1
|
Liu L, Huang B, Lu Y, Zhao Y, Tang X, Shi Y. Interactions between electromagnetic radiation and biological systems. iScience 2024; 27:109201. [PMID: 38433903 PMCID: PMC10906530 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Even though the bioeffects of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) have been extensively investigated during the past several decades, our understandings of the bioeffects of EMR and the mechanisms of the interactions between the biological systems and the EMRs are still far from satisfactory. In this article, we introduce and summarize the consensus, controversy, limitations, and unsolved issues. The published works have investigated the EMR effects on different biological systems including humans, animals, cells, and biochemical reactions. Alternative methodologies also include dielectric spectroscopy, detection of bioelectromagnetic emissions, and theoretical predictions. In many studies, the thermal effects of the EMR are not properly controlled or considered. The frequency of the EMR investigated is limited to the commonly used bands, particularly the frequencies of the power line and the wireless communications; far fewer studies were performed for other EMR frequencies. In addition, the bioeffects of the complex EM environment were rarely discussed. In summary, our understanding of the bioeffects of the EMR is quite restrictive and further investigations are needed to answer the unsolved questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bing Huang
- Brain Function and Disease Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin-Ling Road, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yingxian Lu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yanyu Zhao
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaping Tang
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yigong Shi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shakyawal S, Namdev N, Ahmad Z, Mahobiya P. Effects of Ultraviolet B Radiation on the Function of the Testicles, Expression of Caspase-3 and NOS-2, and the Protective Role of Naringin in Mice. Reprod Sci 2024; 31:452-468. [PMID: 37814202 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-023-01366-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
In today's evolving global environment, reproductive dysfunctions brought on by various environmental toxins are of greatest concern. Radiation is a constant threat to living things, causing both genetic and cellular changes that result in mutations and cell death. It is thought that ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation we are exposed to daily has biological effects on rats and humans that are both short and long term. Due to the damaging effects of UVB radiation on the living system, this study explores the automatic mechanism by which a certain level of radiation induces oxidative stress, which is further controlled by the antioxidant activity of naringin (NG). In our study, male Swiss albino mice were exposed to UVB irradiation, which altered mice's body and testes weight, hormonal imbalance, biochemical parameters, and histo-morphometric parameter. In addition, we chose naringin's UVB irradiation deterrent effect. Twenty-four healthy adult male Swiss albino mice weighing 25-35 g were chosen at random. For 15 days of exposure, they were divided into four groups at random: group I-control, group II-UVB exposure (2 h per day), group III-UVB exposure with naringin (NG) (80 mg/kg, bw), and group IV-naringin (NG) (80 mg/kg, bw). Compared to the control group, UVB irradiation causes alterations in the animal body weight, testes weight, hormones, enzymatic and non-enzymatic assays, and histological parameters. It was seen that NG retrieved the alterations in parameters caused by UVB irradiation. The UVB radiation exposure on mice caused the testicular dysfunction drastically, while the naringin recapitulates testis functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Shakyawal
- Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Narendra Namdev
- Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Zaved Ahmad
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Payal Mahobiya
- Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wi-Fi technology and human health impact: a brief review of current knowledge. ARHIV ZA HIGIJENU RADA I TOKSIKOLOGIJU 2022; 73:94-106. [PMID: 35792772 PMCID: PMC9287836 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2022-73-3402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An enormous increase in the application of wireless communication in recent decades has intensified research into consequent increase in human exposure to electromagnetic (EM) radiofrequency (RF) radiation fields and potential health effects, especially in school children and teenagers, and this paper gives a snap overview of current findings and recommendations of international expert bodies, with the emphasis on exposure from Wi-Fi technology indoor devices. Our analysis includes over 100 in vitro, animal, epidemiological, and exposure assessment studies (of which 37 in vivo and 30 covering Wi-Fi technologies). Only a small portion of published research papers refers to the “real” health impact of Wi-Fi technologies on children, because they are simply not available. Results from animal studies are rarely fully transferable to humans. As highly controlled laboratory exposure experiments do not reflect real physical interaction between RF radiation fields with biological tissue, dosimetry methods, protocols, and instrumentation need constant improvement. Several studies repeatedly confirmed thermal effect of RF field interaction with human tissue, but non-thermal effects remain dubious and unconfirmed.
Collapse
|
4
|
Almášiová V, Holovská K, Andrašková S, Cigánková V, Ševčíková Z, Raček A, Andrejčáková Z, Beňová K, Tóth Š, Tvrdá E, Molnár J, Račeková E. Potential influence of prenatal 2.45 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure on Wistar albino rat testis. Histol Histopathol 2021; 36:685-696. [PMID: 33779980 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An ever-increasing use of wireless devices over the last decades has forced scientists to clarify their impact on living systems. Since prenatal development is highly sensitive to numerous noxious agents, including radiation, we focused on the assessment of potential adverse effects of microwave radiation (MR) on testicular development. Pregnant Wistar albino rats (3 months old, weighing 282±8 g) were exposed to pulsed MR at a frequency of 2.45 GHz, mean power density of 2.8 mW/cm², and a specific absorption rate of 1.82 W/kg for 2 hours/day throughout pregnancy. Male offspring were no longer exposed to MR following birth. Samples of biological material were collected after reaching adulthood (75 days). In utero MR exposure caused degenerative changes in the testicular parenchyma of adult rats. The shape of the seminiferous tubules was irregular, germ cells were degenerated and often desquamated. The diameters of the seminiferous tubules and the height of the germinal epithelium were significantly decreased (both at ∗∗p<0.01), while the interstitial space was significantly increased (∗∗p<0.01) when compared to the controls. In the group of rats prenatally exposed to MR, the somatic and germ cells were rich in vacuoles and their organelles were often altered. Necrotizing cells were more frequent and empty spaces between Sertoli cells and germ cells were observed. The Leydig cells contained more lipid droplets. An increased Fluoro Jade - C and superoxide dismutase 2 positivity was detected in the rats exposed to MR. Our results confirmed adverse effects of MR on testicular development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viera Almášiová
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Kosice, the Slovak Republic.
| | - Katarína Holovská
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Kosice, the Slovak Republic
| | - Sandra Andrašková
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Kosice, the Slovak Republic
| | - Viera Cigánková
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Kosice, the Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Ševčíková
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Kosice, the Slovak Republic
| | - Adam Raček
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Kosice, the Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Andrejčáková
- Department of Biology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Kosice, the Slovak Republic
| | - Katarína Beňová
- Department of Biology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Kosice, the Slovak Republic
| | - Štefan Tóth
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, Kosice, the Slovak Republic
| | - Eva Tvrdá
- Department of Animal Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, the Slovak Republic
| | - Ján Molnár
- Department of Theoretical and Industrial Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Technical University of Kosice, Kosice, the Slovak Republic
| | - Enikö Račeková
- Institute of Neurobiology of Biomedical Research Center of Slovak Academy of Sciences, the Slovak Republic
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sârbu A, Miclăuș S, Digulescu A, Bechet P. Comparative Analysis of User Exposure to the Electromagnetic Radiation Emitted by the Fourth and Fifth Generations of Wi-Fi Communication Devices. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8837. [PMID: 33261154 PMCID: PMC7729604 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17238837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A suitable metric to describe human exposure to microwaves emitted by wireless communication devices is still incomplete. By using both theoretical analysis and experimental validation (in controlled and real deployed networks), we analyze and compare the specificity of exposure due to data transmissions in different configurations of fourth and fifth generation wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) standards in the proximity of a mobile device. Measurements made use of the capability of the amplitude probability density incorporated in a real-time spectrum analyzer, proving its agility of highlighting different user exposure profiles. The results are presented comparatively and indicate that, in Wi-Fi networks, the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) should be used together with the duty cycle for an improved exposure assessment. The present work introduces the emitted energy density per bit in describing the user's exposure to Wi-Fi signals and proves its superiority in characterizing the true levels of exposure for the IEEE 802.11n and 802.11ac standards of communication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Sârbu
- Communications, IT and Cyber Defense Department, “Nicolae Bălcescu” Land Forces Academy, 550170 Sibiu, Romania; (S.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Simona Miclăuș
- Communications, IT and Cyber Defense Department, “Nicolae Bălcescu” Land Forces Academy, 550170 Sibiu, Romania; (S.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Angela Digulescu
- Telecommunications and Information Technology Department, “Ferdinand I” Military Technical Academy, 050141 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Paul Bechet
- Communications, IT and Cyber Defense Department, “Nicolae Bălcescu” Land Forces Academy, 550170 Sibiu, Romania; (S.M.); (P.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vafaei H, Kavari G, Izadi HR, Zare Dorahi Z, Dianatpour M, Daneshparvar A, Jamhiri I. Wi-Fi (2.4 GHz) affects anti-oxidant capacity, DNA repair genes expression and, apoptosis in pregnant mouse placenta. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 23:833-840. [PMID: 32695301 PMCID: PMC7351435 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2020.40184.9512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The placenta provides nutrients and oxygen to embryo and removes waste products from embryo's blood. As far as we know, the effects of exposure to Wi-Fi (2.4 GHz) signals on placenta have not been evaluated. Hence, we examined the effect of prenatal exposure to Wi-Fi signals on anti-oxidant capacity, expressions of CDKNA1, and GADD45a as well as apoptosis in placenta and pregnancy outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pregnant mice were exposed to Wi-Fi signal (2.4 GHz) for 2 and 4 hr. Placenta tissues were examined to measure the MDA and SOD levels. To measure SOD, CDKNA1, GADD45a, Bax, and Bcl-2 expressions were compared by real-time PCR analysis. TUNEL assay was used to assess apoptosis in placenta tissues. The results were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Prism version 6.0 software. RESULTS MDA and SOD levels had significantly increased in exposed Wi-Fi signal groups (P-value< 0.05). Also, quantitative PCR experiment showed that SOD mRNA expression significantly increased in Wi-Fi signal groups. The data showed that CDKN1A and GADD45a genes were increased in Wi-Fi groups (P-value<0.05). The quantitative PCR and the TUNEL assay showed that apoptosis increased in Wi-Fi groups (P-value<0.05). CONCLUSION Our results provide evidence that Wi-Fi signals increase lipid peroxidation, SOD activity (oxidative stres), apoptosis and CDKN1A and GADD45a overexpression in mice placenta tissue. However, further experimental studies are warranted to investigate other genes and aspects of pregnancy to determine the role of Wi-Fi radiation on fertility and pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Homeira Vafaei
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ghazal Kavari
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Izadi
- Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Zare Dorahi
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Dianatpour
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Afrooz Daneshparvar
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Iman Jamhiri
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Guo L, Lin JJ, Xue YZ, An GZ, Zhang JP, Zhang KY, He W, Wang H, Li W, Ding GR. Effects of 220 MHz Pulsed Modulated Radiofrequency Field on the Sperm Quality in Rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E1286. [PMID: 30974849 PMCID: PMC6480634 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16071286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Under some occupational conditions, workers are inevitably exposed to high-intensity radiofrequency (RF) fields. In this study, we investigated the effects of one-month exposure to a 220 MHz pulsed modulated RF field at the power density of 50 W/m² on the sperm quality in male adult rats. The sperm quality was evaluated by measuring the number, abnormality and survival rate of sperm cells. The morphology of testis was examined by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. The levels of secreting factors by Sertoli cells (SCs) and Leydig cells (LCs) were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The level of cleaved caspase 3 in the testis was detected by immunofluorescence staining. Finally, the expression levels of the apoptosis-related protein (caspase 3, BAX and BCL2) in the testis were assessed by Western blotting. Compared with the sham group, the sperm quality in the RF group decreased significantly. The levels of secreting factors of SCs and the morphology of the testis showed an obvious change after RF exposure. The level of the secreting factor of LCs decreased significantly after RF exposure. The levels of cleaved caspase 3, caspase 3, and the BAX/BCL2 ratio in the testis increased markedly after RF exposure. These data collectively suggested that under the present experimental conditions, 220 MHz pulsed modulated RF exposure could impair sperm quality in rats, and the disruption of the secreting function of LCs and increased apoptosis of testis cells induced by the RF field might be accounted for by this damaging effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Guo
- Department of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169# Chang Le West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, 169# Chang Le West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Jia-Jin Lin
- Department of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169# Chang Le West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, 169# Chang Le West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Yi-Zhe Xue
- Department of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169# Chang Le West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Guang-Zhou An
- Department of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169# Chang Le West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, 169# Chang Le West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Jun-Ping Zhang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169# Chang Le West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Ke-Ying Zhang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169# Chang Le West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Wei He
- Department of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169# Chang Le West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, 169# Chang Le West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169# Chang Le West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, 169# Chang Le West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169# Chang Le West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Gui-Rong Ding
- Department of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169# Chang Le West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, 169# Chang Le West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Global industrialization has increased population exposure to environmental toxins. A global decline in sperm quality over the last few decades raises questions about the adverse impact of environmental toxins on male reproductive health. RECENT FINDINGS Multiple animal- and human-based studies on exposure to environmental toxins suggest a negative impact on semen quality, in terms of sperm concentration, motility, and/or morphology. These toxins may exert estrogenic and/or anti-androgenic effects, which in turn alter the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPGA), induce sperm DNA damage, or cause sperm epigenetic changes. This chapter will discuss the most recent literature about the most common environmental toxins and their impact on spermatogenesis and its consequences on male fertility. Understanding the presence and underlying mechanism of these toxins will help us preserve the integrity of the male reproduction system and formulate better regulations against their indiscriminate use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mima
- University of Illinois at Chicago, 820 S. Wood St., Suite 515 CSN, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - David Greenwald
- University of Illinois at Chicago, 820 S. Wood St., Suite 515 CSN, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Samuel Ohlander
- University of Illinois at Chicago, 820 S. Wood St., Suite 515 CSN, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
RAPD Profiling, DNA Fragmentation, and Histomorphometric Examination in Brains of Wistar Rats Exposed to Indoor 2.5 Ghz Wi-Fi Devices Radiation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:8653286. [PMID: 28904975 PMCID: PMC5585657 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8653286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The advent of Wi-Fi connected high technology devices in executing day-to-day activities is fast evolving especially in developing countries of the world and hence the need to assess its safety among others. The present study was conducted to investigate the injurious effect of radiofrequency emissions from installed Wi-Fi devices in brains of young male rats. Animals were divided into four equal groups; group 1 served as control while groups 2, 3, and 4 were exposed to 2.5 Ghz at intervals of 30, 45, and 60 consecutive days with free access to food and water ad libitum. Alterations in harvested brain tissues were confirmed by histopathological analyses which showed vascular congestion and DNA damage in the brain was assayed using agarose gel electrophoresis. Histomorphometry analyses of their brain tissues showed perivascular congestion and tissue damage as well.
Collapse
|
10
|
Asghari A, Khaki AA, Rajabzadeh A, Khaki A. A review on Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and the reproductive system. Electron Physician 2016; 8:2655-62. [PMID: 27648194 PMCID: PMC5014506 DOI: 10.19082/2655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors, such as electromagnetic waves, induce biological and genetic effects. One of the most important physiological systems involved with electromagnetic fields (EMFs) is the genital system. This paper reviews the effects of EMFs on human reproductive organs, female animals, fetus development and the importance of two types of natural antioxidants, i.e., vitamin E and fennel. The studies presented in this review referred to the effects of different exposures to EMFs on the reproductive system, and we tried to show the role of natural antioxidants in reducing the effects of the exposures. Many studies have been done on the effects of ionizing and non-ionizing electromagnetic waves on the cell line of spermatogenesis, sexual hormones, and the structure of the testes. Also, about the hormonal cycle, folliculogenesis and female infertility related to EMF have been given more consideration. In particular, attention is directed to pregnant women due to the importance of their fetuses. However, in addition to the studies conducted on animals, further epidemiological research should be conducted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Asghari
- M.Sc. of Anatomical Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Afshin Khaki
- Ph.D. of Human Medical Embryology and Fellowship of IVF, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Asghar Rajabzadeh
- Ph.D. of Anatomical Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khoram Abad, Iran
| | - Arash Khaki
- Ph.D. of Pathobiological Sciences, Women Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| |
Collapse
|