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Kuzma BA, Pence IJ, Greenfield DA, Ho A, Evans CL. Visualizing and quantifying antimicrobial drug distribution in tissue. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 177:113942. [PMID: 34437983 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of drugs are vital to the mechanistic understanding of their efficacy. Measuring antimicrobial drug efficacy has been challenging as plasma drug concentration is used as a surrogate for tissue drug concentration, yet typically does not reflect that at the intended site(s) of action. Utilizing an image-guided approach, it is feasible to accurately quantify the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics within the desired site(s) of action. We outline imaging modalities used in visualizing drug distribution with examples ranging from in vitro cellular drug uptake to clinical treatment of microbial infections. The imaging modalities of interest are: radio-labeling, magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry imaging, computed tomography, fluorescence, and Raman spectroscopy. We outline the progress, limitations, and future outlook for each methodology. Further advances in these optical approaches would benefit patients and researchers alike, as non-invasive imaging could yield more profound insights with a lower clinical burden than invasive measurement approaches used today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Kuzma
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA
| | - Isaac J Pence
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA
| | - Daniel A Greenfield
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA
| | - Alexander Ho
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA
| | - Conor L Evans
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA.
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Zhang S, Lloveras V, Pulido D, Liko F, Pinto LF, Albericio F, Royo M, Vidal-Gancedo J. Radical Dendrimers Based on Biocompatible Oligoethylene Glycol Dendrimers as Contrast Agents for MRI. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E772. [PMID: 32823903 PMCID: PMC7464757 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12080772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Finding alternatives to gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agents (CA) with the same or even better paramagnetic properties is crucial to overcome their established toxicity. Herein we describe the synthesis and characterization of entirely organic metal-free paramagnetic macromolecules based on biocompatible oligoethylene glycol dendrimers fully functionalized with 5 and 20 organic radicals (OEG Gn-PROXYL (n = 0, 1) radical dendrimers) with the aim to be used as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. Conferring high water solubility on such systems is often a concern, especially in large generation dendrimers. Our approach to overcome such an issue in this study is by synthesizing dendrimers with highly water-soluble branches themselves. In this work, we show that the highly water-soluble OEG Gn-PROXYL (n = 0, 1) radical dendrimers obtained showed properties that convert them in good candidates to be studied as contrast agents for MRI applications like diagnosis and follow-up of infectious diseases, among others. Importantly, with the first generation radical dendrimer, a similar r1 relaxivity value (3.4 mM-1s-1) in comparison to gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) used in clinics (3.2 mM-1s-1, r.t. 7T) has been obtained, and it has been shown to not be cytotoxic, avoiding the toxicity risks associated with the unwanted accumulation of Gd in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songbai Zhang
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) and CIBER-BBN, Campus Universitari de Bellaterra, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (S.Z.); (V.L.); (F.L.); (L.F.P.)
| | - Vega Lloveras
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) and CIBER-BBN, Campus Universitari de Bellaterra, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (S.Z.); (V.L.); (F.L.); (L.F.P.)
| | - Daniel Pulido
- Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC-CSIC) and CIBER-BBN c/ Jordi Girona 18–26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (D.P.); (F.A.); (M.R.)
| | - Flonja Liko
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) and CIBER-BBN, Campus Universitari de Bellaterra, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (S.Z.); (V.L.); (F.L.); (L.F.P.)
| | - Luiz F. Pinto
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) and CIBER-BBN, Campus Universitari de Bellaterra, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (S.Z.); (V.L.); (F.L.); (L.F.P.)
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC-CSIC) and CIBER-BBN c/ Jordi Girona 18–26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (D.P.); (F.A.); (M.R.)
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Miriam Royo
- Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC-CSIC) and CIBER-BBN c/ Jordi Girona 18–26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (D.P.); (F.A.); (M.R.)
| | - José Vidal-Gancedo
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) and CIBER-BBN, Campus Universitari de Bellaterra, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (S.Z.); (V.L.); (F.L.); (L.F.P.)
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Sharifi S, Seyednejad H, Laurent S, Atyabi F, Saei AA, Mahmoudi M. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for in vivo molecular and cellular imaging. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2015; 10:329-55. [PMID: 25882768 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, the biomedical applications of nanoparticles (NPs) (e.g. cell tracking, biosensing, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), targeted drug delivery, and tissue engineering) have been increasingly developed. Among the various NP types, superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs (SPIONs) have attracted considerable attention for early detection of diseases due to their specific physicochemical properties and their molecular imaging capabilities. A comprehensive review is presented on the recent advances in the development of in vitro and in vivo SPION applications for molecular imaging, along with opportunities and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar Sharifi
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, University of Twente, The Netherlands
| | - Hajar Seyednejad
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Sophie Laurent
- Department of General, Organic, and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Avenue Maistriau 19, B-7000, Mons, Belgium.,CMMI - Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Rue Adrienne Bolland 8, B-6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Fatemeh Atyabi
- Nanotechnology Research Center and Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ata Saei
- Nanotechnology Research Center and Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Nanotechnology Research Center and Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Gramoun A, Crowe LA, Maurizi L, Wirth W, Tobalem F, Grosdemange K, Coullerez G, Eckstein F, Koenders MI, Van den Berg WB, Hofmann H, Vallée JP. Monitoring the effects of dexamethasone treatment by MRI using in vivo iron oxide nanoparticle-labeled macrophages. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:R131. [PMID: 24957862 PMCID: PMC4095600 DOI: 10.1186/ar4588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic disease causing recurring inflammatory joint attacks. These attacks are characterized by macrophage infiltration contributing to joint destruction. Studies have shown that RA treatment efficacy is correlated to synovial macrophage number. The aim of this study was to experimentally validate the use of in vivo superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION) labeled macrophages to evaluate RA treatment by MRI. Methods The evolution of macrophages was monitored with and without dexamethasone (Dexa) treatment in rats. Two doses of 3 and 1 mg/kg Dexa were administered two and five days following induction of antigen induced arthritis. SPIONs (7 mg Fe/rat) were injected intravenously and the knees were imaged in vivo on days 6, 10 and 13. The MR images were scored for three parameters: SPION signal intensity, SPION distribution pattern and synovial oedema. Using 3D semi-automated software, the MR SPION signal was quantified. The efficacy of SPIONs and gadolinium chelate (Gd), an MR contrast agent, in illustrating treatment effects were compared. Those results were confirmed through histological measurements of number and area of macrophages and nanoparticle clusters using CD68 immunostaining and Prussian blue staining respectively. Results Results show that the pattern and the intensity of SPION-labeled macrophages on MRI were altered by Dexa treatment. While the Dexa group had a uniform elliptical line surrounding an oedema pocket, the untreated group showed a diffused SPION distribution on day 6 post-induction. Dexa reduced the intensity of SPION signal 50-60% on days 10 and 13 compared to controls (P = 0.00008 and 0.002 respectively). Similar results were found when the signal was measured by the 3D tool. On day 13, the persisting low grade arthritis progression could not be demonstrated by Gd. Analysis of knee samples by Prussian blue and CD68 immunostaining confirmed in vivo SPION uptake by macrophages. Furthermore, CD68 immunostaining revealed that Dexa treatment significantly decreased the area and number of synovial macrophages. Prussian blue quantification corresponded to the macrophage measurements and both were in agreement with the MRI findings. Conclusions We have demonstrated the feasibility of MRI tracking of in vivo SPION-labeled macrophages to assess RA treatment effects.
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Hoerr V, Faber C. Magnetic resonance imaging characterization of microbial infections. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 93:136-46. [PMID: 24257444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The investigation of microbial infections relies to a large part on animal models of infection, if host pathogen interactions or the host response are considered. Especially for the assessment of novel therapeutic agents, animal models are required. Non-invasive imaging methods to study such models have gained increasing importance over the recent years. In particular, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) affords a variety of diagnostic options, and can be used for longitudinal studies. In this review, we introduce the most important MRI modalities that show how MRI has been used for the investigation of animal models of infection previously and how it may be applied in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Hoerr
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
| | - Cornelius Faber
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
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Moser T, Ehlinger M, Chelli Bouaziz M, Fethi Ladeb M, Durckel J, Dosch JC. Pitfalls in osteoarticular imaging: How to distinguish bone infection from tumour? Diagn Interv Imaging 2012; 93:351-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2012.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Shen CC, Wang CC, Liao MH, Jan TR. A single exposure to iron oxide nanoparticles attenuates antigen-specific antibody production and T-cell reactivity in ovalbumin-sensitized BALB/c mice. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:1229-35. [PMID: 21753874 PMCID: PMC3131189 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s21019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles have been used in clinical applications as a diagnostic contrasting agent. Previous studies showed that iron oxide nanoparticles deposited in the liver and spleen after systemic administration. The present study investigated the effect of iron oxide nanoparticles on antigen-specific immune responses in mice sensitized with the T cell-dependent antigen ovalbumin (OVA). Methods: BALB/c mice were intravenously administered with a single dose of iron oxide nanoparticles (10–60 mg Fe/kg) 1 hour prior to OVA sensitization, and the serum antibody production and splenocyte reactivity were examined 7 days later. Results: The serum levels of OVA-specific IgG1 and IgG2a were significantly attenuated by treatment with iron oxide nanoparticles. The production of interferon-γ and interleukin-4 by splenocytes re-stimulated with OVA in culture was robustly suppressed in mice administered with iron oxide nanoparticles. The viability of OVA-stimulated splenocytes was also attenuated. In contrast, treatment with iron oxide nanoparticles did not affect the viability of splenocytes stimulated with concanavalin A, a T-cell mitogen. Conclusion: Collectively, these data indicate that systemic exposure to a single dose of iron oxide nanoparticles compromises subsequent antigen-specific immune reactions, including the serum production of antigen-specific antibodies, and the functionality of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chang Shen
- Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei
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Lefevre S, Ruimy D, Jehl F, Neuville A, Robert P, Sordet C, Ehlinger M, Dietemann JL, Bierry G. Septic arthritis: monitoring with USPIO-enhanced macrophage MR imaging. Radiology 2011; 258:722-8. [PMID: 21339348 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.10101272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To prospectively evaluate in vivo noninvasive monitoring of antibiotic therapy in experimental infectious arthritis by imaging macrophages by using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging enhanced with ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) particles. MATERIALS AND METHODS The institutional review committee on animal care approved the experimental protocol. Unilateral knee infection was induced by intra-articular injection of Staphylococcus aureus in 12 rabbits. Each rabbit underwent MR imaging before and after injection of USPIO particles, as well as before and after injection of gadoterate meglumine. All 12 of the animals were imaged during the acute phase of infection. Half were then sacrificed to obtain histopathologic samples, and the other half were imaged a second time after antibiotic treatment. MR imaging data were analyzed and compared with bacteriologic and histopathologic findings. RESULTS In acute infections, intense synovitis with marked signal intensity increase of the synovium on gadoterate dimeglumine-enhanced fat-suppressed T1-weighted images was observed in all animals and was associated with areas of signal intensity loss within the infected synovium on USPIO-enhanced T2*-weighted gradient-echo images, reflecting an intense infiltration of USPIO-loaded macrophages. After antibiotic treatment and histologic evidence of healing infection, less synovial signal intensity loss was seen (P = .03). In contradistinction, the signal intensity increase on gadoterate dimeglumine-enhanced fat-suppressed T1-weighted images remained unchanged. CONCLUSION In contrast to conventional MR imaging performed by using extracellular contrast agents, USPIO-enhanced macrophage MR imaging can demonstrate resolution of experimental bacterial joint infection.
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Shi XL, Gu JY, Han B, Xu HY, Fang L, Ding YT. Magnetically labeled mesenchymal stem cells after autologous transplantation into acutely injured liver. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:3674-9. [PMID: 20677339 PMCID: PMC2915427 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i29.3674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate tracking of magnetically labeled mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) after intraportal transplantation.
METHODS: Mononuclear cells were isolated from bone marrow aspirates of pigs by density gradient centrifugation, cultured and expanded, after which, they were incubated with super paramagnetic iron oxide (SPIO). Prussian blue staining was performed to highlight intracellular iron. To establish swine models of acute liver injury, 0.5 g/kg D-galactosamine was administrated to 10 pigs, six of which were injected via their portal veins with SPIO-labeled MSCs, while the remaining four were injected with unlabeled cells. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed with a clinical 1.5T MR scanner immediately before transplantation and 6 h, 3 d, 7 d and 14 d after transplantation. Prussian blue staining was again performed with the tissue slices at the endpoint.
RESULTS: Prussian blue staining of SPIO-labeled MSCs had a labeling efficiency of almost 100%. Signal intensity loss in the liver by SPIO labeling on the FFE (T2*WI) sequence persisted until 14 d after transplantation. Histological analysis by Prussian blue staining confirmed homing of labeled MSCs in the liver after 14 d; primarily distributed in hepatic sinusoids and liver parenchyma.
CONCLUSION: MSCs were successfully labeled with SPIO in vitro. MRI can monitor magnetically labeled MSCs transplanted into the liver.
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Bierry G, Jehl F, Holl N, Sibilia J, Froelich S, Froehlig P, Dietemann JL, Kremer S. Cellular magnetic resonance imaging for the differentiation of infectious and degenerative vertebral disorders: Preliminary results. J Magn Reson Imaging 2009; 30:901-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.21904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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USPIO-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the knee in asymptomatic volunteers. Eur Radiol 2009; 19:1715-22. [PMID: 19330333 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-009-1343-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare signal characteristics of the synovium in knees of asymptomatic volunteers before and after intravenous administration of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (USPIO). Ten knees of 10 asymptomatic volunteers were examined before and 36 h after intravenous administration of USPIO on a 1.5-T MR system using T1-weighted spin-echo, T2-weighted fast spin-echo, T2*-weighted gradient-echo (GRE), and short inversion time inversion-recovery sequences. In addition, synovial perfusion was measured using Gd-enhanced GRE imaging during the first imaging session. Images were analyzed qualitatively for any visual changes before and after USPIO administration. Signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) of the synovium were determined on unenhanced and USPIO-enhanced sequences. All MR images were reviewed for presence of any degenerative changes. Qualitative image analysis revealed no visually detectable changes of any knee joint before and after USPIO administration. The SNR values of the synovium on T1w, T2w, and T2*w images before and after USPIO administration showed no significant difference (T1, P = 0.86; T2, P = 0.95; T2*, P = 0.86). None of the volunteers showed any relevant degenerative changes of the knee and synovial perfusion was within normal limits. In knees of asymptomatic volunteers without any relevant degenerative changes and normal synovial perfusion neither visual changes nor changes of SNR values of the synovium can be depicted after USPIO administration. This means that USPIO-enhanced MRI may be used for assessment of knee disorders with increased macrophage activity.
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