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Rehman S, Venna P, Davis S, Gopagoni R, Uttam R, Farrukh AM, Salehi M. Primary gallbladder melanoma: A systematic review of literature. Ann Diagn Pathol 2024; 68:152244. [PMID: 38103326 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2023.152244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Primary gallbladder melanoma (PGM) is a rare malignancy with only sporadic cases reported in the English literature. We performed a systematic review of the cases published in the PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar databases with the aim of describing the reported clinicopathologic features of PGM. Thirty-six articles reporting on 39 patients were reviewed. There was a male predominance, with 23 (64 %) of 36 patients being males. The mean age at presentation was 55 ±16 years. Pain in the right upper quadrant was reported in 20/27 (74 %). The average size of the tumor was 3.5 × 1.9 × 1.4 cm. Gallbladder calculi were reported in 7/27 (26 %). A cholecystectomy was performed in 34/38 (89.5 %). Grossly, the tumor mostly (96.5 %) had polypoid appearances and on microscopic examination, the tumor were predominantly comprised of epithelioid cells 12/17 (70.6 %). Mitotic figures and prominent nucleoli were reportedly found in 8/8 (100 %) and 3/3 (100 %) respectively. Junctional melanocytic components were present in 13/21 (61.9 %). Tumor cells were reportedly immunoreactive for S-100 and HMB-45 in all tested cases. Metastasis were reported in 25/36 (69.4 %), with lymph nodes being the most common site (n = 8), followed by brain (n = 6) and liver (n = 4) for metastasis. At a mean follow-up period of 19 +/- 3 months, 16 (48.5 %) of the 33 patients with available survival data were alive and 17/33 (51.5 %) were dead of disease. There is a lack of unified criteria for the diagnosis of PGM, and future studies should aim to resolve this.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ritika Uttam
- JJM Medical College, Davangere, Karnataka, India
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Navale P, Habib M, Stueck A, Fiel MI. Hepatic Sclerosing Hemangioma Simulating Gallbladder Carcinoma: A Rare Case. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2018; 8:474-477. [PMID: 30564006 PMCID: PMC6286440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerosing hemangiomas of the liver are rare benign tumors of the liver. Although hepatic hemangiomas are the most common benign liver tumor, they are mostly cavernous in nature. A hepatic sclerosing hemangioma is defined by presence of fibrosis and hyalinization as a result of degenerative changes in a cavernous hemangioma. The radiological features of sclerosing hepatic hemangioma can resemble those of cholangiocarcinoma, fibrolamellar carcinoma, or metastasis. We present a case of a hepatic sclerosing hemangioma in which an unusual magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) appearance lead to radiographic concern for gallbladder carcinoma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case in the literature of a hepatic sclerosing hemangioma mimicking a gallbladder carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Navale
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Pathology New York, NY, USA 10029-6574,Address for correspondence. Pooja Navale, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Pathology New York, NY, USA 10029-6574.
| | - Maria Habib
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Radiology, New York, NY, USA 10029-6574
| | - Ashley Stueck
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Pathology New York, NY, USA 10029-6574
| | - Maria I. Fiel
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Pathology New York, NY, USA 10029-6574
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Lee SW, Baek SY, Sung SH. Combined Undifferentiated and Neuroendocrine Carcinomas of the Gallbladder Appearing as Two Separate Lesions: A Case Report with Radiological-Pathological Correlation. J Radiol Case Rep 2015; 9:14-21. [PMID: 26622929 DOI: 10.3941/jrcr.v9i5.2165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report herein a rare case of incidentally detected combined undifferentiated and neuroendocrine carcinomas of the gallbladder. An incidental gallbladder malignancy was revealed on abdominal ultrasound and multi-detector computed tomography in a 54-year-old man. A short distance from the main polypoid hypoechoic mass at the fundus of the gallbladder, focal wall thickening was noted with prominently increased power Doppler flow. Extended cholecystectomy was performed, and histology confirmed the main polypoid mass as undifferentiated carcinoma and the separate nodule as neuroendocrine carcinoma. To our knowledge, this is the first report presenting two separate lesions of combined gallbladder carcinomas by radiological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Won Lee
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Yon Baek
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Hee Sung
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
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Gallbladder Cancer in the 21st Century. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2015; 2015:967472. [PMID: 26421012 PMCID: PMC4569807 DOI: 10.1155/2015/967472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is an uncommon disease in the majority of the world despite being the most common and aggressive malignancy of the biliary tree. Early diagnosis is essential for improved prognosis; however, indolent and nonspecific clinical presentations with a paucity of pathognomonic/predictive radiological features often preclude accurate identification of GBC at an early stage. As such, GBC remains a highly lethal disease, with only 10% of all patients presenting at a stage amenable to surgical resection. Among this select population, continued improvements in survival during the 21st century are attributable to aggressive radical surgery with improved surgical techniques. This paper reviews the current available literature of the 21st century on PubMed and Medline to provide a detailed summary of the epidemiology and risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, radiology, pathology, management, and prognosis of GBC.
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Christou D, Katodritis N, Decatris MP, Katodritou A, Michaelides I, Nicolaou N, Kounoushis M, Hadjicostas P. Melanoma of the gallbladder: appropriate surgical management and review of the literature. Clin Case Rep 2014; 2:313-8. [PMID: 25548636 PMCID: PMC4270716 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY CLINICAL MESSAGE Melanomas of the gallbladder (GB) are extremely rare with a very poor prognosis. They feature in the literature as a few case reports and the method of their management is not clear. We report a case of patient with metastatic cutaneous melanoma to the GB, and our treatment suggestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetris Christou
- Department of General Surgery, Larnaca General HospitalLarnaca, Cyprus
| | - Nicos Katodritis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Bank of Cyprus Oncology CentreNicosia, Cyprus
| | - Marios P Decatris
- Department of Medical Oncology, Bank of Cyprus Oncology CentreNicosia, Cyprus
| | | | | | - Nicolaos Nicolaou
- Department of General Surgery, Larnaca General HospitalLarnaca, Cyprus
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Abstract
On computed tomography (CT), gallbladder pathology may be detected incidentally or as the etiology of symptoms that prompted imaging. Accurate pathologic diagnosis can be challenging, however, due to overlapping appearances of malignant and benign gallbladder disease. This pictorial essay takes a pattern-based approach to CT of the gallbladder, to help the radiologist formulate the proper differential diagnosis.
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Childhood Burkitt lymphoma: abdominal and pelvic imaging findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009; 192:1304-15. [PMID: 19380555 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.08.1476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Burkitt lymphoma in children can be localized or disseminated and can involve various sites. Our objective is to review the clinical presentation and abdominopelvic imaging findings of Burkitt lymphoma in the pediatric population. CONCLUSION Numerous abdominal and pelvic imaging findings are seen in Burkitt lymphoma affecting the gastrointestinal tract and solid organs. Recognition of the common and uncommon imaging findings is essential in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with Burkitt lymphoma because prompt therapy is critical.
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Vialle R, Velasco S, Milin S, Bricot V, Richer JP, Levillain PM, Tasu JP. [Imaging in the diagnosis and the staging of gallbladder tumors]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 32:931-41. [PMID: 18954953 DOI: 10.1016/j.gcb.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 08/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Most of gallbladder tumors are benign. Adenoma, cholesterol polyps, or adenomyomatosis are most frequently typical on ultrasonographic images. All symptomatic lesions must be considered as indications for surgery. It may be difficult to identify precancerous or malignant lesion. Polyps over 1cm are indication for preventive cholecystectomy. In case of suspicious polyp or suspicious wall thickening, endoscopic ultrasonography can be helpful to evaluate local tumoral spread and eliminate differential diagnosis. Unfortunately, diagnosis of gallbladder cancer is often late, when surgical resection can't be curative. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging examinations are then useful for local and metastatic staging.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vialle
- Service de radiologie, CHU de Poitiers, BP 577, 86021 Poitiers, France.
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Abdominal manifestations of extranodal lymphoma: spectrum of imaging findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2008; 191:198-206. [PMID: 18562746 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.07.3146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article is to illustrate the spectrum of appearances of extranodal lymphoma in the abdomen using cross-sectional imaging techniques. CONCLUSION Extranodal lymphoma in the abdomen can mimic other neoplastic or inflammatory conditions. Although a definitive diagnosis is possible only with biopsy, it is important to consider extranodal lymphoma in the presence of certain imaging appearances in the appropriate clinical setting for the correct diagnosis, accurate staging, and optimal management.
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Catalano OA, Sahani DV, Kalva SP, Cushing MS, Hahn PF, Brown JJ, Edelman RR. MR imaging of the gallbladder: a pictorial essay. Radiographics 2008; 28:135-55; quiz 324. [PMID: 18203935 DOI: 10.1148/rg.281065183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The gallbladder serves as the repository for bile produced in the liver. However, bile within the gallbladder may become supersaturated with cholesterol, leading to crystal precipitation and subsequent gallstone formation. The most common disorders of the gallbladder are related to gallstones and include symptomatic cholelithiasis, acute and chronic cholecystitis, and carcinoma of the gallbladder. Other conditions that can affect the gallbladder include biliary dyskinesia (functional), adenomyomatosis (hyperplastic), and postoperative changes or complications (iatrogenic). Ultrasonography (US) has been the traditional modality for evaluating gallbladder disease, primarily owing to its high sensitivity and specificity for both stone disease and gallbladder inflammation. US performed before and after ingestion of a fatty meal may also be useful for functional evaluation of the gallbladder. However, US is limited by patient body habitus, with degradation of image quality and anatomic detail in obese individuals. With the advent of faster and more efficient imaging techniques, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has assumed an increasing role as an adjunct modality for gallbladder imaging, primarily in patients who are incompletely assessed with US. MR imaging allows simultaneous anatomic and physiologic assessment of the gallbladder and biliary tract in both initial evaluation of disease and examination of the postoperative patient. This assessment is accomplished chiefly through the use of MR imaging contrast agents excreted preferentially via the biliary system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onofrio A Catalano
- Department of Radiology, Division of Gastrointestinal Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, WHT 270, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Imaging of Cardiac Masses and Myocardial Disease:Self-Assessment Module. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007; 188:S21-5. [DOI: 10.2214/ajr.07.0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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