Chemoembolization of recurrent hepatoma after curative resection: prognostic factors

Comprehensive Review on Bubbles: Synthesis, Modification, Characterization and Biomedical Applications

Accurate detection, treatment, and imaging of diseases are important for effective treatment outcomes in patients. In this regard, bubbles have gained much attention, due to their versatility. Bubbles usually 1 nm to 10 μm in size can be produced and loaded with a variety of lipids, polymers, proteins, and therapeutic and imaging agents. This review details the different production and loading methods for bubbles, for imaging and treatment of diseases/conditions such as cancer, tumor angiogenesis, thrombosis, and inflammation. Bubbles can also be used for perfusion measurements, important for diagnostic and therapeutic decision making in cardiac disease. The different factors important in the stability of bubbles and the different techniques for characterizing their physical and chemical properties are explained, for developing bubbles with advanced therapeutic and imaging features. Hence, the review provides important insights for researchers studying bubbles for biomedical applications.

Transhepatectomy combined with arterial chemoembolization and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a clinical prognostic analysis

BACKGROUND

The prognosis of patients undergoing hepatectomy combined with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and TACE alone was examined in order to better understand the role of hepatectomy in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this work, we also created a model and investigated the variables influencing overall survival (OS) in HCC patients.

METHODS

Retrospective analysis of 1083 patients who received TACE alone as the control group and 188 patients who received TACE after surgery in a total of 1271 HCC patients treated with LR + TACE or TACE at three third-class hospitals in China. It was done using the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) technique. The differences in OS between the two groups were compared, and OS-influencing factors were looked at. The main endpoint is overall survival. In this study, the COX regression model was used to establish the nomogram.

RESULTS

The median OS of the LR + TACE group was not attained after PSM. The median OS for the TACE group was 28.8 months (95% CI: 18.9-38.7). The median OS of the LR + TACE group was higher than that of the TACE group alone, indicating a significant difference between the two groups (χ2 = 16.75, P < 0.001). While it was not achieved in the LR + TACE group, the median OS for patients with lymph node metastases in the TACE group alone was 18.8 months. The two groups differed significantly from one another (χ2 = 4.105, P = 0.043). In patients with distant metastases, the median OS of the LR + TACE treatment group was not achieved, and the median OS of the TACE group alone was 12.0 months. The difference between the two groups was sizable (χ2 = 5.266, P = 0.022). The median OS for patients with PVTT following PSM was 30.1 months in the LR + TACE treatment group and 18.7 months in the TACE alone group, respectively. The two groups differed significantly from one another (χ2 = 5.178, P = 0.023); There was no discernible difference between the two groups in terms of median overall survival (OS), which was 30.1 months for patients with lymph node metastasis and 19.2 months for those without (P > 0.05); Regarding the median OS for patients with distant metastases, which was not achieved and 8.5 months, respectively, there was a significant difference between the two groups (χ2 = 5.759, P = 0.016). We created a new nomogram to predict 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates based on multiple independent predictors in COX multivariate analysis. The cohort's C-index is 0.705. The area under the curve (AUC value) for predicting 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates were shown by the subject operating characteristic (ROC) curve linked to the nomogram to be 0.730, 0.728, and 0.691, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

LR + TACE can increase OS, delay tumor recurrence, and improve prognosis in HCC patients when compared to TACE alone. Additionally, the nomogram we created does a good job of forecasting the 1-year survival rate of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Microwave Ablation of Recurrent Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Curative Surgical Resection

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of microwave ablation (MWA) as a treatment for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after initial successful surgical resection. Methods: This retrospective study included 40 patients (11 women and 29 men; mean age: 62.3 ± 11.7 years) with 48 recurrent lesions of HCC after initial surgical resection that were treated by percutaneous MWA. Several parameters including complications, technical success, local tumor progression (LTP), intrahepatic distant recurrence (IDR), overall survival (OS), and progression-free survival (PFS) were evaluated in order to investigate the safety and efficacy of MWA for these recurrent HCC lesions after surgical treatment. Results: All MWA treatments were performed without complications or procedure-related deaths. Technical success was achieved in all cases. Two cases developed LTP at a rate of 5%, and IDR occurred in 23 cases at a rate of 57.5% (23/40). The 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 6-year OS rates were 97%, 89.2%, 80.3%, 70.2%, and 60.2%, respectively. The 1- and 3-year PFS rates were 50.2% and 34.6%, respectively. Conclusion: MWA is effective and safe as a local treatment for recurrent HCC after initial surgical resection.

Radiological findings in non-surgical recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma: From locoregional treatments to immunotherapy

Since hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents an important cause of mortality and morbidity all over the world. Currently, it is fundamental not only to achieve a curative treatment but also to manage in the best way any possible recurrence. Even if the latest update of the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer guidelines for HCC treatment has introduced new locoregional techniques and confirmed others as well-established clinical practices, there is still no consensus about the treatment of recurrent HCC (RHCC). Locoregional treatments and medical therapy represent two of the most widely accepted approaches for disease control, especially in the advanced stage of liver disease. Different medical treatments are now approved, and others are under investigation. On this basis, radiology plays a central role in the diagnosis of RHCC and the assessment of response to locoregional treatments and medical therapy for RHCC. This review summarized the actual clinical practice by underlining the importance of the radiological approach both in the diagnosis and treatment of RHCC.

Salvage locoregional therapies for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Despite the advent of screening efforts and algorithms to stratify patients into appropriate treatment strategies, recurrence rates remain high. In contrast to first-line treatment for HCC, which relies on several factors, including clinical staging, tumor burden, and liver function, there is no consensus or general treatment recommendations for recurrent HCC (R-HCC). Locoregional therapies include a spectrum of minimally invasive liver-directed treatments which can be used as either curative or neoadjuvant therapy for HCC. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of recent evidence using salvage loco-regional therapies for R-HCC after failed curative-intent.

Combining local regional therapy and systemic therapy: Expected changes in the treatment landscape of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma

Improvements in early screening, new diagnostic techniques, and surgical treatment have led to continuous downward trends in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) morbidity and mortality rates. However, high recurrence and refractory cancer after hepatectomy remain important factors affecting the long-term prognosis of HCC. The clinical characteristics and prognosis of recurrent HCC are heterogeneous, and guidelines on treatment strategies for recurrent HCC are lacking. Therapies such as surgical resection, radiofrequency ablation, and transhepatic arterial chemoembolization are effective for tumors confined to the liver, and targeted therapy is a very important treatment for unresectable recurrent HCC with systemic metastasis. With the deepening of the understanding of the immune microenvironment of HCC, blocking immune checkpoints to enhance the antitumor immune response has become a new direction for the treatment of HCC. In addition, improvements in the tumor immune microenvironment caused by local treatment may provide an opportunity to improve the therapeutic effect of HCC treatment. Ongoing and future clinical trial data of combined therapy may develop the new treatment scheme for recurrent HCC. This paper reviews the pattern of recurrent HCC and the characteristics of the immune microenvironment, demonstrates the basis for combining local treatment and systemic treatment, and reports current evidence to better understand current progress and future approaches in the treatment of recurrent HCC.

Liver-Directed Treatment Options Following Liver Tumor Recurrence: A Review of the Literature

Recurrence following curative-intent hepatectomy for colorectal cancer liver metastasis, hepatocellular carcinoma, or cholangiocarcinoma is unfortunately common with a reported incidence as high as 75%. Various treatment modalities can improve survival following disease recurrence. A review of the literature was performed using PubMed. In addition to systemic therapy, liver-directed treatment options for recurrent liver disease include repeat hepatectomy, salvage liver transplantation, radiofrequency or microwave ablation, intra-arterial therapy, and stereotactic body radiation therapy. Repeat resection can be consider for patients with limited recurrent disease that meets resection criteria, as this therapeutic approach can provide a survival benefit and is potentially curative in a subset of patients. Salvage liver transplantation for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma is another option, which has been associated with a 5-year survival of 50%. Salvage transplantation may be an option in particular for patients who are not candidates for resection due to underlying liver dysfunction but meet criteria for transplantation. Ablation is another modality to treat patients who recur with smaller tumors and are not surgical candidates due to comorbidity, liver dysfunction, or tumor location. For patients with inoperable disease, transarterial chemoembolization, or radioembolization with Yttrium-90 are liver-directed intra-arterial therapy modalities with relatively low risks that can be utilized. Stereotactic body radiation therapy is another palliative treatment option that can provide a response and local tumor control for smaller tumors.

Transarterial Chemoembolization in Treatment-Naïve and Recurrent Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Propensity-Matched Outcome and Risk Signature Analysis

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in the treatment of patients with treatment-naïve hepatocellular carcinoma (TN-HCC) and recurrent HCC (R-HCC). In addition, risk signature analysis was performed to accurately assess patients’ recurrence and survival.

Methods

This retrospective study assessed the consecutive medical records of TN-HCC and R-HCC patients from January 2014 to December 2018. In order to reduce the patient selection bias, propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was applied. Conditional inference tree was used to establish a risk signature.

Results

A total of 401 eligible patients were included in our study, including 346 patients in the TN-HCC group and 55 patients in the R-HCC group. Forty-seven pairs of patients were chosen after the PSM analysis. Before the PSM analysis, the objective tumor regression (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) of R-HCC patients were better than that of TN-HCC patients; however, after the PSM analysis, there was no significant difference in the ORR and DCR between the two groups (P>0.05). Before the PSM analysis, the median overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in the R-HCC group were significantly greater than those of the TN-HCC group (OS: 24 months vs. 18 months, P =0.004; PFS: 9 months vs. 6 months, P =0.012). However, after the PSM analysis, the median OS and PFS in the R-HCC group were inferior to those in the TN-HCC group (OS: 24 months vs. 33 months, P= 0.0035; PFS: 10 months vs. 12 months, P = 0.01). The conditional inference tree divided patients into different subgroups according to tumor size, BCLC stage, and TACE sessions and shared different hazards ratio to recurrence or survival.

Conclusion

Patients with R-HCC treated with TACE achieved satisfactory results, although survival after the PSM analysis was not as good as in the TN-HCC group. In addition, risk signature based on conditional inference tree analysis can more accurately predict the recurrence and survival in both groups of patients.

Intrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after resection: an update

Hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence occurs in 40-70% of patients after hepatic resection. Despite the high frequency of hepatocellular cancer relapse, there is no established guidance for the management of such cases. The evaluation of prognostic factors that indicate a high risk of recurrence after surgery such as the tumor number and size and the presence of microvascular invasion may guide the therapeutic strategy and point out which patients should be strictly monitored. Additionally, the administration of adjuvant treatment or ab initio liver transplantation in selected patients with high-risk characteristics could have a significant impact on the prevention of relapse and overall survival. Once the recurrence has occurred in the liver remnant, the available therapeutic options include re-resection, salvage liver transplantation and locoregional treatments, although the therapeutic choice is often challenging and should be based on the characteristics of the recurrent tumor, the patient profile and most importantly the timing of relapse. Aggressive combination treatments are often required in challenging cases of early relapse. The results of the above treatment strategies are reviewed and compared to determine the optimal management of patients with recurrent hepatocellular cancer following liver resection.

The "Six-and-Twelve" Score for Recurrent HCC Patients Receiving TACE: Does it Still Work?

BACKGROUND

A new prognostic model, the "six-and-twelve" (SAT) score, was suggested to be effective in selecting ideal transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) candidates from treatment naïve hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. However, whether the SAT score could also be applied in recurrent HCC patients with prior curative-intent treatments remains unknown. We aimed to validate and compare SAT focussing on these patients.

METHODS

From January 2014 to May 2019, 121 unresectable HCC patients with recurrence in Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) A/B receiving TACE were enrolled. Survival distribution was evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier method compared by the log-rank test. Discriminatory ability was compared with the concordance index (C-index) to rank six prognostic systems (SAT, Four-and-seven, HAP, mHAP, mHAP2, mHAP3). The area under the curve (AUC) was performed to assess the mortality prediction at 1, 2, and 3 years.

RESULTS

In recurrent HCC patients receiving TACE, SAT had better performances in survival distribution. Due to the highest C-index, SAT was deemed the first ranking prognostic score. In terms of mortality prediction at 1, 2 and 3 years, SAT had the best mortality prediction at 2 and 3 years and mHAP3 had the best mortality prediction at 1 year.

CONCLUSIONS

Among the six prognostic systems analysed in ideal TACE patients with recurrences after curative-intent treatments, SAT was proven to be superior to other systems, suggesting that it could also be used in these patients.

Liver Resection Versus Embolization for Recurrent Hepatocellular Carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Despite curative resection, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a high probability of recurrence. We validated the potential role of liver resection (LR) for recurrent HCC.

METHODS

Patients with intrahepatic recurrence with up to three lesions were included. We compared survival times of patients undergoing their first LR to those of patients undergoing repeated LR. Then, survival times of the patients who had undergone LR and transcatheter chemoembolization (TACE) for recurrent HCC after propensity score matching were compared.

RESULTS

After a median follow-up period of 3.1 years (range, 0.2-16.3), median overall survival times were 6.5 years (95% CI 6.0-7.0), 5.7 years (5.2-6.2), and 5.1 years (4.9-7.3) for the first LR (n = 1234), second LR (n = 273), and third LR (n = 90) groups, respectively. Severe complications frequently occurred in the first LR group (p = 0.059). Operative times were significantly longer for the third LR group (p = 0.012). After the first recurrence, median survival times after one-to-one pair matching were 5.7 years (95% CI 4.5-6.5) and 3.1 years (2.1-3.8) for the second LR group (n = 146) and TACE group (n = 146), respectively (p < 0.001). The median survival time of the third LR group (n = 41) (6.2 years; 95% CI 3.7-NA) was also longer than that of TACE group (n = 41) (3.4 years; 1.8-4.5; p = 0.010) after the second recurrence.

CONCLUSIONS

Repeated LR for recurrent HCC is the procedure of choice if there are three or fewer tumors.

Liver fibrosis is a major risk factor for liver regeneration: A comparison between healthy and fibrotic liver

BACKGROUND

Blood flow factors, such as congestion or ischemia after hepatectomy, have a significant impact on liver regeneration, but with the popularization of precise hepatectomy technology, segmental hepatectomy without congestion or ischemia has become the preferred treatment. Our aim is to investigate the factors affecting liver regeneration after hepatectomy without blood flow changes, and to provide clinical evidence for surgeons on the timing of second hepatectomy for cirrhosis patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

METHODS

This study retrospectively analyzed data from patients who underwent right hepatectomy without middle hepatic vein (MHV) in West China Hospital between January 2016 and January 2018. Eighteen living-donors without MHV as normal group and 45 HCC patients, further classified into 3 subgroups based on the severity of fibrosis using the Scheure system. Demographic data, pre- and postoperative liver function indexes, and remnant liver volume (RLV) were retrospectively compared. We also analyzed the remnant liver regeneration rate (RLRR) post-operatively in each group. The significant indexes in univariate analysis were further analyzed using both receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and multivariate regression analysis.

RESULTS

Liver regeneration occurred in both living-donor and HCC groups after hepatectomy; the RLRRs at 1 month were 59.46 ± 10.39% and 57.27 ± 4.77% (P = .509), respectively. Regeneration in the cirrhosis group occurred more slowly and less completely compared with that in other groups. The regeneration rate in the first 6 months showed rapid increase and the RLRR reached above 70% in cirrhosis group. Multivariate and ROC analyses revealed that Alb and the hepatic fibrosis grade in the early postoperative period were significant predictors of remnant liver regeneration.

CONCLUSION

The liver regenerated in all HCC patients; however, regeneration was significantly slower and less complete compared with the normal liver, especially in the patients with cirrhosis. Therefore, it can be concluded that the degree of liver fibrosis is a major predictor of liver regeneration. Furthermore, the optimal time for second resection in recurrent HCC patients with cirrhosis was 6 months after the first operation.

Yttrium-90 Radioembolization for BCLC Stage C Hepatocellular Carcinoma Comparing Child-Pugh A Versus B7 Patients: Are the Outcomes Equivalent?

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate yttrium-90 (Y90) radioembolization outcomes across Child-Pugh scores in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

From April 2005 to December 2018, 106 consecutive patients with BCLC Stage C HCC who underwent Y90 radioembolization were retrospectively analyzed. Exclusion criteria included additional malignancy (n = 7), death unrelated to liver disease (n = 2), metastases (n = 2), or lack of follow-up data (n = 4). Ninety-one patients were analyzed. Overall survival (OS) was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared between groups with the log-rank test. Cox regression modeling was used to evaluate the prognostic factors for survival.

RESULTS

Mean age was 63 years and 85.7% were male. HCV infection was the most common etiology of liver disease (58.2%). Sixty-four (70.3%) patients were Child-Pugh A, 19 (20.9%) patients were B7, and eight (8.8%) patients were B8-9. Median OS after radioembolization was 20.2 [95% confidence interval (CI) 13.0-27.4], 6.0 (95% CI 4.4-7.6), and 5.5 (95% CI 2.5-8.5) months for Child-Pugh A, B7, and B8/9 groups, respectively (P < 0.001 for B7 vs. A; P = 0.537 for B7 vs. B8/9). The multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score (P < 0.001), Child-Pugh class (P = 0.005), tumor morphology pattern (P = 0.012), and Y90 delivery location (P = 0.020) were significant independent predictors of overall survival.

CONCLUSIONS

Outcomes from Y90 for BCLC C HCC for Child-Pugh B7 patients were equivalent to B8/9 patients and significantly worse compared to Child-Pugh A patients. Although further research is warranted, these results suggest continued cautious patient selection for radioembolization in advanced HCC.

Repeated postoperative adjuvant TACE after curative hepatectomy improves outcomes of patients with HCC

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

To gain a clear picture of the influence of postoperative adjuvant transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) on recurrence after curative resection for HCC.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

According to the inclusion criteria and the exclusion criteria, the clinical data of 118 patients with HCC at Qilu Hospital, Shan Dong University between January 2011 and August 2013, who were treated by curative hepatectomy and postoperative TACE (two groups of patients received TACE once or twice, respectively) or by curative hepatectomy alone were retrospectively studied.

RESULTS

The three-year survival (RFS) rate was 51.7% for the whole study population. The three-year relapse-free RFS rates were 73.0% and 55.0% for the patients who received two and one postoperative adjuvant TACE treatments, groups respectively, and 29.3% for the hepatectomy alone group. The three-year RFS of the patients who received postoperative adjuvant TACE once was significantly higher than that of the patients who received hepatectomy alone (p = .024). And the outcome of patients with two adjuvant TACE treatments was better than that of patients who received one treatment (p = .033).

CONCLUSIONS

Repeated postoperative adjuvant TACE seems to be a promising treatment for HCC that might delay tumor recurrence and improve the RFS rates of patients after curative hepatectomy.

Liver resection for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma to improve survivability: a proposal of indication criteria

BACKGROUND

Despite curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma, patients have a high probability of recurrence. We examined indications for liver resection in cases of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma.

METHODS

Patients undergoing a second liver resection (n=210) or treatment by transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (n=184) for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma of up to 3 lesions were included. We developed a prediction score based on prognostic factors and compared survival according to this prediction score.

RESULTS

The prediction score was based on 3 independent variables identified by survival analysis in 210 patients undergoing a second liver resection and included age ≥ 75 years, tumor size ≥ 3.0 cm, and multiple tumors. Each patient was assigned a total score. Median overall survival in patients undergoing a second liver resection with scores of 0, 1, and 2/3 were 7.9 years (95% confidence interval, 5.6-NA), 4.5 years (3.8-6.2), and 2.6 years (2.1-5.3), respectively (P < 0.001). Among patients with a score of 0, the survival in patients undergoing liver resection was greater than survival in those undergoing transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (median 7.9 [95% confidence interval, 5.6-NA] years versus 3.1 [2.1-3.7] years, P < 0.001), and resection was an independent factor for survival. In contrast, survival did not differ in patients with scores 2/3 (2.6 years [95% confidence interval, 1.9-5.3] versus 2.3 years [1.6-2.8], P = 0.176).

CONCLUSION

Liver resection is recommended as first-line therapy for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with a score of 0, while those with score 2/3 should be considered candidates for transcatheter arterial chemoembolization.

Treatment and outcomes of recurrent hepatocellular carcinomas

PURPOSE

Surgery is one of the best options for curative treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). Recurrences are nevertheless common (45-75%). This study aimed to compare overall survival (OS) of patients with recurrent HCC after primary resection to OS of patients without recurrence.

METHODS

A retrospective review of all HCC patients operated between 1993 and 2015 was performed. Median and 5-year OS were calculated.

RESULTS

This study included 147 HCC patients. Sixty-seven patients presented a recurrence (46%). Patients with recurrence had a worse prognosis than those without recurrence (median OS 63 vs. 82 months, 5-year OS 47 vs. 54%, p = 0.036). First-line performed treatments were radiofrequency ablation (18, RFA), chemo-embolization (16, TACE), repeat hepatectomy (10), systemic chemotherapy (4), radio-embolization (1), and alcoholization (1). Palliative care was performed in 17 patients. Median OS of patients treated by RFA, TACE, or repeat hepatectomy were similar (77, 71, and 84 months, p = 0.735). Patients treated with chemotherapy/palliative care had lower median OS compared to interventional treatments (20 vs. 77 months, p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Recurrence after surgical HCC resection is frequent and negatively impacts OS. Interventional treatments of recurrences offered improved outcomes compared to medical care. In selected patients, RFA, TACE, and repeat hepatectomy allowed similar OS as non-recurrent cases.