Full-Body Cardiovascular and Tumor MRI for Early Detection of Disease: Feasibility and Initial Experience in 298 Subjects

Association between subclinical atherosclerosis burden and unrecognized myocardial infarction detected by cardiac magnetic resonance in middle-aged low-risk adults

AIMS

Evidence on the association between subclinical atherosclerosis (SA) and cardiovascular (CV) events in low-risk populations is scant. To study the association between SA burden and an ischaemic scar (IS), identified by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), as a surrogate of CV endpoint, in a low-risk population.

METHODS AND RESULTS

A cohort of 712 asymptomatic middle-aged individuals from the Progression of Early SA (PESA-CNIC-Santander) study (median age 51 years, 84% male, median SCORE2 3.37) were evaluated on enrolment and at 3-year follow-up with 2D/3D vascular ultrasound (VUS) and coronary artery calcification scoring (CACS). A cardiac magnetic study (CMR) was subsequently performed and IS defined as the presence of subendocardial or transmural late gadolinium enhancement (LGE). On CMR, 132 (19.1%) participants had positive LGE, and IS was identified in 20 (2.9%) participants. Individuals with IS had significantly higher SCORE2 at baseline and higher CACS and peripheral SA burden (number of plaques by 2DVUS and plaque volume by 3DVUS) at both SA evaluations. High CACS and peripheral SA (number of plaques) burden were independently associated with the presence of IS, after adjusting for SCORE2 [OR for 3rd tertile, 8.31; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.85-24.2; P < 0.001; and 2.77; 95% CI, 1.02-7.51; P = 0.045, respectively] and provided significant incremental diagnostic value over SCORE2.

CONCLUSION

In a low-risk middle-aged population, SA burden (CAC and peripheral plaques) was independently associated with a higher prevalence of IS identified by CMR. These findings reinforce the value of SA evaluation to early implement preventive measures.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION

Progression of Early Subclinical Atherosclerosis (PESA) Study Identifier: NCT01410318.

Whole-body MRI in oncology: A comprehensive review

Whole-Body Magnetic Resonance Imaging (WB-MRI) has cemented its position as a pivotal tool in oncological diagnostics. It offers unparalleled soft tissue contrast resolution and the advantage of sidestepping ionizing radiation. This review explores the diverse applications of WB-MRI in oncology. We discuss its transformative role in detecting and diagnosing a spectrum of cancers, emphasizing conditions like multiple myeloma and cancers with a proclivity for bone metastases. WB-MRI's capability to encompass the entire body in a singular scan has ushered in novel paradigms in cancer screening, especially for individuals harboring hereditary cancer syndromes or at heightened risk for metastatic disease. Additionally, its contribution to the clinical landscape, aiding in the holistic management of multifocal and systemic malignancies, is explored. The article accentuates the technical strides achieved in WB-MRI, its myriad clinical utilities, and the challenges in integration into standard oncological care. In essence, this review underscores the transformative potential of WB-MRI, emphasizing its promise as a cornerstone modality in shaping the future trajectory of cancer diagnostics and treatment.

Whole-Body MRI Screening for Carriers of Germline TP53 Mutations-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

PURPOSE

This systematic review evaluated whole-body MRI (WB-MRI) as a cancer screening tool for individuals carrying germline TP53 mutations, a population known to be at a significantly elevated risk of malignancy. The primary objective is to assess the diagnostic performance of WB-MRI in detecting cancer in this cohort.

METHODS

PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials were searched until 18 August 2023. Eligible studies were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria. The data extracted included information on study characteristics, patient demographics, and the WB-MRI diagnostic performance.

RESULTS

This systematic review identified eight eligible studies, comprising 506 TP53 mutation carriers. The mean age was 34.6 ± 16.3 (range 1-74) years. In total, 321/506 (63.4%) of the patients were female and 185/506 (36.6%) were male. In addition, 267/506 (52.8%) had a previous oncological diagnosis. Thirty-six new cancers were diagnosed with WB-MRI (36/506 (7.1%)). The overall pooled proportion of cancer detected on MRI was 7% (95% confidence interval 5-10). In total, 44 new lesions were picked up, as multiple lesions were found in some patients.

CONCLUSION

WB-MRI is an effective cancer screening tool for TP53 mutation carriers. While these findings suggest the potential for WB-MRI to contribute to early cancer detection in this high-risk population, further research and the standardisation of protocols internationally are warranted to optimise its clinical utility.

Applying ONCO-RADS to whole-body MRI cancer screening in a retrospective cohort of asymptomatic individuals

BACKGROUND

Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI) has emerged as a valuable tool for cancer detection. This study evaluated the prevalence rates of cancer in asymptomatic individuals undergoing WB-MRI according to the Oncologically Relevant Findings Reporting and Data System (ONCO-RADS) classifications in order to assess the reliability of the classification method.

METHODS

We retrospectively enrolled 2064 asymptomatic individuals who participated in a WB-MRI cancer screening program between 2017 and 2022. WB-MRI was acquired on a 3-T system with a standard protocol, including regional multisequence and gadolinium-based contrast agent-enhanced oncologic MRI. Results of further examinations, including additional imaging and histopathology examinations, performed at our institute were used to validate the WB-MRI findings. Two radiologists blinded to the clinical outcome classified the WB-MRI findings according to the ONCO-RADS categories as follows: 1 (normal), 2 (benign finding highly likely), 3 (benign finding likely), 4 (malignant finding likely), and 5 (malignant finding highly likely). Firth logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the associations between participant characteristics and findings of ONCO-RADS category ≥ 4.

RESULTS

Of the 2064 participants with median age of 55 years, 1120 (54.3%) were men, 43 (2.1%) had findings of ONCO-RADS category ≥ 4, and 24 (1.2%) had confirmed cancer. The cancer prevalence rates were 0.1%, 5.4%, 42.9%, and 75% for ONCO-RADS categories 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. In the multivariable model, older age (OR: 1.035, p = 0.029) and history of hypertension (OR: 2.051, p = 0.026), hepatitis B carrier (OR: 2.584, p = 0.013), or prior surgery (OR: 3.787, p < 0.001) were independently associated with the findings for ONCO-RADS category ≥ 4.

CONCLUSIONS

The ONCO-RADS categories for cancer risk stratification were validated and found to be positively correlated with cancer risk. The application of ONCO-RADS facilitates risk-based management after WB-MRI for cancer screening.

Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI) for cancer screening: recommendations for use

Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI) is currently recommended for cancer screening in adult and paediatric subjects with cancer predisposition syndromes, representing a substantial aid for prolonging health and survival of these subjects with a high oncological risk. Additionally, the number of studies exploring the use of WB-MRI for cancer screening in asymptomatic subjects from the general population is growing. The primary aim of this review was to analyse the acquisition protocols found in the literature, in order to identify common sequences across published studies and to discuss the need of additional ones for specific populations. The secondary aim of this review was to provide a synthesis of current recommendations regarding the use of WB-MRI for cancer screening.

Oncologically Relevant Findings Reporting and Data System (ONCO-RADS): Guidelines for the Acquisition, Interpretation, and Reporting of Whole-Body MRI for Cancer Screening

Acknowledging the increasing number of studies describing the use of whole-body MRI for cancer screening, and the increasing number of examinations being performed in patients with known cancers, an international multidisciplinary expert panel of radiologists and a geneticist with subject-specific expertise formulated technical acquisition standards, interpretation criteria, and limitations of whole-body MRI for cancer screening in individuals at higher risk, including those with cancer predisposition syndromes. The Oncologically Relevant Findings Reporting and Data System (ONCO-RADS) proposes a standard protocol for individuals at higher risk, including those with cancer predisposition syndromes. ONCO-RADS emphasizes structured reporting and five assessment categories for the classification of whole-body MRI findings. The ONCO-RADS guidelines are designed to promote standardization and limit variations in the acquisition, interpretation, and reporting of whole-body MRI scans for cancer screening. Published under a CC BY 4.0 license Online supplemental material is available for this article.

Whole-body MRI for preventive health screening: Management strategies and clinical implications

PURPOSE

To document the diagnostic yields of whole-body MRI (WB-MRI) screening for asymptomatic individuals by using a classification system that categorizes the findings by clinical relevance and provides a flowchart for further investigations, and to determine the influence of WB-MRI findings on clinical decision-making.

METHODS

In this institutional review board-approved study, a retrospective review of individuals who underwent WB-MRI between 2009 and 2020 was conducted, and asymptomatic participants who underwent non-contrast-enhanced comprehensive WB-MRI for screening were enrolled. Participants were classified into four categories based on WB-MRI findings, and those with relevant findings (i.e., categories 3 and 4) were referred for further diagnostic workup. The participants' medical records were investigated, and interviews were conducted to reveal false-negative findings and identify the number of WB-MRI-triggered treatments.

RESULTS

We included 576 participants (377 [65.4 %] men, 199 [34.6 %] women; mean age, 48.40 ± 10.82 years), of which 266 (46.2 %) and 310 (53.8 %) underwent WB-MRI with 1.5 T and 3.0 T magnets, respectively. Approximately one-third of the participants showed clinically relevant findings, and 65 (11.2 %) received a treatment triggered by WB-MRI. Notably, 15 (2.6 %) and 28 (4.8 %) participants had cancers and intracranial aneurysms, respectively. Of the 576 participants, 16 (2.8 %) had false-negative findings, among which five had cancers.

CONCLUSION

WB-MRI yields numerous important findings that trigger therapeutic interventions in a large sample of asymptomatic adults. However, considering its inherent limitations, WB-MRI might be inadequate for detecting malignancies such as colon, thyroid, and breast cancers; thus, it may serve as a complementary screening method for health-conscious individuals.

Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging: technique, guidelines and key applications

Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI) is an imaging method without ionising radiation that can provide WB coverage with a core protocol of essential imaging contrasts in less than 40 minutes, and it can be complemented with sequences to evaluate specific body regions as needed. In many cases, WB-MRI surpasses bone scintigraphy and computed tomography in detecting and characterising lesions, evaluating their response to therapy and in screening of high-risk patients. Consequently, international guidelines now recommend the use of WB-MRI in the management of patients with multiple myeloma, prostate cancer, melanoma and individuals with certain cancer predisposition syndromes. The use of WB-MRI is also growing for metastatic breast cancer, ovarian cancer and lymphoma as well as for cancer screening amongst the general population. In light of the increasing interest from clinicians and patients in WB-MRI as a radiation-free technique for guiding the management of cancer and for cancer screening, we review its technical basis, current international guidelines for its use and key applications.

X-ray dark-field phase-contrast imaging: Origins of the concept to practical implementation and applications

The basic idea of X-ray dark-field imaging (XDFI), first presented in 2000, was based on the concepts used in an X-ray interferometer. In this article, we review 20 years of developments in our theoretical understanding, scientific instrumentation, and experimental demonstration of XDFI and its applications to medical imaging. We first describe the concepts underlying XDFI that are responsible for imparting phase contrast information in projection X-ray images. We then review the algorithms that can convert these projection phase images into three-dimensional tomographic slices. Various implementations of computed tomography reconstructions algorithms for XDFI data are discussed. The next four sections describe and illustrate potential applications of XDFI in pathology, musculoskeletal imaging, oncologic imaging, and neuroimaging. The sample applications that are presented illustrate potential use scenarios for XDFI in histopathology and other clinical applications. Finally, the last section presents future perspectives and potential technical developments that can make XDFI an even more powerful tool.

Health outcomes and experiences of direct-to-consumer high-intensity screening using both whole-body magnetic resonance imaging and cardiological examination

Background

Alongside a clinical and research setting, whole body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI) is increasingly offered as a direct-to-consumer screening service. Data is needed on the clinical relevance of findings and associated psychological impact of such screening. Therefore, we conducted a prospective follow-up study to provide insight in the effectiveness and psychological impact of direct-to-consumer screening using both WB-MRI and cardiological examination.

Methods and findings

The study population consisted of 3603 voluntary, primarily middle-aged participants who underwent commercial WB-MRI and cardiological screening at one of 6 study clinics in Germany or the Netherlands between July 2014 and March 2016. MRI investigation consisted of directed scans of the brain, neck, abdomen and pelvis. Cardiovascular examination included pulmonary function, resting electrocardiogram, transthoracic echocardiogram and a bicycle exercise stress test. Findings were assessed by experienced radiologists and cardiologists. In addition, participants were inquired about several (psychological) domains, including the expectations and consequences of the screening procedure. Out of 3603 individuals, 402 (11.2%) demonstrated abnormal MRI (n = 381) and/or cardiological findings (n = 79) for which they were advised to undergo further consultation <3 months in regular healthcare. In 59.1% of cases of abnormal MRI findings which were consulted, fully completed consultations were available in 87.1%. After consultation, 77.6% of initial MRI outcomes were adopted. In 40.9% of cases of abnormal MRI findings, recommendations for consultation were not adhered to during the study period. 71.1% of adopted MRI-findings required treatment or monitoring, including 19 malignancies. For abnormal cardiological findings, 70.9% of cases were consulted in regular healthcare. Of these, 91.1% had a completed follow-up procedure of which 72.5% of initial findings were adopted and 83.8% of these findings required treatment or monitoring. The most frequently reported psychological consequences of the screening procedure were getting reassurance (72.0%) and insight into one’s own health status (83.0%). 5.0% reported to feel insecure about their health and 6.2% worried more about their health as a consequence of screening. Main limitations of the study were considered the telephonic follow-up of referred clients and the heterogeneity of screening equipment and assessment of radiologists and cardiologists.

Conclusions

Direct-to-consumer screening using whole-body MRI and cardiological testing is feasible and effective for the detection of clinically relevant and treatable abnormalities. Psychological harm was not frequently reported in study participants.

Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI) for cancer screening in asymptomatic subjects of the general population: review and recommendations

Background

The number of studies describing the use of whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI) for screening of malignant tumours in asymptomatic subjects is increasing. Our aim is to review the methodologies used and the results of the published studies on per patient and per lesion analysis, and to provide recommendations on the use of WB-MRI for cancer screening.

Main body

We identified 12 studies, encompassing 6214 WB-MRI examinations, which provided the rates of abnormal findings and findings suspicious for cancer in asymptomatic subjects, from the general population. Eleven of 12 studies provided imaging protocols that included T1- and T2-weighted sequences, while only five included diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) of the whole body. Different categorical systems were used for the classification and the management of abnormal findings.

Of 17,961 abnormal findings reported, 91% were benign, while 9% were oncologically relevant, requiring further investigations, and 0.5% of lesions were suspicious for cancer.

A per-subject analysis showed that just 5% of subjects had no abnormal findings, while 95% had abnormal findings. Findings requiring further investigation were reported in 30% of all subjects, though in only 1.8% cancer was suspected. The overall rate of histologically confirmed cancer was 1.1%.

Conclusion

WB-MRI studies of cancer screening in the asymptomatic general population are too heterogeneous to draw impactful conclusions regarding efficacy. A 5-point lesion scale based on the oncological relevance of findings appears the most appropriate for risk-based management stratification. WB-MRI examinations should be reported by experienced oncological radiologists versed on WB-MRI reading abnormalities and on onward referral pathways.

Whole-body MRI for preventive health screening: A systematic review of the literature

Background

The yield of whole‐body MRI for preventive health screening is currently not completely clear.

Purpose

To systematically review the prevalence of whole‐body MRI findings in asymptomatic subjects.

Study Type

Systematic review and meta‐analysis.

Subjects

MEDLINE and Embase were searched for original studies reporting whole‐body MRI findings in asymptomatic adults without known disease, syndrome, or genetic mutation. Twelve studies, comprising 5373 asymptomatic subjects, were included.

Field Strength/Sequence

1.5T or 3.0T, whole‐body MRI.

Assessment

The whole‐body MRI literature findings were extracted and reviewed by two radiologists in consensus for designation as either critical or indeterminate incidental finding.

Statistical Tests

Data were pooled using a random effects model on the assumption that most subjects had ≤1 critical or indeterminate incidental finding. Heterogeneity was assessed by the I² statistic.

Results

Pooled prevalences of critical and indeterminate incidental findings together and separately were 32.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 18.3%, 50.1%), 13.4% (95% CI: 9.0%, 19.5%), and 13.9% (95% CI: 5.4%, 31.3%), respectively. There was substantial between‐study heterogeneity (I² = 95.6–99.1). Pooled prevalence of critical and indeterminate incidental findings together was significantly higher in studies that included (cardio)vascular and/or colon MRI compared with studies that did not (49.7% [95% CI, 26.7%, 72.9%] vs. 23.0% [95% CI, 5.5%, 60.3%], P < 0.001). Pooled proportion of reported verified critical and indeterminate incidental findings was 12.6% (95% CI: 3.2%, 38.8%). Six studies reported false‐positive findings, yielding a pooled proportion of 16.0% (95% CI: 1.9%, 65.8%). None of the included studies reported long‐term (>5‐year) verification of negative findings. Only one study reported false‐negative findings, with a proportion of 2.0%.

Data Conclusion

Prevalence of critical and indeterminate incidental whole‐body MRI findings in asymptomatic subjects is overall substantial and with variability dependent to some degree on the protocol. Verification data are lacking. The proportion of false‐positive findings appears to be substantial.

Level of Evidence: 4

Technical Efficacy: Stage 3

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:1489–1503.

How to report incidental findings from population whole-body MRI: view of participants of the German National Cohort

OBJECTIVES

In the German National Cohort (GNC), 30,000 individuals are examined with whole-body MRI (wbMRI), of which about 3000 participants are expected to receive an incidental finding (IF) disclosure. In order to get feedback from participants and to evaluate the IF-management procedure of the wbMRI substudy, a follow-up questionnaire was developed. This single-center pilot trial was aimed to get a first impression on feasibility reproducibility and validity of such a survey in order to take necessary adjustments before initiating the survey among several thousand participants.

METHODS

The questionnaires were sent out in test-retest manner to 86 participants who received a wbMRI examination in January-February 2016 at the imaging center in Neubrandenburg. The ratio of participants with and without IF notification was 1:1. Descriptive statistics was performed.

RESULTS

A first response of 94% and completion proportion of 99% were achieved. Participants were satisfied with the examination procedure. Ninety-five percent of participants considered it very important to receive notification of IFs. Participants reported minimal stress levels while waiting for a possible IF notification letter, but high stress levels when an IF letter was received. Phrasing of the IF reports was rated in 97% as well understandable and in 55% as beneficial to health status.

CONCLUSIONS

This questionnaire will serve researchers within the GNC as a fundamental instrument not only for quality management analyses but also for the investigation of still unacknowledged scientific and ethical questions contributing to evidence-based guidelines concerning the complex approach to IFs in future population-based imaging.

KEY POINTS

• Evidence-based guidelines for reporting incidental findings in population whole-body MRI are lacking. • Pilot-testing of a questionnaire for the evaluation of practical and ethical aspects of the procedure to report incidental findings in the German National Cohort shows a high level of acceptance and high return rate by participants. • Participants reported minimal stress levels while waiting for a possible incidental finding notification letter, which increased significantly, when such a letter was received.

Potentially serious incidental findings on brain and body magnetic resonance imaging of apparently asymptomatic adults: systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES

To determine prevalence and types of potentially serious incidental findings on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in apparently asymptomatic adults, describe factors associated with potentially serious incidental findings, and summarise information on follow-up and final diagnoses.

DESIGN

Systematic review and meta-analyses.

DATA SOURCES

Citation searches of relevant articles and authors' files in Medline and Embase (from inception to 25 April 2017).

REVIEW METHODS

Eligible studies included prevalence and types of incidental findings detected among apparently asymptomatic adults undergoing MRI of the brain, thorax, abdomen, or brain and body. Data on study population and methods, prevalence and types of incidental findings, and final diagnoses were extracted. Pooled prevalence was estimated by random effects meta-analysis, and heterogeneity by τ2 statistics.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Prevalence of potentially serious incidental findings on MRI of the brain, thorax, abdomen, and brain and body.

RESULTS

Of 5905 retrieved studies, 32 (0.5%) met the inclusion criteria (n=27 643 participants). Pooled prevalence of potentially serious incidental findings was 3.9% (95% confidence interval 0.4% to 27.1%) on brain and body MRI, 1.4% (1.0% to 2.1%) on brain MRI, 1.3% (0.2% to 8.1%) on thoracic MRI, and 1.9% (0.3% to 12.0%) on abdominal MRI. Pooled prevalence rose after including incidental findings of uncertain potential seriousness (12.8% (3.9% to 34.3%), 1.7% (1.1% to 2.6%), 3.0% (0.8% to 11.3%), and 4.5% (1.5% to 12.9%), respectively). There was generally substantial heterogeneity among included studies. About half the potentially serious incidental findings were suspected malignancies (brain, 0.6% (95% confidence interval 0.4% to 0.9%); thorax, 0.6% (0.1% to 3.1%); abdomen, 1.3% (0.2% to 9.3%); brain and body, 2.3% (0.3% to 15.4%)). There were few informative data on potential sources of between-study variation or factors associated with potentially serious incidental findings. Limited data suggested that relatively few potentially serious incidental findings had serious final diagnoses (48/234, 20.5%).

CONCLUSIONS

A substantial proportion of apparently asymptomatic adults will have potentially serious incidental findings on MRI, but little is known of their health consequences. Systematic, long term follow-up studies are needed to better inform on these consequences and the implications for policies on feedback of potentially serious incidental findings.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION

Prospero CRD42016029472.

Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI) in oncology: recommendations and key uses

The past decade has witnessed a growing role and increasing use of whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI). Driving these successes are developments in both hardware and software that have reduced overall examination times and significantly improved MR imaging quality. In addition, radiologists and clinicians have continued to find promising new applications of this innovative imaging technique that brings together morphologic and functional characterization of tissues. In oncology, the role of WB-MRI has expanded to the point of being recommended in international guidelines for the assessment of several cancer histotypes (multiple myeloma, melanoma, prostate cancer) and cancer-prone syndromes (Li-Fraumeni and hereditary paraganglioma-pheochromocytoma syndromes). The literature shows growing use of WB-MRI for the staging and follow-up of other cancer histotypes and cancer-related syndromes (including breast cancer, lymphoma, neurofibromatosis, and von Hippel-Lindau syndromes). The main aim of this review is to examine the current scientific evidence for the use of WB-MRI in oncology.

Prevalence and Distribution of Atherosclerosis in a Low- to Intermediate-Risk Population: Assessment with Whole-Body MR Angiography

Purpose To quantify the burden and distribution of asymptomatic atherosclerosis in a population with a low to intermediate risk of cardiovascular disease. Materials and Methods Between June 2008 and February 2013, 1528 participants with 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease less than 20% were prospectively enrolled. They underwent whole-body magnetic resonance (MR) angiography at 3.0 T by using a two-injection, four-station acquisition technique. Thirty-one arterial segments were scored according to maximum stenosis. Scores were summed and normalized for the number of assessable arterial segments to provide a standardized atheroma score (SAS). Multiple linear regression was performed to assess effects of risk factors on atheroma burden. Results A total of 1513 participants (577 [37.9%] men; median age, 53.5 years; range, 40-83 years) completed the study protocol. Among 46 903 potentially analyzable segments, 46 601 (99.4%) were interpretable. Among these, 2468 segments (5%) demonstrated stenoses, of which 1649 (3.5%) showed stenosis less than 50% and 484 (1.0%) showed stenosis greater than or equal to 50%. Vascular stenoses were distributed throughout the body with no localized distribution. Seven hundred forty-seven (49.4%) participants had at least one stenotic vessel, and 408 (27.0%) participants had multiple stenotic vessels. At multivariable linear regression, SAS correlated with age (B = 3.4; 95% confidence interval: 2.61, 4.20), heart rate (B = 1.23; 95% confidence interval: 0.51, 1.95), systolic blood pressure (B = 0.02; 95% confidence interval: 0.01, 0.03), smoking status (B = 0.79; 95% confidence interval: 0.44, 1.15), and socioeconomic status (B = -0.06; 95% confidence interval: -0.10, -0.02) (P < .01 for all). Conclusion Whole-body MR angiography identifies early vascular disease at a population level. Although disease prevalence is low on a per-vessel level, vascular disease is common on a per-participant level, even in this low- to intermediate-risk cohort. © RSNA, 2018 Online supplemental material is available for this article.

Prevalence of unrecognized myocardial infarction in a low-intermediate risk asymptomatic cohort and its relation to systemic atherosclerosis

Aims

Unrecognized myocardial infarctions (UMIs) have been described in 19–30% of the general population using late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) on cardiac magnetic resonance. However, these studies have focused on an unselected cohort including those with known cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of the current study was to ascertain the prevalence of UMIs in a non-high-risk population using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods and results

A total of 5000 volunteers aged >40 years with no history of CVD and a 10-year risk of CVD of <20%, as assessed by the ATP-III risk score, were recruited to the Tayside Screening for Cardiac Events study. Those with a B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) level greater than their gender-specific median were invited for a whole-body MR angiogram and cardiac MR including LGE assessment. LGE was classed as absent, UMI, or non-specific. A total of 1529 volunteers completed the imaging study; of these, 53 (3.6%) were excluded because of either missing data or inadequate LGE image quality. Ten of the remaining 1476 (0.67%) displayed LGE. Of these, three (0.2%) were consistent with UMI, whereas seven were non-specific occurring in the mid-myocardium (n = 4), epicardium (n = 1), or right ventricular insertion points (n = 2). Those with UMI had a significantly higher BNP [median 116 (range 31–133) vs. 22.6 (5–175) pg/mL, P = 0.015], lower ejection fraction [54.6 (36–62) vs. 68.9 (38–89)%, P = 0.007], and larger end-systolic volume [36.3 (27–61) vs. 21.7 (5–65) mL/m², P = 0.014]. Those with non-specific LGE had lower diastolic blood pressure [68 (54–70) vs. 72 (46–98) mmHg, P = 0.013] but no differences in their cardiac function.

Conclusion

Despite previous reports describing high prevalence of UMI in older populations, in a predominantly middle-aged cohort, those who are of intermediate or low cardiovascular risk have a very low risk of having an unrecognized myocardial infarct.

Incidental findings on brain MRI of cognitively normal first-degree descendants of patients with Alzheimer's disease: a cross-sectional analysis from the ALFA (Alzheimer and Families) project

OBJECTIVES

To describe the prevalence of brain MRI incidental findings (IF) in a cohort of cognitively normal first-degree descendants of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD).

DESIGN

Cross-sectional observational study.

SETTING

All scans were obtained with a 3.0 T scanner. Scans were evaluated by a single neuroradiologist and IF recorded and categorised. The presence of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) was determined with the Fazekas scale and reported as relevant if ≥2.

PARTICIPANTS

575 participants (45-75 years) underwent high-resolution structural brain MRI. Participants were cognitively normal and scored over the respective cut-off values in all the following neuropsychological tests: Mini-Mental State Examination (≥26), Memory Impairment Screen (≥6), Time Orientation Subtest of the Barcelona Test II (≥68), verbal semantic fluency (naming animals ≥12). Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) had to be 0.

RESULTS

155 participants (27.0%) presented with at least one IF. Relevant WMH were present in 7.8% of the participants, and vascular abnormalities, cyst and brain volume loss in 10.7%, 3.1% and 6.9% of the study volunteers, respectively. Neoplastic brain findings were found in 2.4% of participants and within these, meningiomas were the most common (1.7%) and more frequently found in women. A positive correlation between increasing age and the presence of IF was found. Additionally, brain atrophy greater than that expected by age was significantly more prevalent in participants without a parental history of AD.

CONCLUSIONS

Brain MRIs of healthy middle-aged participants show a relatively high prevalence of IF even when study participants have been screened for subtle cognitive alterations. Most of our participants are first-degree descendants of patients with AD, and therefore these results are of special relevance for novel imaging studies in the context of AD prevention in cognitively healthy middle-aged participants.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

NCT02198586.

Whole-Body MRI Screening in Asymptomatic Subjects; Preliminary Experience and Long-Term Follow-Up Findings

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study is to describe the technique and to evaluate the results of whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in an asymptomatic population.

MATERIAL/METHODS

Between March 2009 and December 2011, 118 consecutive subjects undergoing thorough medical check-up were prospectively included in the study. MRI was performed with a 205-cm moving table, parallel imaging and automatic image composing software.

RESULTS

In 83 subjects (70%), 103 benign lesions were detected. Two malignant (adrenal and renal carcinoma) lesions and one precancerous (pancreatic mucinous carcinoma) lesion were detected. The most common lesions were renal cysts, liver hemangiomas, liver cysts, thyroid nodules, and uterine leiomyomas.

CONCLUSIONS

WB-MRI is able to cover area from head to toes in one diagnostic work-up, and besides the anatomic regions evaluated by conventional radiological modalities, i.e. brain parenchyma, bones and extremities, can be evaluated in one examination.

Clinical value of whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in health screening of general adult population

BACKGROUND

Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI) and angiography (WB-MRA) has become increasingly popular in population-based research. We evaluated retrospectively the frequency of potentially relevant incidental findings throughout the body.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

22 highly health-conscious managers (18 men, mean age 47±9 years) underwent WB-MRI and WB-MRA between March 2012 and September 2013 on a Discovery MR750w wide bore 3 Tesla device (GE Healthcare) using T1 weighted, short tau inversion recovery (STIR) and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) acquisitions according to a standardized protocol.

RESULTS

A suspicious (pararectal) malignancy was detected in one patient which was confirmed by an endorectal sonography. Incidental findings were described in 20 subjects, including hydrocele (11 patients), benign bony lesion (7 patients) and non-specific lymph nodes (5 patients). Further investigations were recommended in 68% (ultrasound: 36%, computed tomography: 28%, mammography: 9%, additional MRI: 9%). WB-MRA were negative in 16 subjects. Vascular normal variations were reported in 23%, and a 40% left proximal common carotid artery stenosis were described in one subject.

CONCLUSIONS

WB-MRI and MRA lead to the detection of clinically relevant diseases and unexpected findings in a cohort of healthy adults that require further imaging or surveillance in 68%. WB-MR imaging may play a paramount role in health screening, especially in the future generation of (epi)genetic based screening of malignant and atherosclerotic disorders. Our study is the first which involved a highly selected patient group using a high field 3-T wide bore magnet system with T1, STIR, MRA and whole-body DWI acquisitions as well.

Intensity-Curvature Measurement Approaches for the Diagnosis of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Brain Tumors

This research presents signal-image post-processing techniques called Intensity-Curvature Measurement Approaches with application to the diagnosis of human brain tumors detected through Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Post-processing of the MRI of the human brain encompasses the following model functions: (i) bivariate cubic polynomial, (ii) bivariate cubic Lagrange polynomial, (iii) monovariate sinc, and (iv) bivariate linear. The following Intensity-Curvature Measurement Approaches were used: (i) classic-curvature, (ii) signal resilient to interpolation, (iii) intensity-curvature measure and (iv) intensity-curvature functional. The results revealed that the classic-curvature, the signal resilient to interpolation and the intensity-curvature functional are able to add additional information useful to the diagnosis carried out with MRI. The contribution to the MRI diagnosis of our study are: (i) the enhanced gray level scale of the tumor mass and the well-behaved representation of the tumor provided through the signal resilient to interpolation, and (ii) the visually perceptible third dimension perpendicular to the image plane provided through the classic-curvature and the intensity-curvature functional.

Non-contrast-enhanced whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in the general population: the incidence of abnormal findings in patients 50 years old and younger compared to older subjects

Purpose

To assess and compare the incidence of abnormal findings detected during non-contrast-enhanced whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI) in the general population in two age groups: (1) 50 years old and younger; and (2) over 50 years old.

Materials and Methods

The analysis included 666 non-contrast-enhanced WB-MRIs performed on a 1.5-T scanner between December 2009 and June 2013 in a private hospital in 451 patients 50 years old and younger and 215 patients over 50 years old. The following images were obtained: T2-STIR (whole body-coronal plane), T2-STIR (whole spine-sagittal), T2-TSE with fat-saturation (neck and trunk-axial), T2-FLAIR (head-axial), 3D T1-GRE (thorax-coronal, axial), T2-TSE (abdomen-axial), chemical shift (abdomen-axial). Detected abnormalities were classified as: insignificant (type I), potentially significant, requiring medical attention (type II), significant, requiring treatment (type III).

Results

There were 3375 incidental findings depicted in 659 (98.9%) subjects: 2997 type I lesions (88.8%), 363 type II lesions (10.8%) and 15 type III lesions (0.4%), including malignant or possibly malignant lesions in seven subjects. The most differences in the prevalence of abnormalities on WB-MRI between patients 50 years old and younger and over 50 years old concerned: brain infarction (22.2%, 45.0% respectively), thyroid cysts/nodules (8.7%, 18.8%), pulmonary nodules (5.0%, 16.2%), significant degenerative disease of the spine (23.3%, 44.5%), extra-spinal degenerative disease (22.4%, 61.1%), hepatic steatosis (15.8%, 24.9%), liver cysts/hemangiomas (24%, 34.5%), renal cysts (16.9%, 40.6%), prostate enlargement (5.1% of males, 34.2% of males), uterine fibroids (16.3% of females, 37.9% of females).

Conclusions

Incidental findings were detected in almost all of the subjects. WB-MRI demonstrated that the prevalence of the vast majority of abnormalities increases with age.

Common carotid intima media thickness and ankle-brachial pressure index correlate with local but not global atheroma burden: a cross sectional study using whole body magnetic resonance angiography

Background

Common carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) and ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI) are used as surrogate marker of atherosclerosis, and have been shown to correlate with arterial stiffness, however their correlation with global atherosclerotic burden has not been previously assessed. We compare CIMT and ABPI with atheroma burden as measured by whole body magnetic resonance angiography (WB-MRA).

Methods

50 patients with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease were recruited. CIMT was measured using ultrasound while rest and exercise ABPI were performed. WB-MRA was performed in a 1.5T MRI scanner using 4 volume acquisitions with a divided dose of intravenous gadolinium gadoterate meglumine (Dotarem, Guerbet, FR). The WB-MRA data was divided into 31 anatomical arterial segments with each scored according to degree of luminal narrowing: 0 = normal, 1 = <50%, 2 = 50–70%, 3 = 70–99%, 4 = vessel occlusion. The segment scores were summed and from this a standardized atheroma score was calculated.

Results

The atherosclerotic burden was high with a standardised atheroma score of 39.5±11. Common CIMT showed a positive correlation with the whole body atheroma score (β 0.32, p = 0.045), however this was due to its strong correlation with the neck and thoracic segments (β 0.42 p = 0.01) with no correlation with the rest of the body. ABPI correlated with the whole body atheroma score (β −0.39, p = 0.012), which was due to a strong correlation with the ilio-femoral vessels with no correlation with the thoracic or neck vessels. On multiple linear regression, no correlation between CIMT and global atheroma burden was present (β 0.13 p = 0.45), while the correlation between ABPI and atheroma burden persisted (β −0.45 p = 0.005).

Conclusion

ABPI but not CIMT correlates with global atheroma burden as measured by whole body contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography in a population with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease. However this is primarily due to a strong correlation with ilio-femoral atheroma burden.

Whole-body MRI and MRA for evaluation of the prevalence of atherosclerosis in a cohort of subjectively healthy individuals

Objectives

To assess the prevalence of cardiovascular findings in asymptomatic individuals by means of 1.5-T whole-body magnetic resonance imaging and angiography.

Methods

A cohort of 138 individuals (118 men, 20 women) with a mean age of 54 years (SD ± 7.55) was referred to whole-body MRI at 1.5-T, including contrast-enhanced whole-body MR angiography (MRA) and cardiac MRI. A total of 2,065/2,070 vessel segments (99.8%) and cardiac function were evaluated.

Results

Approximately one-fourth of the participating individuals had vascular abnormalities. In 17 subjects (12.3% of all subjects) significant luminal narrowing was observed in at least one vascular segment. Luminal narrowing (mild to severe) was observed in 1 (0.7% of all subjects respectively) of the renal arteries, 7 (5.0%) of the carotid arteries, and 3 (2.2%) of the pelvic and upper leg arteries, and in 17 segments (12.3%) of arteries in the lower leg.

In cardiac function and perfusion imaging, wall motion disorders were observed in six patients (4.3%), with additional delayed enhancement and isolated delayed enhancement present in two cases. Functional parameters differed from reference values in 55 cases.

Conclusions

Even in an asymptomatic cohort of middle-aged predominantly male individuals, atherosclerotic disease is not uncommon and is detectable by whole-body MRI.

Main Messages

In middle-aged predominantly male individuals, atherosclerotic disease is not uncommon.

Even in an asymptomatic collective, approximately one fourth had vascular abnormalities.

Using whole-body MR angiography (MRA), 99.8% of 2,070 vessel segments could be evaluated.

Magnetic resonance imaging of the chest: current and new applications, with an emphasis on pulmonology

The objective of the present review study was to present the principal applications of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the chest, including the description of new techniques. Over the past decade, this method has evolved considerably because of the development of new equipment, including the simultaneous interconnection of phased-array multiple radiofrequency receiver coils and remote control of the table movement, in addition to faster techniques of image acquisition, such as parallel imaging and partial Fourier acquisitions, as well as the introduction of new contrast agents. All of these advances have allowed MRI to gain ground in the study of various pathologies of the chest, including lung diseases. Currently, MRI is considered the modality of choice for the evaluation of lesions in the mediastinum and in the chest wall, as well as of superior sulcus tumors. However, it can also facilitate the diagnosis of lung, pleural, and cardiac diseases, as well as of those related to the pulmonary vasculature. Pulmonary MRI angiography can be used in order to evaluate various pulmonary vascular diseases, and it has played an ever greater role in the study of thromboembolism. Because cardiac MRI allows morphological and functional assessment in the same test, it has also become part of the clinical routine in the evaluation of various cardiac diseases. Finally, the role of MRI has been extended to the identification and characterization of pulmonary nodules, the evaluation of airway diseases, and the characterization of pleural effusion.

Recent technological and application developments in computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for improved pulmonary nodule detection and lung cancer staging

This review compares the emerging technologies and approaches in the application of magnetic resonance (MR) and computed tomography (CT) imaging for the assessment of pulmonary nodules and staging of malignant findings. Included in this review is a brief definition of pulmonary nodules and an introduction to the challenges faced. We have highlighted the current status of both MR and CT for the early detection of lung nodules. Developments are detailed in this review for the management of pulmonary nodules using advanced imaging, including: dynamic imaging studies, dual energy CT, computer aided detection and diagnosis, and imaging assisted nodule biopsy approaches which have improved lung nodule detection and diagnosis rates. Recent advancements linking in vivo imaging to corresponding histological pathology are also highlighted. In vivo imaging plays a pivotal role in the clinical staging of pulmonary nodules through TNM assessment. While CT and positron emission tomography (PET)/CT are currently the most commonly clinically employed modalities for pulmonary nodule staging, studies are presented that highlight the augmentative potential of MR.

Assessment of myocardial abnormalities in rheumatoid arthritis using a comprehensive cardiac magnetic resonance approach: a pilot study

Introduction

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a multi-organ inflammatory disorder associated with high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. We sought to assess cardiac involvement using a comprehensive cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) approach and to determine its association with disease characteristics in RA patients without symptomatic cardiac disease.

Methods

RA patients with no history and/or clinical findings of systemic or pulmonary hypertension, coronary artery disease, severe valvular heart disease, atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus, or echocardiographic abnormalities underwent contrast-enhanced cMRI on a 1.5T scanner. Adenosine triphosphate was used to assess perfusion defects due to microvascular impairment or ischemia, and delayed enhanced imaging was obtained for the assessment of myocardial inflammation/fibrosis. We explored the associations of cMRI abnormalities with RA disease activity and severity measures.

Results

Eighteen patients (78% female) with a mean age of 57 ± 10 years were studied. Eight patients (45%) demonstrated a myocardial abnormality. Perfusion defects under pharmacologic stress were seen in two patients (11%), one of whom had a circumferential subendocardial perfusion defect and one had a non-segmental subendocardial perfusion defect. Seven patients (39%) were found to have delayed enhancement, only one of whom also demonstrated a perfusion defect. Mean disease activity score (DAS)28 was significantly higher in the group with delayed enhancement compared to the group without by an average of 1.32 DAS28 units (4.77 vs. 3.44 units, respectively; P = 0.011). Corresponding trends to statistical significance were noted in systemic inflammatory markers, with both C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) quantitatively higher in the group with delayed enhancement. Other RA characteristics, such as disease duration, autoantibody status, and current treatments were not significantly associated with cardiac involvement.

Conclusions

Myocardial abnormalities, as detected by cMRI, were frequent in RA patients without known cardiac disease. Abnormal cMRI findings were associated with higher RA disease activity, suggesting a role for inflammation in the pathogenesis of myocardial involvement in RA.

The uses and limitations of whole-body magnetic resonance imaging

BACKGROUND

Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI) is a modern imaging method, free of ionizing radiation, which provides high-resolution display of individual organ systems and of the anatomy of the entire body.

METHODS

Selective literature review

RESULTS

Multi-channel WB-MRI scanners enable both the high-resolution imaging of the entire body and focused studies of individual organs, through the use of various sequence techniques and contrast modes. The initial application of combined cardiovascular and oncological imaging protocols for the screening of asymptomatic persons has already revealed many cases of cardiovascular disease and of tumors with serious clinical implications. The diagnostic accuracy of M staging with WB-MRI lies in the range of 93% to 97%. WB-MRI provides good contrast of the bone marrow, and has thus been used for the diagnosis of malignant bone marrow disease as well: in particular, it is especially sensitive for multiple myeloma and plays an important role in prognostication and therapeutic decision-making in this disorder. To date, WB-MRI has not been shown to be superior to other diagnostic techniques with respect to hard endpoints, such as prolongation of survival. It also carries the risk of false positive findings.

CONCLUSION

Despite these encouraging results, undirected screening by WB-MRI without an appropriate indication, as is currently being practiced in many institutions, is decidedly inadvisable in view of its predicted diagnostic yield below 2% and the lack of evidence for its cost-effectiveness.

[New advances on diagnostic imaging in spinal pathology]

In the past years, there has been a remarkable improvement on imaging technology. Magnetic resonance (MR) is the method of choice for detection, diagnosis and therapeutic management for many disorders of the spine. A variety of innovative new MR methods have been developed. These new techniques include molecular diffusion sequences, MR myelography, a complete study of the entire spine, kinematic MR imaging of the spine, whole body MR exam and the fusion of different imaging modalities. These new technological developments have the potential to profoundly impact and modify imaging interpretation to offer a more efficient diagnostic and work-up of patients suffering from spinal disease.

Magnetic resonance (MR) colonography in the detection of colorectal lesions: a systematic review of prospective studies

Objective

To determine the diagnostic accuracy of MR-colonography for the detection of colorectal lesions.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search was performed for comparative MR-colonography studies, published between May 1997 and February 2009, using the MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane databases. We included studies if MR-colonography findings were prospectively compared with conventional colonoscopy in (a)symptomatic patients. Two reviewers independently extracted study design characteristics and data for summarising sensitivity and specificity. Heterogeneity in findings between studies was tested using I² test statistics. Sensitivity and specificity estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated on per patient basis and summary sensitivity on per polyp basis, using bivariate and univariate statistical models.

Results

Thirty-seven studies were found to be potentially relevant and 13 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The study population comprised 1,285 patients with a mean disease prevalence of 44% (range 22–63%). Sensitivity for the detection of CRC was 100%. Significant heterogeneity was found for overall per patient sensitivity and specificity. For polyps with a size of 10 mm or larger, per patient sensitivity and specificity estimates were 88% (95% CI 63–97%; I² = 37%) and 99% (95% CI 95–100%; I² = 60%). On a per polyp basis, polyps of 10 mm or larger were detected with a sensitivity of 84% (95% CI 66–94%; I² = 51%). The data were too heterogeneous for polyps smaller than 6 mm and 6–9 mm.

Conclusion

MR-colonography can accurately detect colorectal polyps more than 10 mm in size

Prediction of coronary artery disease by a systemic atherosclerosis score index derived from whole-body MR angiography

BACKGROUND

Whole-body magnetic resonance angiography (WB-MRA) has shown its potential for the non-invasive assessment of nearly the entire arterial vasculature within one examination. Since the presence of extra-cardiac atherosclerosis is associated with an increased risk of coronary events, our goal was to establish the relationship between WB-MRA findings, including a systemic atherosclerosis score index, and the presence of significant coronary artery disease (CAD).

METHODS

WB-MRA was performed on a 1.5T scanner in 50 patients scheduled to undergo elective cardiac catheterization for suspected CAD. In each patient, 40 extra-cardiac vessel segments were evaluated and assigned scores according to their luminal narrowing. The atherosclerosis score index (ASI) was generated as the ratio of summed scores to analyzable segments.

RESULTS

ASI was higher in patients with significant (> 50% stenosis) CAD (n = 27) vs. patients without CAD (n = 22; 1.56 vs. 1.28, p = 0.004). ASI correlated with PROCAM (R = 0.57, p < 0.001) and Framingham (R = 0.36, p = 0.01) risk scores as estimates of the 10-year risk of coronary events. A ROC derived ASI of > 1.54 predicted significant CAD with a sensitivity of 59%, specificity of 86% and a positive predictive value of 84%. Logistic regression revealed ASI > 1.54 as the strongest independent predictor for CAD with a 11-fold increase in likelihood to suffer from significant coronary disease. On the contrary, while 15/27 (55%) of patients with CAD exhibited at least one extra-cardiac stenosis > 50%, only 3/22 (14%) of those patients without CAD did (p = 0.003). The likelihood for an extra-cardiac stenosis when CAD is present differed between vascular territories and ranged from 15% for a carotid stenosis to 44% for a stenosis in the lower extremities.

CONCLUSION

This study provides important new evidence for the close association of extra-cardiac and coronary atherosclerosis. The novel findings that a WB-MRA derived systemic atherosclerosis score index is not only associated with established cardiovascular risk scores but is also predictive of significant CAD suggest its potential prognostic implications and underline the importance to screen for coronary disease in patients with extra-cardiac manifestations of atherosclerosis.

Whole-body MR angiography with body coil acquisition at 3 T in patients with peripheral arterial disease using the contrast agent gadofosveset trisodium

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES

Whole-body magnetic resonance angiography (WB-MRA) at 3 T with body coil acquisition has not previously been investigated. In this study, WB-MRA was performed in this manner using the blood pool contrast agent gadofosveset trisodium.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Eleven consecutive patients (five men, six women) with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease (two with critical limb ischemia, nine with claudication) were examined. Conventional digital subtraction angiography (DSA) of the aorta and the inflow and runoff arteries was used as the reference method. WB-MRA was performed using four slightly overlapping stations covering the arteries from the neck to the ankles. The arterial system was divided into 42 segments that were analyzed for the presence of significant arterial disease (> or =50% luminal narrowing or occlusion) by two blinded observers.

RESULTS

Sensitivities for detecting a significant arterial lesion with WB-MRA using gadofosveset as the contrast agent were 0.66 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.49-0.79) and 0.68 (95% CI, 0.52-0.81) for the two observers. Specificities were 0.82 (95% CI, 0.74-0.88) and 0.93 (95% CI, 0.87-0.96), respectively. Intermodality agreement between WB-MRA and DSA was moderate to good, with overall kappa values of 0.44 (95% CI, 0.29-0.59) and 0.63 (95% CI, 0.5-0.77) for the two observers. Interobserver agreement for WB-MRA was good, at kappa = 0.60 (95% CI, 0.50-0.71).

CONCLUSION

WB-MRA at 3 T with body coil acquisition in patients with peripheral arterial disease showed good reproducibility but only moderate to good agreement with DSA. Further assessment of the method's clinical application is warranted.

Cardiovascular whole-body MRI

Cardiovascular diseases still rank number one in mortality statistics in the industrialized world. In these countries the five most common causes of death are associated to atherosclerotic changes of the arterial vasculature. Due to its often long lasting treatment and the possible loss of ability to work atherosclerotic disease constitutes an economic factor which should not be disregarded. Thus screening for atherosclerotic disease seems to be reasonable because as known the potential to influence atherosclerotic changes is higher in an early stage of the disease. Not in every case it is possible to cure the disease but sometimes progression can be controlled and decelerated. Imaging of the arterial vasculature was limited to invasive procedures associated with ionizing radiation for a long time. Non-invasive exams like the "ankle-brachial-index" (ABI) can indicate the presence of PAOD, an exact localization of the pathologic changes is only possible with imaging methods. For cardiac imaging likewise the only non-invasive exams have been ECG and auscultation. Certainly echocardiography is an excellent technique to access cardiac function but it depends very much on both, the examining physician and the patient. MRI constitutes a non-invasive imaging modality without ionizing radiation offering excellent reproducible image quality.

Whole body MR imaging in diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a major cardiovascular risk factor and one of the major causes for morbidity and mortality worldwide. Diabetic complications have not only major impact on the quality of life of diabetic patients, but are also potentially life-threatening. Therefore prevention, diagnosis and therapy of these long-term complications are of high importance. However, diagnosis of the variety of complications from diabetes mellitus remains a diagnostic challenge and usually several diagnostic steps are necessary to diagnose or exclude these complications. In the last years whole body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI) including whole body magnetic resonance angiography (WB-MRA) has been introduced for cardiovascular imaging and is now increasingly applied in clinical routine for the workup of patients with cardiovascular disease and for cardiovascular screening. The article summarizes rationales for WB-MRI in diabetes mellitus, technical concepts of disease specific cardiovascular WB-MRI in diabetes mellitus and discusses potential clinical consequences.