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Wen GM, Xu XY, Xia P. Metabolism in Cancer Stem Cells: Targets for Clinical Treatment. Cells 2022; 11:3790. [PMID: 36497050 PMCID: PMC9736883 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have high tumorigenicity, high metastasis and high resistance to treatment. They are the key factors for the growth, metastasis and drug resistance of malignant tumors, and are also the important reason for the occurrence and recurrence of tumors. Metabolic reprogramming refers to the metabolic changes that occur when tumor cells provide sufficient energy and nutrients for themselves. Metabolic reprogramming plays an important role in regulating the growth and activity of cancer cells and cancer stem cells. In addition, the immune cells or stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) will change due to the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells. Summarizing the characteristics and molecular mechanisms of metabolic reprogramming of cancer stem cells will provide new ideas for the comprehensive treatment of malignant tumors. In this review, we summarized the changes of the main metabolic pathways in cancer cells and cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Min Wen
- Department of Basic Nursing, College of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Xu
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Pu Xia
- Biological Anthropology Institute, College of Basic Medical Science, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
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Si Y, Zhang Y, Guan JS, Ngo HG, Totoro A, Singh AP, Chen K, Xu Y, Yang ES, Zhou L, Liu R, Liu X(M. Anti-CD47 Monoclonal Antibody-Drug Conjugate: A Targeted Therapy to Treat Triple-Negative Breast Cancers. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9080882. [PMID: 34452008 PMCID: PMC8402537 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are frequently recurrent due to the development of drug resistance post chemotherapy. Both the existing literature and our study found that surface receptor CD47 (cluster of differentiation 47) was upregulated in chemotherapy-treated TNBC cells. The goal of this study was to develop a monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based targeting strategy to treat TNBC after standard treatment. Specifically, a new mAb that targets the extracellular domain of receptor CD47 was developed using hybridoma technology and produced in fed-batch culture. Flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and in vivo imaging system (IVIS) showed that the anti-CD47 mAb effectively targeted human and mouse TNBC cells and xenograft models with high specificity. The antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) carrying mertansine was constructed and demonstrated higher potency with reduced IC50 in TNBC cells than did the free drug and significantly inhibited tumor growth post gemcitabine treatment in MDA-MB-231 xenograft NSG model. Finally, whole blood analysis indicated that the anti-CD47 mAb had no general immune toxicity, flow cytometry analysis of lymph nodes revealed an increase of CD69+ NK, CD11c+ DC, and CD4+ T cells, and IHC staining showed tumoral infiltration of macrophage in the 4T1 xenograft BALB/cJ model. This study demonstrated that targeting CD47 with ADC has great potential to treat TNBCs as a targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Si
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.-S.G.); (H.G.N.); (A.T.); (A.P.S.); (K.C.); (L.Z.)
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.-S.G.); (H.G.N.); (A.T.); (A.P.S.); (K.C.); (L.Z.)
| | - Jia-Shiung Guan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.-S.G.); (H.G.N.); (A.T.); (A.P.S.); (K.C.); (L.Z.)
| | - Hanh Giai Ngo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.-S.G.); (H.G.N.); (A.T.); (A.P.S.); (K.C.); (L.Z.)
| | - Angela Totoro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.-S.G.); (H.G.N.); (A.T.); (A.P.S.); (K.C.); (L.Z.)
| | - Ajeet Pal Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.-S.G.); (H.G.N.); (A.T.); (A.P.S.); (K.C.); (L.Z.)
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.-S.G.); (H.G.N.); (A.T.); (A.P.S.); (K.C.); (L.Z.)
| | - Yuanxin Xu
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 703 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Eddy S. Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1808 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1824 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Lufang Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.-S.G.); (H.G.N.); (A.T.); (A.P.S.); (K.C.); (L.Z.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 703 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Runhua Liu
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 702 20th St., Birmingham, AL 35233, USA;
| | - Xiaoguang (Margaret) Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.-S.G.); (H.G.N.); (A.T.); (A.P.S.); (K.C.); (L.Z.)
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1824 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-05-996-1042; Fax: +1-205-996-4701
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Si Y, Zhang Y, Ngo HG, Guan JS, Chen K, Wang Q, Singh AP, Xu Y, Zhou L, Yang ES, Liu X(M. Targeted Liposomal Chemotherapies to Treat Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153749. [PMID: 34359650 PMCID: PMC8345094 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are mainly treated with standard chemotherapies. Combined therapies have been demonstrated as a promising treatment strategy in clinics. The aim of this study was to develop a new formulation of combined chemotherapies facilitated with a targeted delivery vehicle. We found that the mertansine and gemcitabine with different anti-cancer mechanisms resulted in high cytotoxicity in TNBC cells. The in vivo evaluations using two TNBC xenograft models confirmed the anti-tumor efficacy, i.e., significantly reduced tumor growth rate. Furthermore, the antibody-tagged liposomes effectively delivered the therapeutic drugs to TNBC tumor, which could reduce the side effects. This study is highly translational and the targeted liposomal drug formulation can be further investigated in future clinical trials for TNBC treatment. Abstract Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are highly aggressive and recurrent. Standard cytotoxic chemotherapies are currently the main treatment options, but their clinical efficacies are limited and patients usually suffer from severe side effects. The goal of this study was to develop and evaluate targeted liposomes-delivered combined chemotherapies to treat TNBCs. Specifically, the IC50 values of the microtubule polymerization inhibitor mertansine (DM1), mitotic spindle assembly defecting taxane (paclitaxel, PTX), DNA synthesis inhibitor gemcitabine (GC), and DNA damage inducer doxorubicin (AC) were tested in both TNBC MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells. Then we constructed the anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibody (mAb) tagged liposomes and confirmed its TNBC cell surface binding using flow cytometry, internalization with confocal laser scanning microscopy, and TNBC xenograft targeting in NSG female mice using In Vivo Imaging System. The safe dosage of anti-EGFR liposomal chemotherapies, i.e., <20% body weight change, was identified. Finally, the in vivo anti-tumor efficacy studies in TNBC cell line-derived xenograft and patient-derived xenograft models revealed that the targeted delivery of chemotherapies (mertansine and gemcitabine) can effectively inhibit tumor growth. This study demonstrated that the targeted liposomes enable the new formulations of combined therapies that improve anti-TNBC efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Si
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.S.); (Y.Z.); (H.G.N.); (K.C.); (Q.W.); (A.P.S.); (L.Z.)
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.S.); (Y.Z.); (H.G.N.); (K.C.); (Q.W.); (A.P.S.); (L.Z.)
| | - Hanh Giai Ngo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.S.); (Y.Z.); (H.G.N.); (K.C.); (Q.W.); (A.P.S.); (L.Z.)
| | - Jia-Shiung Guan
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 703 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (J.-S.G.); (Y.X.)
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.S.); (Y.Z.); (H.G.N.); (K.C.); (Q.W.); (A.P.S.); (L.Z.)
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.S.); (Y.Z.); (H.G.N.); (K.C.); (Q.W.); (A.P.S.); (L.Z.)
| | - Ajeet Pal Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.S.); (Y.Z.); (H.G.N.); (K.C.); (Q.W.); (A.P.S.); (L.Z.)
| | - Yuanxin Xu
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 703 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (J.-S.G.); (Y.X.)
| | - Lufang Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.S.); (Y.Z.); (H.G.N.); (K.C.); (Q.W.); (A.P.S.); (L.Z.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 703 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (J.-S.G.); (Y.X.)
| | - Eddy S. Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1808 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Xiaoguang (Margaret) Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.S.); (Y.Z.); (H.G.N.); (K.C.); (Q.W.); (A.P.S.); (L.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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Marra A, Trapani D, Viale G, Criscitiello C, Curigliano G. Practical classification of triple-negative breast cancer: intratumoral heterogeneity, mechanisms of drug resistance, and novel therapies. NPJ Breast Cancer 2020; 6:54. [PMID: 33088912 PMCID: PMC7568552 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-020-00197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is not a unique disease, encompassing multiple entities with marked histopathological, transcriptomic and genomic heterogeneity. Despite several efforts, transcriptomic and genomic classifications have remained merely theoretic and most of the patients are being treated with chemotherapy. Driver alterations in potentially targetable genes, including PIK3CA and AKT, have been identified across TNBC subtypes, prompting the implementation of biomarker-driven therapeutic approaches. However, biomarker-based treatments as well as immune checkpoint inhibitor-based immunotherapy have provided contrasting and limited results so far. Accordingly, a better characterization of the genomic and immune contexture underpinning TNBC, as well as the translation of the lessons learnt in the metastatic disease to the early setting would improve patients' outcomes. The application of multi-omics technologies, biocomputational algorithms, assays for minimal residual disease monitoring and novel clinical trial designs are strongly warranted to pave the way toward personalized anticancer treatment for patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Marra
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Ripamonti, 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, University of Milano, Via Festa del Perdono, 7, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Trapani
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Ripamonti, 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Viale
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Ripamonti, 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Carmen Criscitiello
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Ripamonti, 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Curigliano
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Ripamonti, 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, University of Milano, Via Festa del Perdono, 7, 20122 Milan, Italy
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