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Thirumalai MK, Roy A, Sanikommu S, Arockiaraj J, Pasupuleti M. A simple, robust enzymatic-based high-throughput screening method for antimicrobial peptides discovery against Escherichia coli. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:341-8. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Arpita Roy
- SRM Research Institute; SRM University; Chennai Tamil Nadu India
| | - Suma Sanikommu
- Department of Biochemistry; Chaitanya PG College; Kishanpura, Hanamkonda, Warangal 506001 India
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Division of Fisheries Biotechnology & Molecular Biology, Research Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities; SRM University; Kattankulathur, Chennai 603 203 India
| | - Mukesh Pasupuleti
- Central Drug Research Institute; B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road Lucknow 226031 India
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Masoudi-Nejad A, Asgari Y. Metabolic cancer biology: structural-based analysis of cancer as a metabolic disease, new sights and opportunities for disease treatment. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 30:21-9. [PMID: 24495661 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cancer cell metabolism or the Warburg effect discovery goes back to 1924 when, for the first time Otto Warburg observed, in contrast to the normal cells, cancer cells have different metabolism. With the initiation of high throughput technologies and computational systems biology, cancer cell metabolism renaissances and many attempts were performed to revise the Warburg effect. The development of experimental and analytical tools which generate high-throughput biological data including lots of information could lead to application of computational models in biological discovery and clinical medicine especially for cancer. Due to the recent availability of tissue-specific reconstructed models, new opportunities in studying metabolic alteration in various kinds of cancers open up. Structural approaches at genome-scale levels seem to be suitable for developing diagnostic and prognostic molecular signatures, as well as in identifying new drug targets. In this review, we have considered these recent advances in structural-based analysis of cancer as a metabolic disease view. Two different structural approaches have been described here: topological and constraint-based methods. The ultimate goal of this type of systems analysis is not only the discovery of novel drug targets but also the development of new systems-based therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Masoudi-Nejad
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics (LBB), Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Yazdan Asgari
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics (LBB), Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Berthelot JM, de la Cochetière MF, Potel G, Le Goff B, Maugars Y. Evidence supporting a role for dormant bacteria in the pathogenesis of spondylarthritis. Joint Bone Spine 2013; 80:135-40. [PMID: 23473929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Spondylarthritis is still viewed as a reaction to infectious agents, as opposed to an infection by persistent bacteria, for several reasons: (a) an infection is considered proven only when the organism can be cultured; (b) no studies have identified dormant bacteria in the tissues targeted by spondylarthritis; (c) the bacterial persistence hypothesis has no therapeutic implications at the time being, since antibiotics are effective neither on dormant bacteria nor on the manifestations of spondylarthritis; and (d) the high prevalence of borderline disorders combining features of spondylarthritis and of psoriatic arthritis, or even rheumatoid arthritis (RA), would indicate a role for dormant bacteria in these last two diseases. However, recent data on dormant bacteria have rekindled interest in the bacterial persistence hypothesis. Dormant bacteria cannot be cultured, because they express only a small group of genes, known as the regulon, which includes genes for transcription factors that block the expression of the usual bacterial genes. Certain forms of cell stress, such as molecule misfolding, promote the entry of bacteria into a state of dormancy, which induces the low-level release by the host cells of cytokines such as TNF. Whether HLA-B27 misfolding facilitates the persistence of dormant bacteria within spondylarthritis tissue targets remains to be determined. If it does, then treatments that reactivate dormant bacteria might make these organisms susceptible to appropriate antibiotics and might therefore serve as useful adjuncts to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and TNFα antagonists. TNFα antagonists rarely reactivate dormant bacteria, with the exception of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which, together with metastatic cells, is the most extensively studied latency model to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Berthelot
- Service de Rhumatologie, Hôtel-Dieu, CHU de Nantes, place Alexis-Ricordeau, 44093 Nantes cedex 01, France.
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Pasupuleti M, Schmidtchen A, Malmsten M. Antimicrobial peptides: key components of the innate immune system. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2011; 32:143-71. [PMID: 22074402 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2011.594423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 508] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Life-threatening infectious diseases are on their way to cause a worldwide crisis, as treating them effectively is becoming increasingly difficult due to the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) form an ancient type of innate immunity found universally in all living organisms, providing a principal first-line of defense against the invading pathogens. The unique diverse function and architecture of AMPs has attracted considerable attention by scientists, both in terms of understanding the basic biology of the innate immune system, and as a tool in the design of molecular templates for new anti-infective drugs. AMPs are gene-encoded short (<100 amino acids), amphipathic molecules with hydrophobic and cationic amino acids arranged spatially, which exhibit broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. AMPs have been the subject of natural evolution, as have the microbes, for hundreds of millions of years. Despite this long history of co-evolution, AMPs have not lost their ability to kill or inhibit the microbes totally, nor have the microbes learnt to avoid the lethal punch of AMPs. AMPs therefore have potential to provide an important breakthrough and form the basis for a new class of antibiotics. In this review, we would like to give an overview of cationic antimicrobial peptides, origin, structure, functions, and mode of action of AMPs, which are highly expressed and found in humans, as well as a brief discussion about widely abundant, well characterized AMPs in mammals, in addition to pharmaceutical aspects and the additional functions of AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Pasupuleti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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Baquero F, Coque TM, de la Cruz F. Ecology and evolution as targets: the need for novel eco-evo drugs and strategies to fight antibiotic resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:3649-60. [PMID: 21576439 PMCID: PMC3147629 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00013-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the explosive spread of antibiotic resistance determinants among pathogenic, commensal, and environmental bacteria has reached a global dimension. Classical measures trying to contain or slow locally the progress of antibiotic resistance in patients on the basis of better antibiotic prescribing policies have clearly become insufficient at the global level. Urgent measures are needed to directly confront the processes influencing antibiotic resistance pollution in the microbiosphere. Recent interdisciplinary research indicates that new eco-evo drugs and strategies, which take ecology and evolution into account, have a promising role in resistance prevention, decontamination, and the eventual restoration of antibiotic susceptibility. This minireview summarizes what is known and what should be further investigated to find drugs and strategies aiming to counteract the "four P's," penetration, promiscuity, plasticity, and persistence of rapidly spreading bacterial clones, mobile genetic elements, or resistance genes. The term "drug" is used in this eco-evo perspective as a tool to fight resistance that is able to prevent, cure, or decrease potential damage caused by antibiotic resistance, not necessarily only at the individual level (the patient) but also at the ecological and evolutionary levels. This view offers a wealth of research opportunities for science and technology and also represents a large adaptive challenge for regulatory agencies and public health officers. Eco-evo drugs and interventions constitute a new avenue for research that might influence not only antibiotic resistance but the maintenance of a healthy interaction between humans and microbial systems in a rapidly changing biosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Baquero
- Department of Microbiology, Institute Ramón and Cajal for Health Research (IRYCIS), CIBER Research Network in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
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Dandekar T, Dandekar G. Pharmacogenomic strategies against microbial resistance: from bright to bleak to innovative. Pharmacogenomics 2011; 11:1193-6. [PMID: 20860457 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.10.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The last decade saw an alarming increase in antibiotic resistance in infections, with more than 13 million deaths per year from infections. Counter strategies include hygiene, antibiotic restriction and new antibiotics such as quinupristin, linezolid, tigecycline, daptomycin and dalbavancin. Presently, pharmacogenomics with basic research is revealing new antimicrobial peptides and is applying old drugs in new ways to break resistance. New approaches with host-directed drug targeting emerge to circumvent resistance. A future systems perspective from large-scale molecular techniques and bioinformatic modeling allows pharmacogenomics to reveal new intervention angles. This includes the fight against resistance and its transmission, improved vaccines, disarmament of microbes and antibiotic options from novel molecular targets (lipids, RNA and carbohydrates). Such a system perspective is also essential for improved diagnostics and individualized medicine. However, an increase in public awareness and closer cooperation of industry and basic research are essential to turn research into powerful new drugs that will enable us to treat new arising infections in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dandekar
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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Jonsson IM, Juuti JT, François P, AlMajidi R, Pietiäinen M, Girard M, Lindholm C, Saller MJ, Driessen AJM, Kuusela P, Bokarewa M, Schrenzel J, Kontinen VP. Inactivation of the Ecs ABC transporter of Staphylococcus aureus attenuates virulence by altering composition and function of bacterial wall. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14209. [PMID: 21151985 PMCID: PMC2996298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ecs is an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter present in aerobic and facultative anaerobic gram-positive Firmicutes. Inactivation of Bacillus subtilis Ecs causes pleiotropic changes in the bacterial phenotype including inhibition of intramembrane proteolysis. The molecule(s) transported by Ecs is (are) still unknown. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study we mutated the ecsAB operon in two Staphylococcus aureus strains, Newman and LS-1. Phenotypic and functional characterization of these Ecs deficient mutants revealed a defect in growth, increased autolysis and lysostaphin sensitivity, altered composition of cell wall proteins including the precursor form of staphylokinase and an altered bacterial surface texture. DNA microarray analysis indicated that the Ecs deficiency changed expression of the virulence factor regulator protein Rot accompanied by differential expression of membrane transport proteins, particularly ABC transporters and phosphate-specific transport systems, protein A, adhesins and capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis proteins. Virulence of the ecs mutants was studied in a mouse model of hematogenous S. aureus infection. Mice inoculated with the ecs mutant strains developed markedly milder infections than those inoculated with the wild-type strains and had consequently lower mortality, less weight loss, milder arthritis and decreased persistence of staphylococci in the kidneys. The ecs mutants had higher susceptibility to ribosomal antibiotics and plant alkaloids chelerythrine and sanguinarine. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results show that Ecs is essential for staphylococcal virulence and antimicrobial resistance probably since the transport function of Ecs is essential for the normal structure and function of the cell wall. Thus targeting Ecs may be a new approach in combating staphylococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ing-Marie Jonsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jarmo T. Juuti
- Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Patrice François
- Genomic Research Laboratory, Service of Infectious Diseases, University Hospitals of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rana AlMajidi
- Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Milla Pietiäinen
- Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Myriam Girard
- Genomic Research Laboratory, Service of Infectious Diseases, University Hospitals of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Catharina Lindholm
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Manfred J. Saller
- Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Kluyver Centre for the Genomics of Industrial Fermentations and the Zernike Institute of Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Arnold J. M. Driessen
- Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Kluyver Centre for the Genomics of Industrial Fermentations and the Zernike Institute of Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Pentti Kuusela
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital Laboratory, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Bokarewa
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jacques Schrenzel
- Genomic Research Laboratory, Service of Infectious Diseases, University Hospitals of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vesa P. Kontinen
- Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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