDSS design are adequately described, and existing frameworks are well-validated. An emphasis on collaboration between clinician and non-clinician affected parties may help advance the field.

A pragmatic, stepped-wedge, hybrid type II trial of interoperable clinical decision support to improve venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for patients with traumatic brain injury

BACKGROUND

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a preventable medical condition which has substantial impact on patient morbidity, mortality, and disability. Unfortunately, adherence to the published best practices for VTE prevention, based on patient centered outcomes research (PCOR), is highly variable across U.S. hospitals, which represents a gap between current evidence and clinical practice leading to adverse patient outcomes. This gap is especially large in the case of traumatic brain injury (TBI), where reluctance to initiate VTE prevention due to concerns for potentially increasing the rates of intracranial bleeding drives poor rates of VTE prophylaxis. This is despite research which has shown early initiation of VTE prophylaxis to be safe in TBI without increased risk of delayed neurosurgical intervention or death. Clinical decision support (CDS) is an indispensable solution to close this practice gap; however, design and implementation barriers hinder CDS adoption and successful scaling across health systems. Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) informed by PCOR evidence can be deployed using CDS systems to improve the evidence to practice gap. In the Scaling AcceptabLE cDs (SCALED) study, we will implement a VTE prevention CPG within an interoperable CDS system and evaluate both CPG effectiveness (improved clinical outcomes) and CDS implementation.

METHODS

The SCALED trial is a hybrid type 2 randomized stepped wedge effectiveness-implementation trial to scale the CDS across 4 heterogeneous healthcare systems. Trial outcomes will be assessed using the RE2-AIM planning and evaluation framework. Efforts will be made to ensure implementation consistency. Nonetheless, it is expected that CDS adoption will vary across each site. To assess these differences, we will evaluate implementation processes across trial sites using the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, and Sustainment (EPIS) implementation framework (a determinant framework) using mixed-methods. Finally, it is critical that PCOR CPGs are maintained as evidence evolves. To date, an accepted process for evidence maintenance does not exist. We will pilot a "Living Guideline" process model for the VTE prevention CDS system.

DISCUSSION

The stepped wedge hybrid type 2 trial will provide evidence regarding the effectiveness of CDS based on the Berne-Norwood criteria for VTE prevention in patients with TBI. Additionally, it will provide evidence regarding a successful strategy to scale interoperable CDS systems across U.S. healthcare systems, advancing both the fields of implementation science and health informatics.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Clinicaltrials.gov - NCT05628207. Prospectively registered 11/28/2022, https://classic.

CLINICALTRIALS

gov/ct2/show/NCT05628207 .

Differences in quality of anticoagulation care delivery according to ethnoracial group in the United States: A scoping review

Anticoagulation therapy is standard for conditions like atrial fibrillation, venous thromboembolism, and valvular heart disease, yet it is unclear if there are ethnoracial disparities in its quality and delivery in the United States. For this scoping review, electronic databases were searched for publications between January 1, 2011 - March 30, 2022. Eligible studies included all study designs, any setting within the United States, patients prescribed anticoagulation for any indication, outcomes reported for ≥ 2 distinct ethnoracial groups. The following four research questions were explored: Do ethnoracial differences exist in 1) access to guideline-based anticoagulation therapy, 2) quality of anticoagulation therapy management, 3) clinical outcomes related to anticoagulation care, 4) humanistic/educational outcomes related to anticoagulation therapy. A total of 5374 studies were screened, 570 studies received full-text review, and 96 studies were analyzed. The largest mapped focus was patients' access to guideline-based anticoagulation therapy (88/96 articles, 91.7%). Seventy-eight articles made statistical outcomes comparisons among ethnoracial groups. Across all four research questions, 79 articles demonstrated favorable outcomes for White patients compared to non-White patients, 38 articles showed no difference between White and non-White groups, and 8 favored non-White groups (the total exceeds the 78 articles with statistical outcomes as many articles reported multiple outcomes). Disparities disadvantaging non-White patients were most pronounced in access to guideline-based anticoagulation therapy (43/66 articles analyzed) and quality of anticoagulation management (19/21 articles analyzed). Although treatment guidelines do not differentiate anticoagulant therapy by ethnoracial group, this scoping review found consistently favorable outcomes for White patients over non-White patients in the domains of access to anticoagulation therapy for guideline-based indications and quality of anticoagulation therapy management. No differences among groups were noted in clinical outcomes, and very few studies assessed humanistic or educational outcomes.

Selection and Implementation of Virtual Scribe Solutions to Reduce Documentation Burden: A Mixed Methods Pilot

Electronic health record (EHR) documentation is a leading reason for clinician burnout. While technology-enabled solutions like virtual and digital scribes aim to improve this, there is limited evidence of their effectiveness and minimal guidance for healthcare systems around solution selection and implementation. A transdisciplinary approach, informed by clinician interviews and other considerations, was used to evaluate and select a virtual scribe solution to pilot in a rapid iterative sprint over 12 weeks. Surveys, interviews, and EHR metadata were analyzed over a staggered 30 day implementation with live and asynchronous virtual scribe solutions. Among 16 pilot clinicians, documentation burden metrics decreased for some but not all. Some clinicians had highly positive comments, and others had concerns regarding scribe training and quality. Our findings demonstrate that virtual scribes may reduce documentation burden for some clinicians and describe a method for a collaborative and iterative technology selection process for digital tools in practice.

A randomized controlled trial for evaluating the impact of integrating a computerized clinical decision support system and a socially assistive humanoid robot into grand rounds during pre/post-operative care

Although clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) are increasingly emphasized as one of the possible levers for improving care, they are still not widely used due to different barriers, such as doubts about systems’ performance, their complexity and poor design, practitioners’ lack of time to use them, poor computer skills, reluctance to use them in front of patients, and deficient integration into existing workflows. While several studies on CDSS exist, there is a need for additional high-quality studies using large samples and examining the differences between outcomes following a decision based on CDSS support and those following decisions without this kind of information. Even less is known about the effectiveness of a CDSS that is delivered during a grand round routine and with the help of socially assistive humanoid robots (SAHRs). In this study, 200 patients will be randomized into a Control Group (i.e. standard care) and an Intervention Group (i.e. standard care and novel CDSS delivered via a SAHR). Health care quality and Quality of Life measures will be compared between the two groups. Additionally, approximately 22 clinicians, who are also active researchers at the University Clinical Center Maribor, will evaluate the acceptability and clinical usability of the system. The results of the proposed study will provide high-quality evidence on the effectiveness of CDSS systems and SAHR in the grand round routine.