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Etoori D, Desai M, Mandal S, Rosenberg W, Sabin CA. A scoping review of media campaign strategies used to reach populations living with or at high risk for Hepatitis C in high income countries to inform future national campaigns in the United Kingdom. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:629. [PMID: 37752434 PMCID: PMC10523688 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08603-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the advent of direct acting antivirals, the World Health Organisation proposed eliminating Hepatitis C as a public health threat by 2030. To achieve this, countries need to diagnose, engage in care and treat their undiagnosed populations. This will require sensitisation campaigns. However previous media campaigns have had mixed impact. We conducted a scoping review to identify and understand the impact of previous Hepatitis C media campaigns. These findings could inform the delivery of future campaigns. METHODS We searched five electronic databases for published literature on media campaigns conducted for Hepatitis C awareness, testing, and treatment in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries since 2010. Two independent reviewers screened citations for inclusion. Additionally, we spoke to stakeholders in the Hepatitis C field in the UK and conducted a Google search to identify any unpublished literature. A quantitative synthesis was conducted to identify targeted populations, strategies and media used, aims and impact of the campaigns. RESULTS A title and year of publication screening of 3815 citations resulted in 113 papers that had a full abstract screen. This left 50 full-text papers, 18 were included of which 9 (50%) were from Europe. 5 (27.8%) of campaigns targeted minority ethnicities, and 9 (50%) aimed to increase testing. A Google search identified 6 grey literature sources. Most campaigns were not evaluated for impact. Discussions with stakeholders identified several barriers to successful campaigns including lack of targeted messaging, stigmatising or accusatory messaging, and short-lived or intermittent campaign strategies. CONCLUSION Future campaigns will likely need to be multifaceted and have multiple tailored interventions. Campaigns will need to be sizeable and robust, integrated into health systems and viewed as an ongoing service rather than one-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Etoori
- Centre for Clinical Research, Epidemiology, Modelling and Evaluation (CREME), Institute for Global Health, UCL, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK.
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit (HPRU) in Blood-borne and Sexually Transmitted Infections at UCL in partnership with the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK.
| | - Monica Desai
- Blood Safety, Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV Division, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Sema Mandal
- Blood Safety, Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV Division, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - William Rosenberg
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit (HPRU) in Blood-borne and Sexually Transmitted Infections at UCL in partnership with the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Caroline A Sabin
- Centre for Clinical Research, Epidemiology, Modelling and Evaluation (CREME), Institute for Global Health, UCL, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit (HPRU) in Blood-borne and Sexually Transmitted Infections at UCL in partnership with the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
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Stigma and Endometriosis: A Brief Overview and Recommendations to Improve Psychosocial Well-Being and Diagnostic Delay. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18158210. [PMID: 34360501 PMCID: PMC8346066 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18158210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a chronic gynecological disease that affects approximately 1 in 10 women of reproductive age. Symptoms of severe pelvic pain, infertility, fatigue, and abnormal menstruation can cause significant negative effects on an individual’s physical and mental health, including interactions with their family, friends, and health care providers. Stigma associated with endometriosis has been under-studied and is rarely discussed in current literature. Herein, this paper aims to provide a brief overview of published literature to explore and establish the plausibility of stigma as a driver of suboptimal psychosocial well-being and diagnostic delay among individuals living with endometriosis. We present the clinical characteristics and physical and mental health consequences associated with endometriosis, highlight several theoretical constructs of stigma, and review the limited studies documenting women’s lived experiences of endometriosis-related stigma. To mitigate harmful effects of this phenomenon, we recommend increasing efforts to assess the prevalence of and to characterize endometriosis-related stigma, implementing awareness campaigns, and developing interventions that combat the multidimensional negative effects of stigma on timely care, treatment, and quality of life for individuals living with endometriosis.
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Lopata SM, McNeer E, Dudley JA, Wester C, Cooper WO, Carlucci JG, Espinosa CM, Dupont W, Patrick SW. Hepatitis C Testing Among Perinatally Exposed Infants. Pediatrics 2020; 145:peds.2019-2482. [PMID: 32060140 PMCID: PMC7049945 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-2482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence doubled among pregnant women from 2009 to 2014, reaching 3.4 per 1000 births nationwide. Infants exposed to HCV may acquire HCV by vertical transmission. National guidelines recommend that infants exposed to HCV be tested; however, it is unclear if these recommendations are being followed. Our objectives were to determine if infants exposed to HCV were tested and to determine hospital- and patient-level factors associated with differences in testing. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study of infants exposed to HCV who were enrolled in the Tennessee Medicaid program, we used vital statistics-linked administrative data for infants born between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2014. Infants were followed until 2 years old. Multilevel logistic regression was used to assess the association of HCV testing and hospital- and patient-level characteristics. RESULTS Only 23% of 4072 infants exposed to HCV were tested. Infants whose mothers were white versus African American (96.6% vs 3.1%; P <.001), used tobacco (78% vs 70%; P <.001), and had HIV (1.3% vs 0.4%; P = .002) were more likely to be tested. Infants exposed to HCV who had a higher median of well-child visits (7 vs 6; P <.001) were more likely to be tested. After accounting for maternal and infant characteristics and health care use patterns, African American infants were less likely to undergo general testing (adjusted odds ratio 0.32; 95% confidence interval, 0.13-0.78). CONCLUSIONS Testing occurred in <1 in 4 infants exposed to HCV and less frequently among African American infants. Public health systems need to be bolstered to ensure that infants exposed to HCV are tested for seroconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth McNeer
- Biostatistics, and,Vanderbilt Center for Child Health Policy, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Carolyn Wester
- Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, Tennessee;
and
| | - William O. Cooper
- Departments of Pediatrics,,Health Policy, and,Vanderbilt Center for Child Health Policy, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Claudia M. Espinosa
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine,
University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | | | - Stephen W. Patrick
- Divisions of Neonatology and,Departments of Pediatrics,,Health Policy, and,Vanderbilt Center for Child Health Policy, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Ahn HR, Cho SB, Chung IJ, Kweon SS. Socioeconomic differences in self- and family awareness of viral hepatitis status among carriers of hepatitis B or C in rural Korea. Am J Infect Control 2018; 46:328-332. [PMID: 29103635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis is the most important cause of hepatocellular carcinoma in Korea. This study evaluated the socioeconomic differences in self- and family awareness of hepatitis status among hepatitis B and C carriers and their cohabitants in rural Korea. METHODS In total, 5,017 randomly selected rural residents participated in a seroepidemiologic and questionnaire survey. We found 326 hepatitis B surface antigen carriers or hepatitis C antibody carriers and 310 family members cohabiting with members of this group. RESULTS Among the hepatitis B carriers and their family members, 48.1% were aware of their own status and 36.7% were aware of their cohabitant's hepatitis status, respectively. Only 28.1% of the hepatitis C carriers were aware of their own status, and only 23.3% of their cohabiting family members knew about their family member's hepatitis C status. A multivariate analysis including health-related factors, such as alcohol consumption, family history of liver disease, and recent acupuncture history, found that self-awareness was significantly lower in the older group and significantly higher in the more educated and higher-income groups. Family awareness was also increased in those working in salaried jobs. CONCLUSIONS Socioeconomic disparities in awareness of hepatitis status were found among hepatitis carriers and their families.
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Kuncio DE, Newbern EC, Johnson CC, Viner KM. Failure to Test and Identify Perinatally Infected Children Born to Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Women. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 62:980-5. [PMID: 26797211 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most common route of pediatric HCV infection. Approximately 5% of children born to HCV-infected mothers develop chronic infection. Recommendations employ risk-based HCV testing of pregnant women, and screening children at a young age. This study assesses testing rates of children born to mothers tested HCV-positive in a major US city with a high burden of HCV infection. METHODS HCV surveillance data reported to the Philadelphia Department of Public Health are housed in the Hepatitis Registry. Additional tests, including negative results, were retrospectively collected. HCV data were matched with 2011-2013 birth certificates of children aged ≥20 months to identify mothers tested HCV-positive and screened children. The observed perinatal HCV seropositivity rate was compared to the expected rate (5%). RESULTS A total of 8119 females aged 12-54 years tested HCV-positive and in the Hepatitis Registry. Of these, 500 (5%) had delivered ≥1 child, accounting for 537 (1%) of the 55 623 children born in Philadelphia during the study period. Eighty-four (16%) of these children had HCV testing; 4 (1% of the total) were confirmed cases. Twenty-three additional children are expected to have chronic HCV infection, but were not identified by 20 months of age. CONCLUSIONS These findings illustrate that a significant number of women giving birth in Philadelphia test positive for HCV and that most of their at-risk children remain untested. To successfully identify all HCV-infected children and integrate them into HCV-specific care, practices for HCV screening of pregnant women and their children should be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica E Kuncio
- Division of Disease Control, Philadelphia Department of Public Health, Pennsylvania
| | - E Claire Newbern
- Division of Disease Control, Philadelphia Department of Public Health, Pennsylvania
| | - Caroline C Johnson
- Division of Disease Control, Philadelphia Department of Public Health, Pennsylvania
| | - Kendra M Viner
- Division of Disease Control, Philadelphia Department of Public Health, Pennsylvania
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Yoo W, Smith SA, Coughlin SS. Evaluation of genetic risk scores for prediction of dichotomous outcomes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETICS 2015; 6:1-8. [PMID: 26417399 PMCID: PMC4572087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Substantial uncertainty exists as to whether combining multiple disease-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) into a genotype risk score (GRS) can improve the ability to predict the risk of disease in a clinically relevant way. We calculated the ability of a simple count GRS to predict the risk of a dichotomous outcome under both multiplicative and additive models of combined effects. We then compared the results of these simulations with the observed results of published GRS measured within multiple epidemiologic cohorts. If the combined effect of each disease-associated SNP included in a GRS is multiplicative on the risk scale, then a count GRS score should be useful for risk prediction with as few as 10-20 SNPs. Adding additional SNPs to the GRS under this model dramatically improves risk prediction. By contrast, if the combined effect of each SNP included in a GRS is linearly additive on the risk scale, a simple count GRS is unlikely to provide clinically useful risk prediction. Adding additional SNPs to the GRS under this model does not improve risk prediction. The combined effect of SNPs included in several published GRS measured in several well-phenotyped epidemiologic cohort studies appears to be more consistent with a linearly additive effect. A simple count GRS is unlikely to be clinically useful for predicting the risk of a dichotomous outcome. Alternative methods for constructing GRS that attempt to identify and include SNPs that demonstrate multiplicative gene-gene or gene-environment interactive effects are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonsuk Yoo
- Institute of Public and Preventive Health, and Department of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents UniversityAugusta, GA
| | - Selina A Smith
- Institute of Public and Preventive Health, and Department of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents UniversityAugusta, GA
| | - Steven S Coughlin
- Department of Community Health and Sustainability, Division of Public Health, University of MassachusettsLowell, MA
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