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Gandhi UH, Benjamin A, Gajjar S, Hirani T, Desai K, Suhagia BB, Ahmad R, Sinha S, Haque M, Kumar S. Alcohol and Periodontal Disease: A Narrative Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e62270. [PMID: 39006719 PMCID: PMC11246185 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.62270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The scientific literature dealing with alcohol and alcoholic beverages revealed that these drinks possess an adverse impact on periodontal tissues. Additionally, other principal risk factors include tobacco, smoking, poor oral hygiene, etc. It has been observed that among chronic alcoholics, there are further issues, such as mental, social, and physical effects, that promote alcoholism. These people may have weak immunity for defense against pathogenic organisms and bacteria. Thus, chances of gingival bleeding, swollen gums, bad breath, and increased bone loss are there. Different alcoholic beverages in the market cause less salivation; these beverages contain sugars that promote acid production in the oral cavity by pathogens that demineralize the enamel and damage gum and teeth. This chronic alcohol consumption can progress into different types of oral disorders, including cancer, halitosis, and caries, and is also associated with tobacco and smoking. Chronic alcohol consumption can cause alteration of the oral microbiome and increase oral pathogens, which lead to periodontal disease and an environment of inflammation created in the body due to malnutrition, diminished immunity, altered liver condition, brain damage, and gut microbiota alteration. Heavily colored alcoholic beverages produce staining on teeth and, due to less saliva, may cause other toxic effects on the periodontium. Over-dependency on alcohol leads to necrotizing lesions such as necrotizing gingivitis, necrotizing periodontitis, and necrotizing stomatitis. These pathological impairments instigate severe damage to oral structures. Therefore, proper counseling by the attending dental surgeon and related health professionals is urgently required for the patient on the basis that the individual case needs to go away from the regular heavy consumption of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utsav H Gandhi
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar, IND
| | - Amit Benjamin
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar, IND
| | - Shreya Gajjar
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar, IND
| | - Tanvi Hirani
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar, IND
| | - Khushboo Desai
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar, IND
| | - Bansariben B Suhagia
- Department of Periodontology, Ahmedabad Dental College and Hospital, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Rahnuma Ahmad
- Department of Physiology, Medical College for Women and Hospital, Dhaka, BGD
| | - Susmita Sinha
- Department of Physiology, Enam Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka, BGD
| | - Mainul Haque
- Department of Research, Karnavati Scientific Research Center, School of Dentistry, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar, IND
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, MYS
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar, IND
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Niu Q, Liu J, Jin Y, Chen X, Zhu W, Yuan Q. Tobacco shred varieties classification using Multi-Scale-X-ResNet network and machine vision. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:962664. [PMID: 36061766 PMCID: PMC9433752 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.962664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The primary task in calculating the tobacco shred blending ratio is identifying the four tobacco shred types: expanded tobacco silk, cut stem, tobacco silk, and reconstituted tobacco shred. The classification precision directly affects the subsequent determination of tobacco shred components. However, the tobacco shred types, especially expanded tobacco silk and tobacco silk, have no apparent differences in macro-scale characteristics. The tobacco shreds have small size and irregular shape characteristics, creating significant challenges in their recognition and classification based on machine vision. This study provides a complete set of solutions aimed at this problem for screening tobacco shred samples, taking images, image preprocessing, establishing datasets, and identifying types. A block threshold binarization method is used for image preprocessing. Parameter setting and method performance are researched to obtain the maximum number of complete samples with acceptable execution time. ResNet50 is used as the primary classification and recognition network structure. By increasing the multi-scale structure and optimizing the number of blocks and loss function, a new tobacco shred image classification method is proposed based on the MS-X-ResNet (Multi-Scale-X-ResNet) network. Specifically, the MS-ResNet network is obtained by fusing the multi-scale Stage 3 low-dimensional and Stage 4 high-dimensional features to reduce the overfitting risk. The number of blocks in Stages 1-4 are adjusted from the original 3:4:6:3 to 3:4:N:3 (A-ResNet) and 3:3:N:3 (B-ResNet) to obtain the X-ResNet network, which improves the model's classification performance with lower complexity. The focal loss function is selected to reduce the impact of identification difficulty for different sample types on the network and improve its performance. The experimental results show that the final classification accuracy of the network on a tobacco shred dataset is 96.56%. The image recognition of a single tobacco shred requires 103 ms, achieving high classification accuracy and efficiency. The image preprocessing and deep learning algorithms for tobacco shred classification and identification proposed in this study provide a new implementation approach for the actual production and quality detection of tobacco and a new way for online real-time type identification of other agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunfeng Niu
- School of Electrical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiangpeng Liu
- School of Electrical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yi Jin
- Anyang Cigarette Factory, China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd., Anyang, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Anyang Cigarette Factory, China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd., Anyang, China
| | - Wenkui Zhu
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Corporation (CNTC), Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiang Yuan
- School of Electrical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
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Chen CY, Lin CC, Kao JT, Yeh WL, Lin CY, Tsai YF. Predicting Hazardous Alcohol Drinking Behaviors in Family Members of Hazardous Alcohol-Drinker Patients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095497. [PMID: 35564892 PMCID: PMC9105135 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Family members of hazardous or harmful alcohol drinkers suffer many consequences of their relative’s alcohol-drinking behaviors and risk developing their own hazardous alcohol drinking behaviors. Studies of alcohol-related healthcare problems have mainly focused on patients, with few studies on their family members. This cross-sectional study explored factors predicting hazardous alcohol drinking behaviors in family members of hazardous alcohol-drinker patients. Participants were recruited from four randomly chosen hospitals in Taiwan. Data were collected using self-report questionnaires on family members’ alcohol use, perceived stress, coping mechanisms, social support, health, quality of life, protective factors against hazardous alcohol drinking, facilitative factors for hazardous alcohol drinking, and demographics. The 318 family members who participated in this study were divided by their Chinese-version Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test scores into two groups: hazardous alcohol drinkers (score ≥ 8) and non-hazardous alcohol drinkers (score < 8). Significant factors predicting hazardous alcohol drinking behaviors were found by logistic regression to be the frequency of using general coping mechanisms (OR = 1.29, p < 0.01), the frequency of using strategies to cope with patients’ drinking-related behaviors (OR = 0.89, p < 0.01), factors protecting against hazardous alcohol drinking (OR = 0.76, p < 0.01) and factors facilitating hazardous alcohol drinking (OR = 1.52, p < 0.01). Interventions should be designed for family members of hazardous alcohol drinkers to address these four significant predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yen Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Keelung, Keelung City 204, Taiwan;
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (W.-L.Y.)
| | - Chen-Chun Lin
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (W.-L.Y.)
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Ta Kao
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung City 404, Taiwan;
- Division of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 404, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ling Yeh
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (W.-L.Y.)
- Department of Orthopedics, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, Luodong Township, Yilan County 265, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Yun Lin
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan;
| | - Yun-Fang Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Keelung, Keelung City 204, Taiwan;
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259, Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-2118800 (ext. 3204); Fax: +886-3-2118868
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Lee CY, Wang WH, Lee CH, Ho MC. Betel Quid Dependence Effects on Working Memory and Remote Memory in Chewers with Concurrent Use of Cigarette and Alcohol. Subst Use Misuse 2022; 57:105-113. [PMID: 34678114 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.1990338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study asked whether BQ dependence level could affect working memory (WM) and remote memory for the chewers with concurrent use of cigarettes and alcohol, a common phenomenon in Taiwan. METHODS The standardized neuropsychological tests (Wechsler Memory Scale III (WMS-III) and Remote Memory Test) were adopted to address the BQ chewers' verbal WM, spatial WM and remote memory. The Spatial Span Test and the Digit Span Test from WMS-III and the Remote Memory Test were adopted. The Betel Nut Dependency Scale (BNDS), the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) were adopted to measure the dependence levels. RESULTS The BQ dependence level and Last BQ did not affect spatial WM, verbal WM, and remote memory. Last Cigarette is critical in affecting WM; namely, longer interval led to worse performance. Finally, higher alcohol dependence level could lead to better remote memory. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, there are no BQ studies addressing the effects of concurrent use of cigarettes and alcohol on memory. The current results suggest that cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking, rather than BQ chewing, are critical for memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ying Lee
- Clinical Psychology Department, Jianan Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Han Wang
- Department of Psychology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hung Lee
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chou Ho
- Department of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Clinical Psychological Room, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Tsou HT, Wu TY, Kuo KL, Hsiao SH, Huang SJ, Tsai CY. Ten-year trends in lifestyle habits among community-dwelling older people in Taiwan. Australas J Ageing 2021; 41:e67-e73. [PMID: 34192403 DOI: 10.1111/ajag.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Different lifestyles may contribute to chronic diseases or a health condition. We aimed to study trends in lifestyle habits among community-dwelling older people. METHODS This retrospective time-trend study enrolled 429 108 participants from the Senior Citizen Health Examination in Taiwan over ten years (2001-2010). We analysed lifestyle habits including smoking, alcohol, betel nut chewing, milk drinking, fruit and vegetable intake, car driving and motorcycle riding. Joinpoint regression was used to identify changes in trend. RESULTS The overall rate of smoking, alcohol and betel nut chewing was 8.2%, 18.1% and 0.3%, respectively. Smoking rates decreased gradually, but alcohol and betel nut chewing increased. We found that milk drinking, fruit and vegetable intake and car driving initially increased and then later decreased. The change in the trend was in 2003. CONCLUSION There were significant turning points in milk drinking, fruit and vegetable intake and car driving. Implementation of strategies to change the behaviors of citizens about the intake of fruit and vegetable and milk drinking is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Ting Tsou
- Department of Family Medicine, Renai Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Yin Wu
- Department of Family Medicine, Zhongxing Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan.,University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Liang Kuo
- Department of Family Medicine, Renai Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Huang Hsiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renai Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Jean Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yao Tsai
- Community Medicine Research Center & Institute Of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongxing Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Lorenzatti Hiles G, Chang KP, Bellile EL, Wang CI, Yen WC, Goudsmit CM, Briggs HL, Thomas TB, Peters L, Afsari MA, Pinatti LM, Morris AC, Jawad N, Carey TE, Walline HM. Understanding the impact of high-risk human papillomavirus on oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas in Taiwan: A retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250530. [PMID: 33891627 PMCID: PMC8064583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Human papillomavirus (HPV)-driven oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is increasing globally. In Taiwan, HPV-positive OPSCC is obscured by tobacco, alcohol, and betel quid use. We investigated the role of high-risk HPV (hrHPV) in a large retrospective Taiwan OPSCC cohort. METHODS AND RESULTS The cohort of 541 OPSCCs treated at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital from 1998-2016 consisted of 507 men (94%) and 34 women (6%). Most used tobacco (81%), alcohol (51%), and betel quid (65%). Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue was used for p16 staining (a surrogate marker for HPV) and testing for HPV DNA presence and type by Multiplex HPV PCR-MassArray. HPV DNA and/or p16 staining (HPV-positive) was found in 28.4% (150/528) tumors. p16 and HPV DNA were strongly correlated (F < 0.0001). HPV16 was present in 82.8%, and HPV58 in 7.5% of HPV-positive tumors. HPV was associated with higher age (55.5 vs. 52.7 years, p = 0.004), lower T-stage (p = 0.008) better overall survival (OS) (hazard ratio [HR] 0.58 [95% CI 0.42-0.81], p = 0.001), and disease-free survival (DFS) (HR 0.54 [95% CI 0.40-0.73], p < 0.0001). Alcohol was strongly associated with recurrence and death (OS: HR 2.06 [95% CI 1.54-2.74], p < 0.0001; DFS: HR 1.72 [95% CI 1.33-2.24], p < 0.0001). OS and DFS in HPV-positive cases decreased for alcohol users (p < 0.0001). Obscured by the strong alcohol effect, predictive associations were not found for tobacco or betel quid. CONCLUSIONS As with HPV-positive OPSCC globally, HPV is an increasingly important etiological factor in Taiwanese OPSCC. HPV-positive OPSCC has considerable survival benefit, but this is reduced by alcohol, tobacco, and betel quid use. hrHPV is a cancer risk factor in males and females. Vaccinating both sexes with a multivalent vaccine including HPV58, combined with alcohol and tobacco cessation policies will be effective cancer-prevention public health strategies in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Lorenzatti Hiles
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kai-Ping Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (Linkou Medical Center), Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Emily L. Bellile
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Chun-I Wang
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Chen Yen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (Linkou Medical Center), Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Christine M. Goudsmit
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Hannah L. Briggs
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Trey B. Thomas
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Lila Peters
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Macy A. Afsari
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Lisa M. Pinatti
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Cancer Biology Program, Rackham Graduate School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Anna C. Morris
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Nadine Jawad
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Carey
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Heather M. Walline
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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Liang F, Jiang C, Feng T, Li D, Zhou B. Associations between Work Experience and Betel Nut, Alcohol, or Tobacco Use among Low-Income Taiwanese Students from Middle School to University. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:1493-1500. [PMID: 32569531 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2020.1747083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Research suggests that young working students are at higher risk for substance use. However, most studies have focused on students from middle-class families, with few investigations conducted on substance use by students from low-income families. Objective: To examine the associations between work experience and betel nut, alcohol, or tobacco (BAT) use among Taiwanese students from low-income families. Methods: The data for this cross-sectional study were derived from the fourth wave of the Taiwan Panel Study of Children and Youth survey which provides primary data on low-income families. A total of 3,350 low-income students aged 12-25 years old from middle school to university participated. The χ2 test was performed to examine differences in sociodemographic characteristics and BAT use between employed and unemployed students. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the associations between work status, work intensity, monthly income, occupation, and BAT use. Results: Employed students displayed higher BAT use than those who were unemployed. Increased BAT use was also associated with higher work intensity (except for betel nut use), higher monthly income, and specific occupations (such as service or manual work). Conclusions: Employment is independently associated with a higher risk of BAT use among low-income Taiwanese students. Work intensity and specific occupational fields may offer insights into formulating relevant preventive measures for these students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjuan Liang
- Medical department, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | | | - Tienan Feng
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxu Li
- Medical department, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Baosong Zhou
- School of Data Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Thavarajah R, Ranganathan K, Joshua E, Rao UK. Areca nut use disorder: A dynamic model map. Indian J Dent Res 2019; 30:612-621. [PMID: 31745061 DOI: 10.4103/ijdr.ijdr_947_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Problem Areca nut (AN) chewing is common among Southeast Asian population. Use of AN products (with or without tobacco) have a multifaceted effect on physical health, especially on cardiovascular, nervous, gastrointestinal, metabolic, respiratory, and reproductive systems. AN is a known group 1 carcinogen and carries addictive potential. Varying degrees of AN-related substance use disorder (SUD) have been reported among AN chewers. There is a lacuna in awareness of the health risk of AN use, prevention, and cessation programs among AN users, particularly in those who have developed SUD. Existing Lacunae The dynamic interaction of factors that promote AN use and later the risk of developing SUD at individual and community level has not been studied in depth. Understanding of the bio-psycho-socio-economic-cultural factors is necessary to identify the factors that prelude, promote, and reinforce AN usage. For managing AN-related conditions, including the several systemic disorders, there is a knowledge lacunae, among health care providers with respect to the pathophysiology of AN-related health issues, SUD, and nonavailability of structured, evidence-based cessation protocols. Solutions/Recommendations This manuscript presents a model-map to study the dynamics of AN use and the impact of AN on health and health care system at individual as well as community level. The model proposed can help the health policymakers to create evidence-based awareness and cessation protocols for AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rooban Thavarajah
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Affiliated to the Tamil Nadu Dr. MGR Medical University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kannan Ranganathan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Affiliated to the Tamil Nadu Dr. MGR Medical University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Elizabeth Joshua
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Affiliated to the Tamil Nadu Dr. MGR Medical University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Umadevi Krishnamohan Rao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Affiliated to the Tamil Nadu Dr. MGR Medical University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Wangdi K, Jamtsho T. Prevalence and Correlates of Current Alcohol Use among Bhutanese Adults: A Nationally Representative Survey Data Analysis. Indian J Psychol Med 2019; 41:38-45. [PMID: 30783307 PMCID: PMC6337926 DOI: 10.4103/ijpsym.ijpsym_412_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol-related ailments are among the 10 leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Bhutan. The objectives of this article were to determine the prevalence and explore the correlates of current alcohol use among Bhutanese adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a retrospective study of secondary data from the National Health Survey 2012 of Bhutan. The outcome variable of interest was current alcohol use. The questionnaire was developed following the World Health Organization (WHO) STEPwise approach to Surveillance (STEPS) of noncommunicable diseases. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify the correlates of current alcohol use. The prevalence of current alcohol use was 30.9%. The correlates of current alcohol use were male sex [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.85; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.47-2.36], widowhood (AOR = 2.92, 95% CI, 1.22-6.99), and chewing betel quid >20 times per week (AOR = 2.07, 95% CI, 1.08-4.03). Primary (AOR = 0.67, 95% CI, 0.50-0.91), high (AOR = 0.52, 95% CI, 0.38-0.71), and university (AOR = 0.46, 95% CI, 0.29-0.73) educated participants were less likely to be current alcohol users when compared with those who had no education. Compared with unskilled workers, services and sales workers were less likely to use alcohol regularly (AOR = 0.64, 95% CI, 0.49-0.82). Homemade alcohol Ara was the most common drink. CONCLUSION The national prevalence of current alcohol use in Bhutan is higher than the national average in the WHO South-East Asia Region. Prevention should target the correlates and limit the availability of locally home-brewed Ara.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinley Wangdi
- Research School of Population Health, College of Medicine, Environment and Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,Phuensholing General Hospital, Phuentsholing, Bhutan
| | - Tshering Jamtsho
- School of Demography, ANU College of Arts and Social Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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