Fuzzy controller design for breast cancer treatment based on fractal dimension using breast thermograms

In this study, three non-linear indices consist of compression, one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) fractal dimensions are used for the determination of the malignancy or benignity of cancer tumours in breast thermograms. On the other hand, by developing the high-precision infrared cameras as well as new methods of image processing, biomedical thermography images have found a prominent position among the others. Furthermore, cancerous tissue can be affected by the laser. In this study, in order to treat the cancerous lesion identified by breast thermograms, the laser parameters are designed. The basis of controller designing is the obtained non-linear indices. If the indices are moved from the chaotic behaviour to normal condition, the treating tissue is going from cancerous to a healthy condition and the treatment process is completed. Radiation frequency and the energy density of laser are designed as two key elements in the cancer treatment. In this study, the type I and type II fuzzy controllers are employed for the control strategies. Using the proposed closed-loop control, the non-linear indices of the cancerous lesion will be reduced during the treatment process. The simulation results on two datasets of breast thermograms indicate the superiority of type II fuzzy controller.

X-ray digital industrial radiography (DIR) for local liquid velocity (V(LL)) measurement in trickle bed reactors (TBRs): validation of the technique

Local liquid velocity measurements in Trickle Bed Reactors (TBRs) are one of the essential components in its hydrodynamic studies. These measurements are used to effectively determine a reactor's operating condition. This study was conducted to validate a newly developed technique that combines Digital Industrial Radiography (DIR) with Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) to measure the Local Liquid Velocity (V(LL)) inside TBRs. Three millimeter-sized Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) beads were used as packing material. Three validation procedures were designed to test the newly developed technique. All procedures and statistical approaches provided strong evidence that the technique can be used to measure the V(LL) within TBRs.