1
|
Lee S, Choi YH, Cheon JE, Lee SB, Cho YJ. [Pediatric Hip Disorders]. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF RADIOLOGY 2024; 85:531-548. [PMID: 38873372 PMCID: PMC11166597 DOI: 10.3348/jksr.2024.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Developmental dysplasia of the hip is a condition characterized by hip joint instability due to acetabular dysplasia in infancy, necessitating precise ultrasound examination. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease is caused by a temporary disruption in blood flow to the femoral head during childhood, progressing through avascular, fragmentation, re-ossification, and residual stages. Slipped capital femoral epiphysis is a condition where the femoral head shifts medially along the epiphyseal line during adolescence due to stress, such as weight-bearing. Differentiating between transient hip synovitis and septic arthritis may require joint fluid aspiration. Osteomyelitis can be associated with soft tissue edema and osteolysis. When multiple lesions are present, it is essential to distinguish between Langerhans cell histiocytosis and metastatic neuroblastoma. This review will introduce imaging techniques and typical findings for these conditions.
Collapse
|
2
|
Armstrong AR, Tóth F, Carlson CS, Kim HKW, Johnson CP. Effects of acute femoral head ischemia on the growth plate and metaphysis in a piglet model of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2023; 31:766-774. [PMID: 36696941 PMCID: PMC10200741 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2023.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of acute (≤7 days) femoral head ischemia on the proximal femoral growth plate and metaphysis in a piglet model of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD). We hypothesized that qualitative and quantitative histological assessment would identify effects of ischemia on endochondral ossification. DESIGN Unilateral femoral head ischemia was surgically induced in piglets, and femurs were collected for histological assessment at 2 (n = 7) or 7 (n = 5) days post-ischemia. Samples were assessed qualitatively, and histomorphometry of the growth plate zones and primary spongiosa was performed. In a subset of samples at 7 days, hypertrophic chondrocytes were quantitatively assessed and immunohistochemistry for TGFβ1 and Indian hedgehog was performed. RESULTS By 2 days post-ischemia, there was significant thinning of the proliferative and hypertrophic zones, by 63 μm (95% CI -103, -22) and -19 μm (95% CI -33, -5), respectively. This thinning persisted at 7 days post-ischemia. Likewise, at 7 days post-ischemia, the primary spongiosa was thinned to absent by an average of 311 μm (95% CI -542, -82) in all ischemic samples. TGFβ1 expression was increased in the hypertrophic zone at 7 days post-ischemia. CONCLUSIONS Alterations to the growth plate zones and metaphysis occurred by 2 days post-ischemia and persisted at 7 days post-ischemia. Our findings suggest that endochondral ossification may be disrupted at an earlier time point than previously reported and that growth disruption may occur in the piglet model as occurs in some children with LCPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Armstrong
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
| | - F Tóth
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
| | - C S Carlson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
| | - H K W Kim
- Center for Excellence in Hip, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - C P Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA; Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Klontzas ME, Vassalou EE, Zibis AH, Karantanas AH. Imaging of Anatomical Variants Around the Hip. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2023; 27:182-197. [PMID: 37011619 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1762593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Considering the current widespread use of imaging as an integral part of managing hip pain, variable hip geometries and anatomical variants are increasingly being detected. These variants are commonly found in the acetabulum and proximal femur, as well as the surrounding capsule-labral tissues. The morphology of specific anatomical spaces confined by the proximal femur and the bony pelvis may also vary significantly among individuals. Familiarity with the spectrum of imaging appearances of the hip is necessary to identify variant hip morphologies with or without potential clinical relevance and reduce an unnecessary work-up and overdiagnosis. We describe anatomical variations and variable morphologies of the bony structures comprising the hip joint and the soft tissues, around the hip. The potential clinical significance of these findings is further analyzed in conjunction with the patient's profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michail E Klontzas
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
- Advanced Hybrid Imaging Systems, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Medical Imaging, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Evangelia E Vassalou
- Department of Medical Imaging, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Radiology, General Hospital of Sitia, Xerokamares, Sitia, Lasithi, Crete, Greece
| | - Aristeidis H Zibis
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Apostolos H Karantanas
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
- Advanced Hybrid Imaging Systems, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Medical Imaging, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fotis L, Kanellopoulos A, Papakonstantinou O. Arthritis remission with partial cartilage restoration in a 9-year-old female with hip chondrolysis following treatment with adalimumab. Mod Rheumatol Case Rep 2023; 7:227-231. [PMID: 35348735 DOI: 10.1093/mrcr/rxac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hip chondrolysis is observed primarily or secondary to other diseases and is a rare but yet debilitating disease, characterised by loss of cartilage of the femoral epiphysis and significant restriction of motion. We present the case of a 9-year-old female diagnosed with hip chondrolysis associated with probable juvenile psoriatic arthritis. Avoidance of weight-bearing activities and treatment with corticosteroids, methotrexate, and adalimumab followed by aquatic therapy resulted in clinical and radiographic improvement as well as partial cartilage regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lampros Fotis
- Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "ATTIKON" General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Olympia Papakonstantinou
- Department of Radiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "ATTIKON" General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Choraria A, O’Donnell P, Saifuddin A. Differential diagnosis of hip pain in children referred to a specialist bone tumour service. Br J Radiol 2022; 95:20211397. [PMID: 35343784 PMCID: PMC10996422 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20211397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the differential diagnosis of bone lesions causing hip pain in children and the association between radiographic features of aggression and MRI appearances with final diagnosis. METHODS Retrospective review of children with hip pain referred to a specialist musculoskeletal oncology service between September 2018 and December 2020. Patient demographics, lesion location, the radiographic and MRI features, and the final diagnosis, which was made either by image-guided biopsy, surgical curettage or based on typical imaging features were recorded. Statistical analysis examined the association between the Lodwick-Madewell score (determined from available radiographs) and MRI findings with final diagnosis. RESULTS Fifty-nine patients were included, 40 males and 19 females with mean age 10.9 years, (range 3-16 years). Final diagnoses were based on histology in 24 (40.7%) cases and imaging in 35 (59.3%) cases. Eighteen lesions (30.5%) were classed as non-neoplastic, 31 (52.5%) as benign and 10 (16.9%) as malignant, of which four were primary bone sarcomas. There was a significant association between the Lodwick-Madewell score and final diagnosis (p < 0.001). On MRI, bone marrow oedema, presence of a focal lesion, bone expansion and the presence of an extraosseous mass were all significantly associated with final diagnostic classification. CONCLUSION The differential diagnosis of hip pain in children presenting to a bone tumour service is wide. Most cases are due to benign or non-neoplastic conditions, with only 10 out of 59 children having a malignant lesion. Radiography complemented by MRI plays a major role in differentiating non-neoplastic, benign neoplastic and malignant lesions and in determining the requirement for needle biopsy. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE This is the first study to consider how imaging features relate to diagnosis in suspected paediatric hip tumours. Use of this information can help in determining which cases should undergo needle biopsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anika Choraria
- Department of Radiology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital,
Brockley Hill, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7,
LP, UK
| | - Paul O’Donnell
- Department of Radiology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital,
Brockley Hill, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7,
LP, UK
| | - Asif Saifuddin
- Department of Radiology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital,
Brockley Hill, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7,
LP, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Karout L, Naffaa L. Pediatric Hip Disorders: Imaging Guidelines and Recommendations. Radiol Clin North Am 2021; 60:149-163. [PMID: 34836561 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hip disorders are a wide range of conditions commonly affecting patients in the pediatric age group. Reaching an accurate diagnosis of these conditions in children may be challenging. The optimal use of image modalities in the approach of a child with possible hip pathology is essential, which allows radiologists and clinicians to narrow the differential diagnosis and reach a definitive diagnosis, which can consequently result in early and appropriate interventions leading to improved outcomes. Therefore, this article aims to provide practicing radiologists and clinicians with up-to-date and evidence-based imaging spectrum guidelines and recommendations for common pediatric hip disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Karout
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 25 New Chardon Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lena Naffaa
- Radiology Department, University of Central Florida, Nemours Children's Hospital, 6535 Nemours Parkway, Orlando, FL 32827, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Trisolino G, Stallone S, Castagnini F, Bordini B, Cosentino M, Lucchini S, Zarantonello P, Ferrari D, Dallari D, Traina F. Cementless Ceramic-on-Ceramic Total Hip Replacement in Children and Adolescents. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:children8100858. [PMID: 34682123 PMCID: PMC8534320 DOI: 10.3390/children8100858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: total hip replacement (THR) is a rare surgical option in children and adolescents with disabling hip diseases. The aim of this study is to report results from a retrospective cohort of patients aged 18 years or less who underwent cementless Ceramic-on-Ceramic (CoC) THR at a single institution, investigating clinical and radiographic outcomes, survival rates, and reasons for revision of the implants. Materials and methods: we queried the Registry of Prosthetic Orthopedic Implants (RIPO) to identify all children and adolescents undergoing THR between 2000 and 2019 at a single Institution. Inclusion criteria were patients undergoing cementless CoC THR, aged less than 18 years at surgery, followed for at least 2 years. Sixty-eight patients (74 hips) matched all the inclusion criteria and were enrolled in the study. We assessed the clinical and radiographic outcomes, the rate of complications, the survival rate, and reasons for revision of the implants. Results: The mean follow-up was 6.6 ± 4.4 years (range 2-20). The most frequent reason for THR was post-traumatic or chemotherapy-induced avascular necrosis (38%). The overall survival rate of the cohort was 97.6% (95% CI: 84.9-99.7%) at 5 years of follow-up, 94.4% (95% CI: 79.8-98.6%) at 10 years and 15 years of follow-up. Two THR in two patients (2.7%) required revision. With the numbers available, Cox regression analysis could not detect any significant interaction between preoperative or intraoperative variables and implant survivorship (p-value 0.242 to 0.989)." The average HOOS was 85 ± 14.3 (range 30.6-100). Overall, 23 patients (48%) reported excellent HOOS scores (>90 points), 21 patients (44%) reported acceptable HOOS scores (60-90 points) while 4 patients (8%) reported poor outcomes (<60 points). Twenty-one patients (43%) were regularly involved into moderate- to high-intensity sport activities (UCLA ≥ 6). Conclusions: Cementless CoC THR is a successful procedure in children and teenagers, having demonstrated high implant survivorship and low rates of complications and failure. A meticulous preoperative planning and implant selection is mandatory, to avoid implant malposition, which is the main reason of failure and revision in these cases. Further studies are needed to assess the impact of the THR on the psychosocial wellbeing of teenagers, as well as risks and benefits and cost-effectiveness in comparison to the hip preserving surgical procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Trisolino
- Pediatric Orthopedics and Traumatology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (P.Z.); (D.F.)
- Correspondence: (G.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Stefano Stallone
- Pediatric Orthopedics and Traumatology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (P.Z.); (D.F.)
- Correspondence: (G.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Francesco Castagnini
- Orthopaedic-Traumatology and Prosthetic Surgery and Revisions of Hip and Knee, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (F.C.); (S.L.); (F.T.)
| | - Barbara Bordini
- Medical Technology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (B.B.); (M.C.)
| | - Monica Cosentino
- Medical Technology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (B.B.); (M.C.)
| | - Stefano Lucchini
- Orthopaedic-Traumatology and Prosthetic Surgery and Revisions of Hip and Knee, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (F.C.); (S.L.); (F.T.)
| | - Paola Zarantonello
- Pediatric Orthopedics and Traumatology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (P.Z.); (D.F.)
| | - Daniele Ferrari
- Pediatric Orthopedics and Traumatology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (P.Z.); (D.F.)
| | - Dante Dallari
- Conservative Orthopedic Surgery and Innovative Techniques, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Francesco Traina
- Orthopaedic-Traumatology and Prosthetic Surgery and Revisions of Hip and Knee, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (F.C.); (S.L.); (F.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wong EJM, Yeap PM, Wong BSS. Clinics in diagnostic imaging (211). Singapore Med J 2021; 62:497-502. [DOI: 10.11622/smedj.2021147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
9
|
Measuring the Acetabular Index: An Accurate and Reliable Alternative Method of Measurement. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2021; 217:172-176. [PMID: 33909466 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.20.23358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE. In children (4 months to 8 years old), radiographic measurements of the acetabular index are the preferred method to assess developmental hip dysplasia. However, the acetabular index has been criticized as having variable reliability owing to difficulty identifying the correct anatomic landmarks. An alternative method of measuring the acetabular index using the ischium is being proposed to avoid the variability of the triradiate cartilage line as a reference point. With the alternative method, the acetabular index is derived by measuring the angle between a line connecting the ischial tuberosi-ties and a line connecting the inferomedial and superolateral edges of the acetabulum. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of this alternative method of measuring the acetabular index compared with the traditional method. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Children 4 months to 8 years old who presented for evaluation of developmental dysplasia of the hip were included. Two physicians, each using both the traditional and the alternative method, measured acetabular indexes on all radiographs. Accuracy was defined as mean absolute error less than 6°. Reliability was calculated by means of intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS. Pelvic radiographs of 40 children (324 hips) were included. The mean age was 23.7 months (range, 4-96 months) and mean acetabular index was 24.2° (range, 8-50°). The alternative method was associated with mean absolute error of 2.50°, which is significantly below the threshold of 6° (t < 0.001). Intrarater reliability for the traditional method was high (ICC, 0.81) and for the alternative method was very high (ICC, 0.92). Interrater reliability for the traditional method was high (ICC, 0.89) and for the alternative method was very high (ICC, 0.91). CONCLUSION. Measuring the acetabular index using the alternative method has very high accuracy and intrarater and interrater reliability.
Collapse
|
10
|
Leo DG, Perry DC, Abdullah B, Jones H. PROMIS Paediatric Mobility tool is correlated with accelerometer-measured physical activity in children with hip diseases. Bone Joint J 2021; 103-B:405-410. [PMID: 33517720 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.103b2.bjj-2020-0744.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The reduction in mobility due to hip diseases in children is likely to affect their physical activity (PA) levels. Physical inactivity negatively influences quality of life and health. Our aim was to objectively measure PA in children with hip disease, and correlate it with the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Mobility Score. METHODS A total of 28 children (12 boys and 16 girls) with hip disease aged between 8and 17 years (mean 12 (SD 3)) were studied between December 2018 and July 2019. Children completed the PROMIS Paediatric Item Bank v. 2.0 - Mobility Short Form 8a and wore a hip accelerometer (ActiGraph) for seven consecutive days. Sedentary time (ST), light PA (LPA), moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA), and vigorous PA were calculated from the accelerometers' data. The PROMIS Mobility score was classified as normal, mild, and moderate functions, based on the PROMIS cut scores on the physical function metric. A one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to assess differences among mobility (normal; mild; moderate) and measured PA and relationships between these variables were assessed using bivariate Pearson correlations. RESULTS Children classified as normally functioning on the PROMIS had less ST (p = 0.002), higher MVPA, (p = 0.002) and VPA (p = 0.004) compared to those classified as mild or moderate function. A moderate correlation was evident between the overall PROMIS score and daily LPA (r = 0.462, n = 28; p = 0.013), moderate-to-vigorous PA (r = 0.689, n = 28; p = 0.013) and vigorous PA (VPA) (r = 0.535, n = 28; p = 0.013). No correlation was evident between the mean daily ST and overall PROMIS score (r = -0.282, n = 28; p = 0.146). CONCLUSION PROMIS Pediatric Mobility tool correlates well with experimentally measured levels of physical activity in children with hip disease. We provide external validity for the use of this tool as a measure of physical activity in children. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(2):405-410.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donato Giuseppe Leo
- School of Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daniel C Perry
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Institute in the Park, Liverpool, UK
| | - Badr Abdullah
- Built Environment and Sustainable Technology (BEST) Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Helen Jones
- School of Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ribeiro SC, Barreto KSS, Alves CBS, Almendra Neto OL, Nóbrega MVD, Braga LRDC. Hip pain in childhood. Radiol Bras 2020; 53:63-68. [PMID: 32313339 PMCID: PMC7159046 DOI: 10.1590/0100-3984.2018.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Hip pain in a child can have infectious, inflammatory, traumatic, neoplastic, or developmental causes, which can make the diagnosis challenging. Meticulous history taking and a detailed clinical examination guide the radiological investigation. In this article, we address some of the main causes of hip pain in childhood and their findings on diagnostic imaging.
Collapse
|
12
|
Fontecha C, Coma Muñoz A, Catala Muñoz A. Evaluation by ultrasound of the hips of babies carried in baby carriers. Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol (Engl Ed) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recote.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
|
13
|
Exploración ecográfica de las caderas del bebé en mochilas de porteo. Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol (Engl Ed) 2019; 63:289-294. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recot.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|