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Murthy O G, Lau J, Balasubramaniam R, Frydrych AM, Kujan O. Unraveling the Keratin Expression in Oral Leukoplakia: A Scoping Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5597. [PMID: 38891785 PMCID: PMC11172080 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Intermediate filaments are one of three polymeric structures that form the cytoskeleton of epithelial cells. In the epithelium, these filaments are made up of a variety of keratin proteins. Intermediate filaments complete a wide range of functions in keratinocytes, including maintaining cell structure, cell growth, cell proliferation, cell migration, and more. Given that these functions are intimately associated with the carcinogenic process, and that hyperkeratinization is a quintessential feature of oral leukoplakias, the utility of keratins in oral leukoplakia is yet to be fully explored. This scoping review aims to outline the current knowledge founded on original studies on human tissues regarding the expression and utility of keratins as diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers in oral leukoplakias. After using a search strategy developed for several scientific databases, namely, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and OVID, 42 papers met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. One more article was added when it was identified through manually searching the list of references. The included papers were published between 1989 and 2024. Keratins 1-20 were investigated in the 43 included studies, and their expression was assessed in oral leukoplakia and dysplasia cases. Only five studies investigated the prognostic role of keratins in relation to malignant transformation. No studies evaluated keratins as a diagnostic adjunct or predictive tool. Evidence supports the idea that dysplasia disrupts the terminal differentiation pathway of primary keratins. Gain of keratin 17 expression and loss of keratin 13 were significantly observed in differentiated epithelial dysplasia. Also, the keratin 19 extension into suprabasal cells has been associated with the evolving features of dysplasia. The loss of keratin1/keratin 10 has been significantly associated with high-grade dysplasia. The prognostic value of cytokeratins has shown conflicting results, and further studies are required to ascertain their role in predicting the malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Omar Kujan
- UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (G.M.O.); (J.L.); (R.B.); (A.M.F.)
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Zhu JL, Paniagua RT, Chen HW, Florez-Pollack S, Kunzler E, Teske N, Rainwater YB, Li QZ, Hosler GA, Li W, Ramirez DMO, Monson NL, Jacobe HT. Autoantigen microarrays reveal myelin basic protein autoantibodies in morphea. J Transl Med 2022; 20:41. [PMID: 35073943 PMCID: PMC8785566 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03246-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morphea is an autoimmune, sclerosing skin disorder. Despite the recent emphasis on immune dysregulation in morphea, the role of autoantibodies in morphea pathogenesis or utility as biomarkers are poorly defined. METHODS Autoantigen microarray was used to profile autoantibodies from the serum of participants from the Morphea in Adults and Children (MAC) cohort. Clinical and demographic features of morphea patients with myelin basic protein (MBP) autoantibodies were compared to those without. MBP immunohistochemistry staining was subsequently performed in morphea skin to assess for perineural inflammation in areas of staining. Immunofluorescence staining on mouse brain tissue was also performed using patient sera and mouse anti-myelin basic protein antibody to confirm the presence of MBP antibodies in patient sera. RESULTS Myelin basic protein autoantibodies were found in greater frequency in morphea (n = 50, 71.4%) compared to systemic sclerosis (n = 2, 6.7%) and healthy controls (n = 7, 20%). Patients with MBP antibodies reported pain at higher frequencies. Morphea skin biopsies, highlighted by immunohistochemistry, demonstrated increased perineural inflammation in areas of MBP expression. Immunofluorescence staining revealed an increased fluorescence signal in myelinated areas of mouse brain tissue (i.e. axons) when incubated with sera from MBP antibody-positive morphea patients compared to sera from MBP antibody-negative morphea patients. Epitope mapping revealed target epitopes for MBP autoantibodies in morphea are distinct from those reported in MS, and included fragments 11-30, 41-60, 51-70, and 91-110. CONCLUSIONS A molecular classification of morphea based on distinct autoantibody biosignatures may be used to differentially classify morphea. We have identified anti-MBP as a potential antibody associated with morphea due to its increased expression in morphea compared to healthy controls and systemic sclerosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane L Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-9069, USA
| | - Ricardo T Paniagua
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-9069, USA
| | - Henry W Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-9069, USA
| | - Stephanie Florez-Pollack
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-9069, USA
| | - Elaine Kunzler
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-9069, USA
| | - Noelle Teske
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-9069, USA
| | - Yevgeniya Byekova Rainwater
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-9069, USA
- ProPath, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology and Microarray Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Gregory A Hosler
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-9069, USA
- ProPath, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Wenhao Li
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Denise M O Ramirez
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nancy L Monson
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Heidi T Jacobe
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-9069, USA.
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Budaya TN, Permatasari HK, Widodo W, Prawiro SR. Novel Insight of Cytokeratin 14 as a Biomarker in Diagnosing Bladder Cancer. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.7258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the ninth most common type of cancer occurring in men. Screening for bladder cancer is often difficult due to limited proper modality and symptoms that is mild and unspecific. Leaving it untreated leads to greater morbidity and mortality. Therefore, finding a simple biomarker for screening purpose is necessary. Cytokeratin (CK) has been studied extensively as cancer biomarker. Detectable soluble CK was found in body fluid, including urine, and histological specimen using immunoassays. The level of its expression is mainly affected by cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cellular stress. CK 14, which is type I CK, was detected in the basal layer of epithelial cells and specific for squamous type of epithelial cell. CK 14 analysis in bladder cancer has revealed numerous functions such as predicting the development of bladder cancer, differentiating cancer origins, stratifying bladder cancer patients based on disease severity, and predicting bladder cancer recurrence. Its potential to become excellent biomarker makes it subject of interest in research development.
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EZH2 Promotes Extracellular Matrix Degradation via Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB) and p38 Signaling Pathways in Pulpitis. Inflammation 2021; 44:1927-1936. [PMID: 33884563 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01470-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pulpitis is a complicated chronic inflammatory process which can be in a dynamic balance between damage and repair. The extracellular matrix plays an important regulatory role in wound healing and tissue repair. The aim of this study was to explore the role of the epigenetic mark, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) on the degradation of extracellular matrix during pulpitis. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to assess the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and type I collagen in human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) upon EZH2 and EI1 (EZH2 inhibitor) stimulation. The mechanism of EZH2 affecting extracellular matrix was explored through quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. A rat model of dental pulp inflammation was established, and the expression of type I collagen in dental pulp under EZH2 stimulation was detected by immunohistochemical staining. EZH2 upregulated the expression of MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-8, and MMP-10 and decreased the production of type I collagen in HDPCs, while EI1 had the opposite effect. EZH2 activated the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and p38 signaling pathways in HDPCs, the inhibition of which reversed the induction of MMPs and the suppression of type I collagen. EZH2 can downregulate the type I collagen levels in an experimental model of dental pulpitis in rats. EZH2 promotes extracellular matrix degradation via nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and P38 signaling pathways in pulpitis. EZH2 can decrease the type I collagen levels in vivo and in vitro.
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Saleem S, Aleem I, Atiq A, Tariq S, Babar A, Bakar MA, Syed M, Maruf M, Mahmood MT, Zeshan M, Tahseen M, Hussain R, Loya A, Sutton C. Expression of cornulin in tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Ecancermedicalscience 2021; 15:1197. [PMID: 33889206 PMCID: PMC8043688 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2021.1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study is to identify cornulin (CRNN) protein expression associated with advancement of tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC). A comparison of addictive (containing potential carcinogens) versus non-addiction causative agents was expected to allow detection of differences in CRNN expression associated with TSCC. Bespoke tissue microarrays (TMAs) were prepared and immunohistochemistry (IHC) performed to determine the changes in CRNN expression in epithelial cells of node-negative (pN-), node-positive (pN+) TSCC and non-cancer patients’ oral tissues. TMAs were validated by performing IHC on whole diagnostic tissues. Chi-square test or Fisher’s-exact tests were used to establish significant expression differences. Analogous analyses were performed for biomarkers previously associated with TSCC, namely collagen I alpha 2 (COL1A2) and decorin (DCN) to compare the significance of CRNN. Keratinisation and its level (low, extensive) were studied in relation to CRNN so that the extent of squamous differentiation could better be assessed. IHC immunoreactive score (IRS) clustered the patients based on weak/moderate (Low (IRS ≤ +3)) or strong (High (IRS ≥ +4)) expression groups. A low expression was observed in a larger number of patients in control proteins COL1A2 (77.3%), DCN (87.5%) and target protein CRNN (52.3%), respectively. Low CRNN expression was observed in TSCC where nodes were involved (pN+: mean 1.4 ± 2.1) (p = 0.248). Keratinisation (%) was low (0% ≤ 50%) in 42.2% and extensive (1% ≥ 50.0%) in 57.8% patients. In conclusion, our study suggested that Low CRNN expression was associated with grade and lymph node metastasis in TSCC. CRNN expression is independent of addiction, however potentially carcinogenic addictive substances might be aiding in the disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saira Saleem
- Basic Sciences Research, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, 7-A Block R-3, Johar Town, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Iffat Aleem
- Basic Sciences Research, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, 7-A Block R-3, Johar Town, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Aribah Atiq
- Department of Pathology, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, 7-A Block R-3, Johar Town, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Sahrish Tariq
- Basic Sciences Research, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, 7-A Block R-3, Johar Town, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Amna Babar
- Department of Pathology, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, 7-A Block R-3, Johar Town, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abu Bakar
- Cancer Registry and Clinical Data Management, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, 7-A Block R-3, Johar Town, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Madiha Syed
- Department of Pathology, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, 7-A Block R-3, Johar Town, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Maheen Maruf
- Department of Pathology, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, 7-A Block R-3, Johar Town, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Tariq Mahmood
- Department of Pathology, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, 7-A Block R-3, Johar Town, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zeshan
- Basic Sciences Research, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, 7-A Block R-3, Johar Town, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tahseen
- Department of Pathology, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, 7-A Block R-3, Johar Town, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Raza Hussain
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, 7-A Block R-3, Johar Town, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Asif Loya
- Department of Pathology, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, 7-A Block R-3, Johar Town, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Chris Sutton
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Tumbling Hill Street Bradford, BD7 1BD, United Kingdom
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Rajeswari P, Janardhanan M, Suresh R, Savithri V, Aravind T, Raveendran GC. Expression of CK 19 as a biomarker in early detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2021; 24:523-529. [PMID: 33967491 PMCID: PMC8083407 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_302_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Increased mortality in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) had been attributed to delay in diagnosis. Lack of a specific marker to assess the malignant potential of premalignant lesions is thought to be one of the reasons for late detection. Expression of Cytokeratin 19, which is widely used as an odontogenic epithelial marker had been reported in OSCC. Downregulation of CK 19 expression plays an important role in terminal differentiation of superficial squamous cell and increased expression in various epithelial malignancies has been suggested to be an indicator of malignant change. Aims and Objectives: To assess the role of CK19 as a potential marker in predicting malignant transformation in oral precancerous lesions and as a prognostic marker in OSCC. Materials and Methods: Study population consisted of ten samples each of normal oral mucosa, epithelial hyperplasia, varying grades of both oral epithelial dysplasias and OSCC. The tissue sections were subjected to immunohistochemical staining for the marker cytokeratin 19. Results: An increased expression of CK19 was noted in oral epithelial hyperplasia, severe dysplasia and in superficial epithelium at the invading front in OSCC. In mild and moderate dysplasias, CK19 expression was lower than the normal mucosa. In oral squamous cell carcinoma, the expression of CK19 was restricted to either a few islands or a few cells within the islands, resulting in a lesser expression than the normal epithelium. The malignant epithelial islands in the superficial connective tissue stroma were showing greater expression than the deeper islands. The epithelial cells associated with formation of keratin pearls were found to be showing more expression than those with infrequent keratin pearls. Conclusion: The study suggests that malignant transformation of epithelium can be predicted based on the increased expression of CK19. But it should be done with caution as a similar increased expression may also be noticed in presence of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvathy Rajeswari
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Amrita School of Dentistry, AIMS, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Mahija Janardhanan
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Amrita School of Dentistry, AIMS, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Rakesh Suresh
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Amrita School of Dentistry, AIMS, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Vindhya Savithri
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Amrita School of Dentistry, AIMS, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Thara Aravind
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Amrita School of Dentistry, AIMS, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Greeshma C Raveendran
- Department of Biostatistics, Amrita School of Medicine, AIMS, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
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Xiao L, Zhang X, Chen Z, Li Y, Li B, Li L. ERK1/2 Pathway Is Involved in the Enhancement of Fatty Acids from Phaeodactylum tricornutum Extract (PTE) on Hair Follicle Cell Proliferation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:2916104. [PMID: 33178821 PMCID: PMC7648671 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2916104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Extractions from Phaeodactylum tricornutum have been widely studied and evaluated to various biological effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the promotional effect of P. tricornutum extract (PTE) on the ERK1/2 signaling pathway involved in hair follicle cell proliferation. In order to illuminate the enhancement of PTE on hair growth by promoting proliferation of hair follicle cells, the activities of human hair follicle outer root sheath cell (HFORSC), human hair follicle germinal matrix cells (HFGMC), and hair epithelial melanocytes (HEM) were observed under PET treatment. Levels of keratins, PKCζ, ERK1/2, and p38 MAPK in hair follicle cells were determined by Western blotting to illustrate the mechanisms of PTE effects on hair growth. Analyzed by GC-MS, the main polyunsaturated fatty acids which were 9.43% of total fatty acids in PTE were linolenic acid, linoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid. Melanin content and tyrosinase activity in HEM were measured. The results showed that PTE exhibited remarkable enhancement on cell proliferation. Melanin production was inhibited by PTE treatment, while keratin-14, keratin-15, and keratin-17 levels on hair follicle cells were elevated at different concentrations. The promotions of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK levels indicated that the ERK1/2 signaling pathway is involved in the proliferation of hair follicle cells. These results are the evidence that PTE potentially deserves further study as a new natural candidate for hair care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xiao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Infinitus (China) Co., China
| | - Xia Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhiyi Chen
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China
| | - Yuting Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, College Road 1, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lin Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, College Road 1, Dongguan 523808, China
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Said R, Zheng L, Saunders T, Zeidler M, Papagerakis S, Papagerakis P. Generation of Amelx-iCre Mice Supports Ameloblast-Specific Role for Stim1. J Dent Res 2019; 98:1002-1010. [PMID: 31329049 DOI: 10.1177/0022034519858976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification and targeting of the molecular pathways regulating amelogenesis is an ongoing challenge in dental research, and progress has been restricted by the limited number of genetic tools available to study gene function in ameloblasts. Here, we generated 4 transgenic Cre-driver mouse lines that express improved Cre (iCre)-recombinase from the locus of the mouse ameloblast-specific gene amelogenin X (Amelx-iCre) with a large (250-kb) bacterial artificial chromosome DNA vector. All 4 Amelx-iCre transgenic lines were bred with ROSA26 reporter mice to characterize the iCre developmental pattern with the LacZ gene encoding β-galactosidase enzyme activity assay and Cre protein immunohistochemistry. From the 4 generated transgenic lines, 2 were selected for further analysis because they expressed a high amount of Cre recombinase exclusively in ameloblasts and showed developmental stage- and cell-specific β-galactosidase activity mimicking the endogenous amelogenin expression. To test the functionality of the selected transgenic models, we bred the 2 Amelx-iCre mice lines with stromal interaction molecule 1 (Stim1) floxed mice to generate ameloblast-specific Stim1 conditional knockout mice (Stim1 cKO). STIM1 protein serves as one of the main calcium sensors in ameloblasts and plays a major role in enamel mineralization and ameloblast differentiation. Amelx-iCre mice displayed exclusive CRE-mediated recombination in incisor and molar ameloblasts. Stim1 cKO mice showed a severely defected enamel phenotype, including reduced structural integrity concomitant with increased attrition and smaller teeth. The phenotype and genotype of the Amelx-iCre/Stim1 cKO showed significant differences with the previously reported Ker14-Cre/Stim1 cKO, highlighting the need for cell- and stage-specific Cre lines for an accurate phenotype-genotype comparison. Furthermore, our model has the advantage of carrying the entire Amelx gene locus rather than being limited to an Amelx partial promoter construct, which greatly enhances the stability and the specificity of our Cre expression. As such, the Amelx-iCre transgenic lines that we developed may serve as a powerful tool for targeting ameloblast-specific gene expression in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Said
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,2 College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - L Zheng
- 3 Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - T Saunders
- 4 Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M Zeidler
- 4 Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - S Papagerakis
- 5 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,6 Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - P Papagerakis
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,2 College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,7 Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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An Effective Primary Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Vitro Model. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060555. [PMID: 31181618 PMCID: PMC6628367 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is a highly malignant disease and research is needed to find new therapeutic approaches. Faithful experimental models are required for this purpose. Here, we describe the specific cell culture conditions enabling the efficient establishment of primary cell culture models. Whereas a classical 10% serum-containing medium resulted in the growth of fibroblast-like cells that outcompeted epithelial cells, we found that the use of specific culture conditions enabled the growth of epithelial tumor cells from HPV+ and HPV- head and neck cancer tissue applicable for research. EpCAM and high Thy-1 positivity on the cell surface were mutually exclusive and distinguished epithelial and fibroblast-like subpopulations in all primary cultures examined and thus can be used to monitor stromal contamination and epithelial cell content. Interestingly, cells of an individual patient developed tumor spheroids in suspension without the use of ultra-low attachment plates, whereas all other samples exclusively formed adherent cell layers. Spheroid cells were highly positive for ALDH1A1 and hence displayed a phenotype reminiscent of tumor stem cells. Altogether, we present a system to establish valuable primary cell culture models from head and neck cancer tissue at high efficiency that might be applicable in other tumor entities as well.
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10
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Safadi RA, AlRomaizan A, Alshagroud RS, Divakar DD, Alshieban S. Cytokeratin 19 Immunostain Reduces Variability in Grading Epithelial Dysplasia of the Non-Keratinized Upper Aerodigestive Tract Mucosa. Head Neck Pathol 2019; 14:183-191. [PMID: 31089948 PMCID: PMC7021870 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-019-01038-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial dysplasia (ED) grading systems are criticized for low reliability. The effects of diagnostic tests or stains on reducing examiner variability in grading ED of the upper aerodigestive tract have not been investigated. The study aim was to examine the effectiveness of cytokeratin 19 (K19) immunostain on enhancing inter and intraexaminer reliability of ED grading and to reiterate the relation of K19 positivity with epithelial keratinization. The study sample consisted of 122 paraffin blocks that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Each paraffin block had three sections cut: one immunostained for K19 and two for hematoxylin and eosin stain (H&E). Each examiner graded the study sample in six rounds; three using H&E stain only and three using paired K19-H&E stains. The study examiners were three American-Board certified practicing oral pathologists. The results were analyzed using Krippendorff's alpha, ROC curve, Chi square test and binary logistic regression. Upon the use of paired K19-H&E stains the results showed that the intraexaminer reliability coefficients of grading were improved from 0.70, 0.69, 0.78 to 0.73, 0.88, 0.91 for examiners 1, 2, and 3 respectively. Reliability coefficients for inter-examiners improved from 0.55 to 0.73 (Krippendorff alpha). The accuracy of identifying the diseased cases (high-grade dysplasia) increased from 0.82 to 0.94 (ROC curve). Binary logistic regression revealed that K19 positivity is negatively associated with hyperkeratinization of surface epithelium (P = 0.001). To conclude, for grading non-keratinized epithelial dysplastic lesions of the upper aerodigestive tract, paired K19-H&E stains proved to reduce inter and intra-examiner variability by highlighting the extension of dysplastic epithelial cells within epithelial thickness, thus identifying the involved epithelial third and assigning a more reliable and better reproducible grade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima A. Safadi
- Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O Box: 3030, Irbid, 22110 Jordan
- King Saud bin Abdul Aziz University for Health Sciences, P.O Box: 22490, Riyadh, 11426 Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz AlRomaizan
- King Saud bin Abdul Aziz University for Health Sciences, P.O Box: 22490, Riyadh, 11426 Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, P.O Box: 22490, Riyadh, 11426 Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Darshan D. Divakar
- Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Alshieban
- King Saud bin Abdul Aziz University for Health Sciences, P.O Box: 22490, Riyadh, 11426 Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, P.O Box: 22490, Riyadh, 11426 Saudi Arabia
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Safadi RA, Abdullah NI, Alaaraj RF, Bader DH, Divakar DD, Hamasha AA, Sughayer MA. Clinical and histopathologic prognostic implications of the expression of cytokeratins 8, 10, 13, 14, 16, 18 and 19 in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 99:1-8. [PMID: 30579132 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rima A Safadi
- Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; In sabbatical leave to College of Dentistry, King Saud Bin Abdul Aziz University for Health Sciences Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | | | | | - Darshan D Divakar
- College of Applied Medical Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abed A Hamasha
- Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; In sabbatical leave to College of Dentistry, King Saud Bin Abdul Aziz University for Health Sciences Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Wang S, Qiu L, Meng X, Dang N. Knock-down of filaggrin influences the mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathway in normal human epidermal keratinocytes. Med Sci (Paris) 2018; 34 Focus issue F1:94-98. [PMID: 30403182 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/201834f116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Filaggrin is an essential structural protein of the stratum corneum binding to the keratin intermediate filaments to form a dense protein-lipid matrix. However, the function of filaggrin in epidermal terminal differentiation is not completely understood. AIM To evaluate the effects of filaggrin on normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) and to investigate the relevant mechanisms. METHODS Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) technology was used to knock-down filaggrin in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs). Western blot and real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) were performed to detect expression of filaggrin, differentiation-related proteins and MAPK-related proteins. RESULTS Filaggrin was successfully knocked down in NHEKs (99% efficiency). We found that the lack of filaggrin significantly decreased the expression of some differentiation-related proteins, including Cytokeratin 5 protein, Cytokeratin 14 protein, ST14 protein and SPRR3 protein (P<0.05). In addition, filaggrin knock-down significantly decreased expression of p-p38, p-ERK1/2, p-JNK, p-Akt, and p-NF-κB in NHEKs. CONCLUSION Our study shows that filaggrin regulates epidermal terminal differentiation and impairs MAPK signaling pathway in normal human epidermal keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Wang
- Department of Community Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, No.105 Jiefang Road, Jinan 250013, Shandong Province, China
| | - Liyun Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Central Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, No.105 Jiefang Road, Jinan 250013, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xianguang Meng
- Department of Dermatology, Jinan Central Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, No.105 Jiefang Road, Jinan 250013, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ningning Dang
- Department of Dermatology, Jinan Central Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, No.105 Jiefang Road, Jinan 250013, Shandong Province, China
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13
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Meng X, Qiu L, Song H, Dang N. MAPK Pathway Involved in Epidermal Terminal Differentiation of Normal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes. Open Med (Wars) 2018; 13:189-195. [PMID: 29770357 PMCID: PMC5952426 DOI: 10.1515/med-2018-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effect of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in epidermal terminal differentiation. Methods The MAPK pathways (p38, ERK1/2, JNK) were inhibited by SB203580, PD98059, and SP600125 in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs), respectively. Western blotting assays were performed to detect expression of filaggrin and differentiation-related proteins. The mRNA expressions of differentiation-related proteins were detected by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). Results Inhibition of MAPK pathway by SB203580, PD98059, and SP600125 resulted in significant reduction of filaggrin expression in NHEKs. Inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway decreased the expression of differentiation-related proteins (cytokeratin 5, cytokeratin 14, ST14, and SPRR3), Akt, and NF-κB. Inhibition of JNK also suppressed expression of cytokeratin 14, SPRR3, Akt, and NF-κB. However, inhibition of ERK1/2 merely decreased expression of SPRR3 and Akt. Conclusion MAPK pathways regulates epidermal terminal differentiation in NHEKs. The p38 signaling pathway plays an especially important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianguang Meng
- Department of Dermatology, Jinan Central Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250013, Shandong Province, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan Shandong Province, China
| | - Liyun Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Central Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250013, Shandong Province, China
| | - Haiyan Song
- Department of Dermatology, Jinan Central Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250013, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ningning Dang
- Department of Dermatology, Jinan Central Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, No.105 Jiefang Road, Jinan 250013, Shandong Province, China, Tel: +86-0531-85695173
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Saitoh T, Sato K, Tonogi M, Tanaka Y, Yamane GY. Expression of Cytokeratin 13, 14, 17, and 19 in 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide-induced Oral Carcinogenesis in Rat. THE BULLETIN OF TOKYO DENTAL COLLEGE 2018; 57:241-251. [PMID: 28049972 DOI: 10.2209/tdcpublication.2010-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The management of epithelial dysplastic spread around an oral squamous cell carci-noma is very important, particularly intraoperatively. Both cytokeratin (CK) 14 and CK19 are believed to be involved in the development of precancerous lesions, and their expression profiles are quite specific in these and early cancer lesions. Here, expression of CK13, 14, 17, and 19 was investigated in a rat model of 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide-induced tongue cancer during a series of carcinogenetic processes to determine their value in assessing the features of epithelial dysplastic spread around a cancer. Based on tissue conditions, the results showed that expression levels of CK13 and 14 decreased in the order of no change, dysplasia, and cancer, whereas those of CK17 and 19 increased in the same order. Expression of CK13 showed a significant difference among no change, dysplasia, and cancer. This indicates that comparing the immunohistochemical staining profiles of CKs, especially CK13, could help in assessing the characteristics of epithelial dysplastic spread around a cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyoshi Saitoh
- Department of Oral Medicine, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College
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15
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Ali AA, Al-Jandan BA, Suresh CS. The importance of ctokeratins in the early detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2018; 22:441. [PMID: 30651696 PMCID: PMC6306588 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_238_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral cancer is usually diagnosed at advanced stages. The pattern of keratin expression in normal epithelia and the change in their expression in premalignant lesions and carcinomas have suggested the possibilities of improving diagnosis. The aim of this study is to determine the use of acidic cytokeratins (CKs) as biomarkers of histopathological progression in oral carcinogenesis. Materials and Methods A total of 50 paraffin blocks of histological specimens diagnosed as hyperplastic epithelium, dysplastic epithelium, well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and poorly-differentiated SCC (10 specimens each) were included in this study, in addition to 10 normal oral mucosal samples. All samples were stained immunohistochemically with CKs (10-ab1, 14, 16-ab1, 18-dc10 and 19-abs10) using Ventana Medical Systems (Arizona-USA). The expression of CKs antigen was evaluated as absent, mild, moderate and severe. Results CK10-ab1 was found to be positive in the suprabasal layers of all specimens in normal and hyperplastic epithelium, while it was moderate in dysplastic epithelium and mild in well-differentiated SCC. CK10-ab1 was negative in all samples with poorly-differentiated SCC (P < 0.005). CK14 was positive in all specimens of all groups whereas CK16-ab1 was negative in all specimens of all groups. The stain of CKs 18-dc10 and 19-abs10 was restricted to the basal cells only in normal, hyperplastic and dysplastic epithelium, while it was mild in well-differentiated and poorly-differentiated SCC (P < 0.01). Conclusion CK10-ab1 disappeared gradually with the progression of malignant changes of squamous cells whereas CKs 18-dc10 and 19-abs10 increased gradually at the same time. Such changes in the protein mapping of squamous cells need more investigation for a better understanding of oral SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiman A Ali
- Cell Invasion and Metastasis (CIM) Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badr A Al-Jandan
- Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - C S Suresh
- Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Adhikari N, Neupane S, Roh J, Jun JH, Jung JK, Sohn WJ, Kim JY, Kim JY. Immunolocalization patterns of cytokeratins during salivary acinar cell development in mice. J Mol Histol 2017; 49:1-15. [PMID: 29181608 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-017-9742-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic development of the mouse salivary glands begins with epithelial thickening and continues with sequential changes from the pre-bud to terminal bud stages. After birth, morphogenesis proceeds, and the glands develop into a highly branched epithelial structure that terminates with saliva-producing acinar cells at the adult stage. Acinar cells derived from the epithelium are differentiated into serous, mucous, and seromucous types. During differentiation, cytokeratins, intermediate filaments found in most epithelial cells, play vital roles. Although the localization patterns and developmental roles of cytokeratins in different epithelial organs, including the mammary glands, circumvallate papilla, and sweat glands, have been well studied, their stage-specific localization and morphogenetic roles during salivary gland development have yet to be elucidated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the stage and acinar cell type-specific localization pattern of cytokeratins 4, 5, 7, 8, 13, 14, 18, and 19 in the major salivary glands (submandibular, sublingual, and parotid glands) of the mouse at the E15.5, PN0, PN10, and adult stages. In addition, cell physiology, including cell proliferation, was examined during development via immunostaining for Ki67 to understand the cellular mechanisms that govern acinar cell differentiation during salivary gland morphogenesis. The distinct localization patterns of cytokeratins in conjunction with cell physiology will reveal the roles of epithelial cells in salivary gland formation during the differentiation of serous, mucous or seromucous salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirpesh Adhikari
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sanjiv Neupane
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jiyeon Roh
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Jong Hwa Jun
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jae-Kwang Jung
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Wern-Joo Sohn
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
| | - Ji-Youn Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, Gachon University, 191, Hambangmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, South Korea.
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