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Qaiyumi Z, Nepal P, Iannuzzi C, Sapire J. Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder presenting as an inguinal mass. SA J Radiol 2021; 25:2048. [PMID: 33936799 PMCID: PMC8063770 DOI: 10.4102/sajr.v25i1.2048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This report involves a rare case of a 74-year-old man who presented with a progressively increasing swelling in the right groin, which represented a squamous cell bladder carcinoma herniating into the right inguinal canal. The manuscript discusses the role of multimodality imaging in bladder carcinoma presenting as an inguinoscrotal hernia. The patient subsequently underwent treatment with a chemotherapy regimen consisting of 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin, which was extrapolated from squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal, and responded well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Qaiyumi
- Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, North Haven, CT, The United States of America
| | - Pankaj Nepal
- Department of Radiology, St. Vincent's Medical Center, Bridgeport, CT, The United States of America
| | - Christopher Iannuzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Vincent's Medical Center, Bridgeport, CT, The United States of America
| | - Joshua Sapire
- Department of Radiology, St. Vincent's Medical Center, Bridgeport, CT, The United States of America
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2
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PET/CT in Renal, Bladder, and Testicular Cancer. Clin Nucl Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-39457-8_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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3
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Khoo ACH, Tang WH. Renal Pelvis Urothelial Carcinoma With Bowel Metastases. Clin Nucl Med 2019; 44:983-984. [PMID: 31689282 DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000002797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma is the fourth most common genitourinary tumor with the majority of the tumor involving the urinary bladder. Only 5% involves the renal pelvis and ureter. Metastatic urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis frequently involves the lymph nodes, lung, liver, bone, and peritoneum. We share rare interesting F-FDG PET/CT images of a 60-year-old man with metastatic urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis to the bowel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weng Heng Tang
- Oncology, Penang Adventist Hospital, George Town, Penang, Malaysia
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4
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Frączek M, Kamecki H, Kamecka A, Sosnowski R, Sklinda K, Czarniecki M, Królicki L, Walecki J. Evaluation of lymph node status in patients with urothelial carcinoma-still in search of the perfect imaging modality: a systematic review. Transl Androl Urol 2018; 7:783-803. [PMID: 30456182 PMCID: PMC6212628 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2018.08.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
While accurate lymph node status evaluation in urothelial carcinoma patients is essential for the correct disease staging and, hence, establishing the most beneficial treatment strategy, the diagnostic performance of routine imaging in regards to this issue is not satisfactory. For the purpose of this article, we systematically reviewed the contemporary literature on the sensitivity and specificity of particular imaging modalities which have been studied for detecting lymph node metastases in patients diagnosed with urothelial carcinoma. The evidence reviewed shows that computed tomography (CT), although recognized as the imaging modality of choice, is associated with marked limitations, resulting in its low sensitivity for lymph node involvement detection in urothelial carcinoma patients, with no study reporting a value higher than 46% using standard cut-off values. Markedly higher sensitivity rates may be achieved with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), especially when using ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide as the contrast agent, however, no uniform protocol has been systematically studied up to date. The vast majority of recent evidence concerns positron emission tomography (PET), which is being reported to improve the diagnostic performance of CT alone, as has been demonstrated in multiple articles, which investigated the accuracy of PET/CT at primary or post-treatment staging of urothelial carcinoma patients. However, there has been substantial heterogeneity in terms of methodology and results between those studies, making it premature to draw any definitive conclusions. The results of this review lead to a conclusion, that while CT, despite being not fully satisfactory, still remains the gold-standard method of imaging for staging purposes in urothelial carcinoma, other imaging modalities are under investigation, with promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Frączek
- Department of Radiology, Medical Center of Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hubert Kamecki
- Department of Urogenital Cancer, Oncology Center-M. Skłodowska-Curie Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kamecka
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Public Children's Teaching Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Roman Sosnowski
- Department of Urogenital Cancer, Oncology Center-M. Skłodowska-Curie Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sklinda
- Department of Radiology, Medical Center of Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Czarniecki
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Leszek Królicki
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Walecki
- Department of Radiology, Medical Center of Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland
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5
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Nukui A, Narimatsu T, Kambara T, Abe H, Sakamoto S, Yoshida KI, Kamai T. Clinically significant association of elevated expression of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 expression with higher glucose uptake and progression of upper urinary tract cancer. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:493. [PMID: 29716554 PMCID: PMC5930508 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4427-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence that the transcription factor nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is the major participant in regulating antioxidants and pathways for detoxifying reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as having a vital role in tumor proliferation, invasion, and chemoresistance. It was also recently reported that Nrf2 supports cell proliferation by promoting metabolic activity. Thus, Nrf2 is involved in progression of cancer. Upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a biologically aggressive tumor with high rates of recurrence and progression, resulting in a poor prognosis. However, the role of Nrf2 in UTUC is largely unknown. METHODS In order to study the role of Nrf2 in UTUC from the metabolic perspective, we retrospectively assessed Nrf2 expression in the surgical specimen and the preoperative maximum standard glucose uptake (SUVmax) on [18F]fluorodeoxy-glucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG-PET) of 107 patients with UTUC who underwent radical nephroureterectomy. RESULTS Increased expression of Nrf2 in the primary lesion was correlated with less differentiated histology, local invasion, and lymph node metastasis, and was also an independent indicator of shorter overall survival according to multivariate analysis. Furthermore, increased expression of Nrf2 was associated with higher preoperative SUVmax by the primary tumor on 18F-FDG-PET, while Nrf2 expression and SUVmax were also significantly correlated in the metastatic lymph nodes. Among the 18 patients with lymph node metastasis at nephroureterectomy who underwent retroperitoneal lymph node dissection and received adjuvant chemotherapy, the patients with higher Nrf2 expression in the primary tumor had worse recurrence-free survival. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that constitutive activation of Nrf2 might be linked with tumor aerobic glycolysis and progression of UTUC, indicating that Nrf2 signaling in the tumor microenvironment promotes progression of UTUC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takahiro Narimatsu
- Department of Urology, Dokkyo Medical University, 880 Kitakobayashi Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Tsunehito Kambara
- Department of Urology, Dokkyo Medical University, 880 Kitakobayashi Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Abe
- Department of Urology, Dokkyo Medical University, 880 Kitakobayashi Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Setsu Sakamoto
- ET Center, Dokkyo Medical University Hospital, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Yoshida
- Department of Urology, Dokkyo Medical University, 880 Kitakobayashi Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Takao Kamai
- Department of Urology, Dokkyo Medical University, 880 Kitakobayashi Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan.
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Shergill AK, Wang DC, Thipphavong S, Zlotta AR, Jaffer N. Comprehensive Imaging and Surgical Review of Urinary Diversions: What the Radiologist Needs to Know. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2018; 48:161-171. [PMID: 29655890 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Urinary diversions are surgical procedures that reconstruct the lower urinary tract following cystectomy. The 2 common surgical approaches are based on the continence status of the urinary tract. Incontinent diversions have continuous urine drainage through a cutaneous stoma, whereas continent diversions offer the patient the ability to self-void either via stoma catheterization or with the patient's own urethra. Given the large number of diversion procedures available, postsurgical anatomy may be complex. Multiple imaging modalities can be used to assess the postprocedural anatomy, potential complications, and for on-going oncologic monitoring. The purpose of this review is to describe the common surgical techniques and associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind K Shergill
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON
| | - David C Wang
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON
| | - Seng Thipphavong
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON
| | - Alexandre R Zlotta
- Division of Urology, Princess Margaret Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Nasir Jaffer
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON.
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Razik A, Das CJ, Sharma S. PET-CT and PET-MR in urological cancers other than prostate cancer: An update on state of the art. Indian J Urol 2018; 34:20-27. [PMID: 29343908 PMCID: PMC5769244 DOI: 10.4103/iju.iju_321_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid positron emission tomography with computed tomography (PET/CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) have enabled the combination of morphologic and functional imaging with the promise of providing better information in guiding therapy. Further advance has been made in the past decade with the development of newer radiotracers and optimization of the technical aspects. We performed a search in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed literature concerning the advances and newer developments in the imaging of nonprostate urologic cancers between 2005 and 2017. This review aims at summarizing the current evidence on PET imaging in nonprostate urologic cancers and their impact on the diagnosis, staging, prognostication, response assessment, and restaging of these malignancies. However, much of the evidence is still in infancy and has not been incorporated into routine management or the practice guidelines of National Comprehensive Cancer Network or European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Razik
- Department of Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Chandan Jyoti Das
- Department of Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjay Sharma
- Department of Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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8
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Abstract
Urinary clearance of F-FDG and variability in bladder wall FDG uptake may hamper the interpretation and limit the use of FDG-PET/CT for imaging bladder tumors. Nevertheless, careful combined evaluation of both CT and FDG-PET images of the urinary tract can provide useful findings. We present 2 cases of bladder cancer detected by FDG-PET/CT. These cases suggest that FDG uptake can be indicative of malignancy in bladder cancer when viewed in conjunction with CT scans and that whole-body FDG-PET/CT scans should always be reviewed with particular attention to the urinary tract because abnormalities suggestive of bladder cancer can be found unexpectedly.
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9
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Kassem TW. Up and down staging of TCC using 18F-FDG PET/CT scan. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrnm.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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10
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Update on advances in molecular PET in urological oncology. Jpn J Radiol 2016; 34:470-85. [PMID: 27222021 DOI: 10.1007/s11604-016-0553-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Integrated positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) with 2-[(18)F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ((18)F-FDG) has emerged as a powerful tool for the combined metabolic and anatomic evaluation of many cancers. In urological oncology, however, the use of (18)F-FDG has been limited by a generally low tumor uptake, and physiological excretion of FDG through the urinary system. (18)F-FDG PET/CT is useful when applied to specific indications in selected patients with urological malignancy. New radiotracers and positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) are expected to further improve the performance of PET in uro-oncology.
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11
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Gofrit ON, Orevi M. Diagnostic Challenges of Kidney Cancer: A Systematic Review of the Role of Positron Emission Tomography-Computerized Tomography. J Urol 2016; 196:648-57. [PMID: 27140072 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2016.02.2992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Positron emission tomography-computerized tomography is a leading imaging modality for many types of solid tumors. The ability to characterize molecular processes noninvasively during a relatively fast whole-body scan is the major advantage of this technology. We reviewed the literature in an attempt to clarify the usefulness of positron emission tomography-computerized tomography in patients with a renal mass. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched PubMed® for articles published from 2004 through September 2015 using the keywords "renal," "kidney," "mass," "tumor," "cancer," and "PET/CT." RESULTS A total of 158 relevant articles were included in the review. Most diagnostic studies used (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose, a marker of glucose metabolism, as the radiotracer. The results were substandard, with sensitivity rates in the range of 31.5% to 77% for diagnosis of renal cell carcinomas. There were higher success rates for diagnosis of clear cell carcinomas. Carbonic anhydrase IX is an enzyme expressed in 95% of clear cell carcinomas but not in normal renal tissue or in benign or nonclear cell malignancies. A chimeric mouse-human antibody to carbonic anhydrase IX labeled with (124)I-girentuximab was demonstrated to diagnose clear cell tumors with sensitivity of 86.2% and specificity of 85.9%. For diagnosis of metastases positron emission tomography-computerized tomography with (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose was observed to be more accurate than computerized tomography alone (94% vs 89%). Studies with other tracers also reveal encouraging results. Positron emission tomography-computerized tomography holds great promise in predicting prognosis and response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Current tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatments usually induce only mild lesion shrinkage. Thus, assessment of response based on changes in size of metastases is insufficient. Low (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake before treatment and decreased uptake after 2 cycles of treatment are associated with better survival. Using labeled medications as radiotracers before actual treatment may assist in selection of the most effective medication for a specific patient. CONCLUSIONS Positron emission tomography-computerized tomography with (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose currently has lower sensitivity compared to enhanced computerized tomography for diagnosis of primary renal masses but better sensitivity for diagnosis of metastases. Predicting and monitoring response to targeted therapy could direct the clinician toward drug selection or modification during therapy. The possibility of treating patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma with (124)I-girentuximab attached to (177)Lu, a strong β-emitter, is investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofer N Gofrit
- Department of Urology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Marina Orevi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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12
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Kitajima K, Yamamoto S, Fukushima K, Yamakado K, Katsuura T, Igarashi Y, Kawanaka Y, Mouri M, Hirota S. FDG-PET/CT as a post-treatment restaging tool in urothelial carcinoma: Comparison with contrast-enhanced CT. Eur J Radiol 2016; 85:593-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Ozguven S, Maleki R, Ones T, Inanir S, Erdil TY, Turoglu HT. Invasive urothelial carcinoma detected in bladder diverticulum with FDG PET/CT: A rare case with negative cystoscopy. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.remnie.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Feasible Method to enable clear visualization of suspected bladder cancer with 18F-FDG PET/CT. Clin Imaging 2014; 38:704-9. [PMID: 24908368 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate value of a new method in detecting bladder lesion with (18)F-FDG PET/CT. METHODS Routine and delayed scans of 14 patients were retrospectively studied. All these bladder lesions were confirmed by pathology. By increasing display threshold of SUVmax, routine images were analyzed for the second time. RESULTS Of 12 (18)F-FDG-avid cases, 10 cases were confirmed to be primary bladder carcinoma, 2 false-positive cases were inflammation. There were 25% positive cases on routine display and 50% on display with increased SUVmax threshold. CONCLUSION The method can effectively increase the sensitivity and accuracy in detecting bladder cancer with (18)F-FDG PET/CT.
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Ozguven S, Maleki R, Ones T, Inanir S, Erdil TY, Turoglu HT. Invasive urothelial carcinoma detected in bladder diverticulum with FDG PET/CT: a rare case with negative cystoscopy. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol 2014; 33:399-400. [PMID: 24703992 DOI: 10.1016/j.remn.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salih Ozguven
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Reza Maleki
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tunc Ones
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sabahat Inanir
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tanju Yusuf Erdil
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Halil Turgut Turoglu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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16
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Dong A, Bai Y, Wang Y, Zuo C, Lu J. Spectrum of the prostate lesions with increased FDG uptake on 18F-FDG PET/CT. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 39:908-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00261-014-0114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Abstract
There is an expanding and exciting repertoire of PET imaging radiotracers for urogenital diseases, particularly in prostate cancer, renal cell cancer, and renal function. Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men. With growing therapeutic options for the treatment of metastatic and advanced prostate cancer, improved functional imaging of prostate cancer beyond the limitations of conventional CT and bone scan is becoming increasingly important for both clinical management and drug development. PET radiotracers, apart from ¹⁸F-FDG, for prostate cancer are ¹⁸F-sodium fluoride, ¹¹C-choline, and ¹⁸F-fluorocholine, and (¹¹C-acetate. Other emerging and promising PET radiotracers include a synthetic l-leucine amino acid analogue (anti-¹⁸F-fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid), dihydrotestosterone analogue (¹⁸F-fluoro-5α-dihydrotestosterone), and prostate-specific membrane antigen-based PET radiotracers (eg, N-[N-[(S)-1,3-dicarboxypropyl]carbamoyl]-4-¹⁸F-fluorobenzyl-l-cysteine, ⁸⁹Zr-DFO-J591, and ⁶⁸Ga [HBED-CC]). Larger prospective and comparison trials of these PET radiotracers are needed to establish the role of PET/CT in prostate cancer. Although renal cell cancer imaging with FDG-PET/CT is available, it can be limited, especially for detection of the primary tumor. Improved renal cell cancer detection with carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX)-based antibody (¹²⁴I-girentuximab) and radioimmunotherapy targeting with ¹⁷⁷Lu-cG250 appear promising. Evaluation of renal injury by imaging renal perfusion and function with novel PET radiotracers include p-¹⁸F-fluorohippurate, hippurate m-cyano-p-¹⁸F-fluorohippurate, and rubidium-82 chloride (typically used for myocardial perfusion imaging). Renal receptor imaging of the renal renin-angiotensin system with a variety of selective PET radioligands is also becoming available for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Y Cho
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Zsolt Szabo
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
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Battista G, Sassi C, Corcioni B, Bazzocchi A, Golfieri R, Canini R. Latest developments in imaging of bladder cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 10:881-94. [DOI: 10.1586/era.10.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Li Y, Yang ZQ, Ye H, Qi L, Hu JW. Application of 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging in diagnosing bladder tumor metastasis lesions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 33:234-237. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-013-1103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Accidental finding of bladder cancer in 99mTc methylene diphosphonate whole-body bone scan. Clin Nucl Med 2013; 38:643-5. [PMID: 23510879 DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0b013e31827087af] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A 53-year-old woman with a history of nasopharyngeal carcinoma underwent (99m)Tc methylene diphosphonate (MDP) whole-body scintigraphy for tumor staging. An MDP-avid lesion located in the urinary bladder was found. Computed tomography showed a protruding mass with calcific surface in the left inferolateral wall of the urinary bladder. A biopsy was conducted and the pathological report confirmed the diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma. The patient received transurethral resection and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin intravesical therapy. Four months later, she underwent an (18)F-FDG PET/CT scan. Unfortunately, tumor recurrence in the bladder cancer was diagnosed by the (18)F-FDG PET/CT scan.
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Matsuki M, Takahashi A, Katou S, Takayanagi A, Takagi Y, Kamata K. [Pathological complete response to gemcitabine and cisplatin chemotherapy for advanced upper tract urothelial carcinoma: a case report]. Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi 2013; 104:33-37. [PMID: 23457933 DOI: 10.5980/jpnjurol.104.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A 61-year-old man was referred to our hospital with the chief complaint of right leg weakness. Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a ureteral tumor and a neighboring massive retroperitoneal tumor in addition to retroperitoneal lymph node and right renal metastases. The tumor was diagnosed as upper tract urothelial carcinoma (cT4N1M1) by percutaneous tumor biopsy. As the patient achieved a partial response after three courses of combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin, he received total nephroureterectomy and lymph node dissection. The pathology showed no viable cancer cells, demonstrating a pathological complete response. He remains alive after 26 months with no evidence of disease.
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PET/CT and Renal Pathology: A Blind Spot for Radiologists? Part 1, Primary Pathology. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2012; 199:W163-7. [DOI: 10.2214/ajr.11.7790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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Yang Z, Cheng J, Pan L, Hu S, Xu J, Zhang Y, Wang M, Zhang J, Ye D, Zhang Y. Is whole-body fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT plus additional pelvic images (oral hydration–voiding–refilling) useful for detecting recurrent bladder cancer? Ann Nucl Med 2012; 26:571-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s12149-012-0614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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25
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Makis W, Ciarallo A, Rakheja R, Probst S, Hickeson M, Rush C, Novales-Diaz JA, Derbekyan V, Stern J, Lisbona R. Spectrum of malignant renal and urinary bladder tumors on 18F-FDG PET/CT: a pictorial essay. Clin Imaging 2012; 36:660-73. [PMID: 23153993 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2012.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Revised: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of malignant renal and urinary bladder diseases can be detected on (18)F-FDG PET/CT. Although the PET/CT findings are often nonspecific, the aim of this atlas was to demonstrate that the spectrum of renal and urinary bladder malignancy that can be evaluated with PET/CT is much broader than current medical literature would suggest. PET/CT readers and oncologists should be aware of the variety of urological tumor types that can be detected on PET/CT and some of the patterns of (18)F-FDG uptake that can be observed in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Makis
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Brandon Regional Health Centre, 150 McTavish Ave E, Brandon, MB, Canada R7A 2B3.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of all stages of bladder cancer with an emphasis on studies published within the last year. RECENT FINDINGS Smoking continues to be the most important risk factor for the development of bladder cancer, and this risk has increased over time. Although a number of urinary markers for bladder cancer are now approved by the Food and Drug Administration, there is not enough evidence that any marker can replace surveillance cystoscopy. Management of high-risk patients with nonmuscle-invasive cancer remains a challenge, with continued controversy over which patients may safely be treated with bladder-sparing regimens. Efforts toward developing agents for bacillus Calmette-Guerin-refractory superficial bladder cancer continue, however, none to date have shown high rates of long-term success. In patients undergoing cystectomy, reports using more standardized measures of complications have demonstrated high rates of postoperative morbidity and mortality, particularly in elderly individuals. Robot-assisted radical cystectomy is being more widely studied as a potential approach to decrease operative blood loss and shorten recovery. Although more expensive, increasing evidence suggests that it is well tolerated, does not increase the risk of positive surgical margins, and can achieve similar lymph node counts as open cystectomy in experienced hands and with careful patient selection. Despite level I evidence supporting the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, there remains disagreement regarding its use vs. selective adjuvant therapy, given the modest benefits seen with current regimens. SUMMARY Progress continues in bladder cancer diagnosis and management, and we anticipate that future work will further advance the care of patients with this disease.
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Reis H, Tschirdewahn S, Szarvas T, Rübben H, Schmid KW, Grabellus F. Expression of GLUT1 is associated with increasing grade of malignancy in non-invasive and invasive urothelial carcinomas of the bladder. Oncol Lett 2011; 2:1149-1153. [PMID: 22848280 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2011.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose Transporter 1 (GLUT1) belongs to the expanding mammalian facilitative glucose transporter family. Elevated GLUT1 protein expression has been observed in the majority of urothelial carcinomas, with various effects on clinicopathological parameters. Whereas malignant cells have an accelerated metabolism with increased energy requirements, the membranous expression of GLUTs is amplified. GLUT1 protein expression was evaluated in urothelial tumours of increasing grade of malignancy, supplemented by a tumour proliferation analysis. Particular attention was paid to non-invasive precursors of urothelial carcinoma. A total of 105 paraffin-embedded samples were classified (normal urothelium, low/high-grade papillary carcinoma, carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma). Grading and staging were conducted using the 1998 ISUP/2004 WHO criteria. The staining intensity of GLUT1 was assessed with a standard immunoreactive score (IRS). The Ki-67 index was assessed by counting positive nuclei in representative urothelial hot spots. Results showed that an increased GLUT1-IRS and mean count of Ki-67-positive cells were significantly associated with an increased grade of malignancy (p<0.0001), particularly in non-invasive tumours. GLUT1-IRS was significantly associated with a Ki-67-labelled proliferative fraction (p<0.0001). No significant association regarding tumour grade or stage was observed within the invasive carcinoma group. GLUT1 protein expression was found to be strongly correlated with increased malignant potential, particularly in non-invasive urothelial carcinomas. The increase of GLUT1 expression may reflect a preinvasive metabolic switch in terms of enhanced cell metabolism concomitant to known genetic alterations. A further increase in invasive carcinomas may be related to hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Reis
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Kim YI, Lee JJ, Paik JH, Kim YK, Kim SE. Detection of Thyroid Metastasis of Renal Transitional Cell Carcinoma Using FDG PET/CT. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2011; 45:149-51. [PMID: 24899995 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-011-0079-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A 69-year-old man who was diagnosed with renal transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) underwent F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography with computed tomography (PET/CT) for detecting recurrence after chemotherapy. FDG PET/CT revealed multiple new hypermetabolic lesions in many places, including the right thyroid gland. Biopsy of the thyroid lesion was performed, and a diagnosis of metastatic TCC was made. We could detect thyroid metastasis of renal TCC by FDG PET/CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Il Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Jin Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 86 Asanbyungwon-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736 Korea
| | - Jin Ho Paik
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu Kyeong Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Eun Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Schiepers C, Dahlbom M. Molecular imaging in oncology: the acceptance of PET/CT and the emergence of MR/PET imaging. Eur Radiol 2010; 21:548-54. [PMID: 21174096 PMCID: PMC3032196 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-010-2033-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, PET-only systems have been phased out and replaced with PET-CT systems. This merger of a functional and anatomical imaging modality turned out to be extremely useful in clinical practice. Currently, PET-CT is a major diagnostic tool in oncology. At the dawn of the merger of MRI and PET, another breakthrough in clinical imaging is expected. The combination of these imaging modalities is challenging, but has particular features such as imaging biological processes at the same time in specific body locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan Schiepers
- Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, 200 Medical Plaza, Suite B-114, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7370 USA
| | - Magnus Dahlbom
- Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, 200 Medical Plaza, Suite B-114, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7370 USA
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