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Cellina M, Cè M, Rossini N, Cacioppa LM, Ascenti V, Carrafiello G, Floridi C. Computed Tomography Urography: State of the Art and Beyond. Tomography 2023; 9:909-930. [PMID: 37218935 PMCID: PMC10204399 DOI: 10.3390/tomography9030075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Computed Tomography Urography (CTU) is a multiphase CT examination optimized for imaging kidneys, ureters, and bladder, complemented by post-contrast excretory phase imaging. Different protocols are available for contrast administration and image acquisition and timing, with different strengths and limits, mainly related to kidney enhancement, ureters distension and opacification, and radiation exposure. The availability of new reconstruction algorithms, such as iterative and deep-learning-based reconstruction has dramatically improved the image quality and reducing radiation exposure at the same time. Dual-Energy Computed Tomography also has an important role in this type of examination, with the possibility of renal stone characterization, the availability of synthetic unenhanced phases to reduce radiation dose, and the availability of iodine maps for a better interpretation of renal masses. We also describe the new artificial intelligence applications for CTU, focusing on radiomics to predict tumor grading and patients' outcome for a personalized therapeutic approach. In this narrative review, we provide a comprehensive overview of CTU from the traditional to the newest acquisition techniques and reconstruction algorithms, and the possibility of advanced imaging interpretation to provide an up-to-date guide for radiologists who want to better comprehend this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Cellina
- Radiology Department, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Piazza Principessa Clotilde 3, 20121 Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Cè
- Postgraduation School in Radiodiagnostics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicolo’ Rossini
- Department of Clinical, Special and Dental Sciences, University Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Laura Maria Cacioppa
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiological Sciences, University Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Velio Ascenti
- Postgraduation School in Radiodiagnostics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Carrafiello
- Radiology Department, Policlinico di Milano Ospedale Maggiore|Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Floridi
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiological Sciences, University Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
- Division of Special and Pediatric Radiology, Department of Radiology, University Hospital “Umberto I-Lancisi-Salesi”, 60126 Ancona, Italy
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CT-urography: a nationwide survey by the Italian Board of Urogenital Radiology. Radiol Med 2022; 127:577-588. [PMID: 35381905 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-022-01488-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Computed tomography-urography is currently the imaging modality of choice for the assessment of the whole urinary tract, giving the possibility to detect and characterize benign and malignant conditions. In particular, computed tomography-urography takes advantage from an improved visualization of the urinary collecting system due to acquisition of delayed scan obtained after excretion of intravenous contrast medium from the kidneys. Nevertheless, the remaining scans are of great help for identification, characterization, and staging of urological tumors. Considering the high number of diseases, urinary segment potentially involved and patients' features, scanning protocols of computed tomography-urography largely vary from one clinical case to another as well as selection and previous preparation of the patient. According to the supramentioned considerations, radiation exposure is also of particular concern. Italian radiologists were asked to express their opinions about computed tomography-urography performance and about its role in their daily practice through an online survey. This paper collects and summarizes the results.
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Cheng Y, Sun J, Li J, Han Y, Zhang X, Zhang L, Zheng J, He H, Yang J, Guo J. The added value of virtual unenhanced images obtained from dual-energy CT Urography in the detection and measurement of urinary stone. Urology 2022; 166:118-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2022.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Azam A, Rottenberg G. Multimodality Imaging Findings Postcystectomy: Postoperative Anatomy, Surgical Complications, and Surveillance Imaging. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2020; 41:392-401. [PMID: 32620229 DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Various surgical techniques exist for urinary diversion post cystectomy and each have different imaging features. This diverse range of surgical procedures can make imaging interpretation difficult and so familiarity with the postoperative anatomy is essential. Multiple imaging modalities and techniques are available for the radiologist's assessment including fluoroscopic studies, computed tomography, magnetic resonance, and radionuclide imaging. Knowledge of when each of these modalities is indicated and the typical imaging appearances is essential for early identification of postoperative complications and detection of tumor recurrence. This information enables the radiologist to make an accurate and early diagnosis and subsequently guide the management pathway for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishah Azam
- Department of Radiology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giles Rottenberg
- Department of Radiology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
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Jung SI, Park HS, Yu MH, Kim YJ, Lee H, Choi WS, Park HK, Kim HG, Paick SH. Korean ureter length: A computed tomography-based study. Investig Clin Urol 2020; 61:291-296. [PMID: 32377605 PMCID: PMC7189102 DOI: 10.4111/icu.2020.61.3.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We measured ureter length in healthy Koreans using reformatted computed tomography (ULCT) and found ways to indirectly estimate ureter length by measuring LLCT, the length between the ureteropelvic junction and the ureterovesical junction, and standing and sitting height. Materials and Methods A total of 508 ureters of 254 healthy patients (median age, 55.0 years; 148 males and 106 females) were included in this retrospective study. ULCT, LLCT, and sitting and standing body height were measured. Results The mean left and right ULCT were 25.2±2.2 and 25.0±2.2 cm, respectively. The mean left and right LLCT were 21.1±1.8 and 20.3±1.9 cm, respectively. Standing and sitting body height were 164.1±8.9 and 88.3±4.3 cm, respectively. Height was significantly correlated with ULCT, but this relation was not linear (r2=0.064 standing height, 0.062 sitting height). However, LLCT showed a significant linear correlation with ULCT (r2=0.485). ULCT can be estimated indirectly by the following equation: ULCT=0.823×LLCT+8.093. Conclusions We could measure the ureteral length of healthy Koreans by ULCT. ULCT could be estimated indirectly by LLCT and standing and sitting height. Of these variables, LLCT provided the most accurate estimate of ureteral length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Il Jung
- Department of Radiology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Sun Park
- Department of Radiology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Hye Yu
- Department of Radiology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Jun Kim
- Department of Radiology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunjin Lee
- Department of Computed Tomography, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Suk Choi
- Department of Urology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyong Keun Park
- Department of Urology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeong Gon Kim
- Department of Urology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Paick
- Department of Urology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma on multidetector CT: spectrum of disease. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2019; 44:3874-3885. [PMID: 31440804 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-019-02173-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract (UUT) is a relatively uncommon genitourinary malignancy, accounting for about 5-7% of urothelial tumors. The significant features of this tumor are multifocality and high rate of recurrence. Computed tomography urography (CTU) has replaced excretory urography (EU) and retrograde pyelography (RP) for imaging of upper tract urothelial carcinoma. While many studies have confirmed high sensitivity (88-100%) and specificity (93-100%) of CTU, an optimized CT protocol is of critical importance in screening, staging, and post-operative follow-up of patients (Chlapoutakis, Eur J Radiol 73(2):334-338, 2010; Caoli and Cohan, Abdom Radiol (NY) 41(6):1100-1107, 2016). The key element of the CT protocol is to have adequate distension of the collecting system with excreted contrast, to detect subtle lesions at an early stage. In this article, we discuss the background of upper urinary tract TTC, pathogenesis, CT protocol and the role of imaging in evaluation of this malignancy, staging, as well as different imaging appearances.
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Cheng K, Cassidy F, Aganovic L, Taddonio M, Vahdat N. CT urography: how to optimize the technique. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2019; 44:3786-3799. [PMID: 31317210 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-019-02111-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Computed tomography urography (CTU) has emerged as the modality of choice for imaging the urinary tract within the past few decades. It is a powerful tool that enables detailed anatomic evaluation of the urinary tract in order to identify primary urothelial malignancies, benign urinary tract conditions, and associated abdominopelvic pathologies. As such, there have been extensive efforts to optimize CTU protocol. METHODS This article reviews the published literature on CTU protocol optimization, including contrast bolus timing, dose reduction, reconstruction algorithms, and ancillary practices. CONCLUSION There have been many advances in CTU techniques, which allow for imaging diagnosis of a wide spectrum of diseases while minimizing radiation dose and maximizing urinary tract distension and opacification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Cheng
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 200 W. Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA
| | - Fiona Cassidy
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 200 W. Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA
| | - Lejla Aganovic
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 200 W. Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA
| | - Michael Taddonio
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 200 W. Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA
| | - Noushin Vahdat
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 200 W. Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA.
- Department of Radiology, VA Medical Center, San Diego, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, Mail Code: 114, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA.
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Raman SP, Fishman EK. Upper and Lower Tract Urothelial Imaging Using Computed Tomography Urography. Urol Clin North Am 2018; 45:389-405. [PMID: 30031461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) urography is the best noninvasive method of evaluating the upper urinary tract for urothelial malignancies. However, the utility of CT urography is heavily contingent on the use of proper image acquisition protocols. This article focuses on the appropriate protocols for optimizing CT urography acquisitions, including contrast administration and the timing of imaging acquisitions, as well as the use of ancillary techniques to increase collecting system distention. In addition, imaging findings are discussed that should raise concern for urothelial carcinoma at each of the 3 segments of the urinary tract: the intrarenal collecting systems, ureters, and bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva P Raman
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, JHOC 3251, 601 North Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Elliot K Fishman
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, JHOC 3251, 601 North Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Upper and Lower Tract Urothelial Imaging Using Computed Tomography Urography. Radiol Clin North Am 2017; 55:225-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Deng J, Lu X, Liu Y. Ectopic insertion of a duplicated ureter into prostatic urethra: Demonstration by 3D multi-detector computed tomography urography. JOURNAL OF X-RAY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2016; 24:661-664. [PMID: 27567749 DOI: 10.3233/xst-160592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ectopic insertion of the ureter in the genitourinary tract is a rare congenital disorder, usually associated with ureteral duplication. Identification of the insertion open is critical for ureteric re-implantation. However, the challenge in the diagnosis of ectopic insertion of the ureter usually is to identify its insertion, particularly when the affected ureter is not dilated. Multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) urography with nonionic iodinated contrast media delineates the ureteric course in the normal functioning kidney in the excretory phase [1]. This report presented a young male patient with ectopic insertion of a duplicated ureter diagnosed by MDCT urography. Three-dimensional (3D) analysis technology, such as volume rendering (with a color display improving the visualization of complex anatomy and 3D relationships) and maximum intensity projection (similar in principle to projection angiography), is useful for the illustration of urinary tract anatomy [1]. Rotated volume rendering reconstruction images and continual thinner maximum intensity projection reformatted images can be viewed as videos, which provides detail delineation of the ectopic ureteral insertion and its associated ureteral duplication.In this study, we reported MDCT urography and 3D analysis technology as an appropriate diagnostic method for the ectopic ureteral insertion and its associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Deng
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiongbing Lu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Jinzaki M, Kikuchi E, Akita H, Sugiura H, Shinmoto H, Oya M. Role of computed tomography urography in the clinical evaluation of upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Int J Urol 2016; 23:284-98. [DOI: 10.1111/iju.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Jinzaki
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology; Keio University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Eiji Kikuchi
- Department of Urology; Keio University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hirotaka Akita
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology; Keio University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sugiura
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology; Keio University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinmoto
- Department of Radiology; National Defense Medical College; Tokorozawa Saitama Japan
| | - Mototsugu Oya
- Department of Urology; Keio University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
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Raman SP, Fishman EK. Computed Tomography Angiography of the Small Bowel and Mesentery. Radiol Clin North Am 2016; 54:87-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Raman SP, Chen Y, Fishman EK. Evolution of imaging in rectal cancer: multimodality imaging with MDCT, MRI, and PET. J Gastrointest Oncol 2015; 6:172-84. [PMID: 25830037 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2014.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), multidetector computed tomography (MDCT), and positron emission tomography (PET) are complementary imaging modalities in the preoperative staging of patients with rectal cancer, and each offers their own individual strengths and weaknesses. MRI is the best available radiologic modality for the local staging of rectal cancers, and can play an important role in accurately distinguishing which patients should receive preoperative chemoradiation prior to total mesorectal excision. Alternatively, both MDCT and PET are considered primary modalities when performing preoperative distant staging, but are limited in their ability to locally stage rectal malignancies. This review details the role of each of these three modalities in rectal cancer staging, and how the three imaging modalities can be used in conjunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva P Raman
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, JHOC 3251, 601 N. Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Yifei Chen
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, JHOC 3251, 601 N. Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Elliot K Fishman
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, JHOC 3251, 601 N. Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Potenta SE, D'Agostino R, Sternberg KM, Tatsumi K, Perusse K. CT Urography for Evaluation of the Ureter. Radiographics 2015; 35:709-26. [PMID: 25815907 DOI: 10.1148/rg.2015140209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, computed tomographic (CT) urography has emerged as the primary imaging modality for evaluating the urinary tract in various clinical settings, including the initial workup of hematuria. With the widespread implementation of CT urography, it is critical for radiologists to understand normal ureteral anatomy and the varied appearance of pathologic ureteral conditions at CT urography. Pathologic findings at CT urography include congenital abnormalities, filling defects, dilatation, narrowing, and deviations in course. These abnormalities are reviewed, along with the indications for CT urography, current imaging protocols with specific techniques for optimal evaluation of the ureter, and dose reduction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Potenta
- From the Department of Radiology (S.E.P., R.D., K.P.), Department of Surgery, Division of Urology (K.M.S.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (K.T.), University of Vermont Medical Center, 111 Colchester Ave, Mailstop 326PA1, Burlington, VT 05401
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Raman SP, Chen Y, Fishman EK. Cross-Sectional Imaging and the Role of Positron Emission Tomography in Pancreatic Cancer Evaluation. Semin Oncol 2015; 42:40-58. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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