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Anwar I, Ashfaq UA. Impact of Nanotechnology on Differentiation and Augmentation of Stem Cells for Liver Therapy. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 2023; 40:89-116. [PMID: 37585310 DOI: 10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.2023042400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The liver is one of the crucial organs of the body that performs hundreds of chemical reactions needed by the body to survive. It is also the largest gland of the body. The liver has multiple functions, including the synthesis of chemicals, metabolism of nutrients, and removal of toxins. It also acts as a storage unit. The liver has a unique ability to regenerate itself, but it can lead to permanent damage if the injury is beyond recovery. The only possible treatment of severe liver damage is liver transplant which is a costly procedure and has several other drawbacks. Therefore, attention has been shifted towards the use of stem cells that have shown the ability to differentiate into hepatocytes. Among the numerous kinds of stem cells (SCs), the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the most famous. Various studies suggest that an MSC transplant can repair liver function, improve the signs and symptoms, and increase the chances of survival. This review discusses the impact of combining stem cell therapy with nanotechnology. By integrating stem cell science and nanotechnology, the information about stem cell differentiation and regulation will increase, resulting in a better comprehension of stem cell-based treatment strategies. The augmentation of SCs with nanoparticles has been shown to boost the effect of stem cell-based therapy. Also, the function of green nanoparticles in liver therapies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifrah Anwar
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Usman Ali Ashfaq
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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2
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Chang H, Kim J, Lee SH, Rho WY, Lee JH, Jeong DH, Jun BH. Luminescent Nanomaterials (II). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1309:97-132. [PMID: 33782870 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-33-6158-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we focus on sensing techniques and biological applications of various luminescent nanoparticles including quantum dot (QD), up-conversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) following the previous chapter. Fluorescent phenomena can be regulated or shifted by interaction between biological targets and luminescence probes depending on their distance, which is so-called Fӧrster resonance energy transfer (FRET). QD-based FRET technique, which has been widely applied as a bioanalytical tool, is described. We discuss time-resolved fluorescence (TRF) imaging and flow cytometry technique, using photoluminescent nanoparticles with unique properties for effectively improving selectivity and sensitivity. Based on these techniques, bioanalytical and biomedical application, bioimaging with QD, UCNPs, and Euripium-activated luminescent nanoprobes are covered. Combination of optical property of these luminescent nanoparticles with special functions such as drug delivery, photothermal therapy (PTT), and photodynamic therapy (PDT) is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Chang
- Division of Science Education, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehi Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Hun Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Yeop Rho
- School of International Engineering and Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hun Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hong Jeong
- Department of Chemistry Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Hyun Jun
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea.
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3
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Fast responsive photo-switchable dual-color fluorescent cyclodextrin nanogels for cancer cell imaging. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 210:379-388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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Niu W, Jia J, Li J, Zhang C, Yun K. Ratiometric emission NIR-fluorescent probe for the detection of lysosomal pH in living cells and in vivo. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj02771h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A lysosome-targeted ratiometric emission NIR-fluorescent probe for monitoring the lysosomal pH changes at a cellular level and LPS-mediated inflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifen Niu
- School of Forensic Medicine
- Shanxi Medical University
- Taiyuan 030001
- P. R. China
| | - Juan Jia
- School of Forensic Medicine
- Shanxi Medical University
- Taiyuan 030001
- P. R. China
| | - Junkai Li
- School of Forensic Medicine
- Shanxi Medical University
- Taiyuan 030001
- P. R. China
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Forensic Medicine
- Shanxi Medical University
- Taiyuan 030001
- P. R. China
| | - Keming Yun
- School of Forensic Medicine
- Shanxi Medical University
- Taiyuan 030001
- P. R. China
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5
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Cheng HB, Hu GF, Zhang ZH, Gao L, Gao X, Wu HC. Photocontrolled Reversible Luminescent Lanthanide Molecular Switch Based on a Diarylethene–Europium Dyad. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:7962-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guo-Fei Hu
- College of Chemistry & Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Zhan-Hui Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Liang Gao
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xingfa Gao
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hai-Chen Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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6
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Wang J, Lv Y, Wan W, Wang X, Li ADQ, Tian Z. Photoswitching Near-Infrared Fluorescence from Polymer Nanoparticles Catapults Signals over the Region of Noises and Interferences for Enhanced Sensitivity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:4399-4406. [PMID: 26859429 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b10837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As a very sensitive technique, photoswitchable fluorescence not only gains ultrasensitivity but also imparts many novel and unexpected applications. Applications of near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence have demonstrated low background noises, high tissue-penetrating ability, and an ability to reduce photodamage to live cells. Because of these desired features, NIR-fluorescent dyes have been the premium among fluorescent dyes, and probes with photoswitchable NIR fluorescence are even more desirable for enhanced signal quality in the emerging optical imaging modalities but rarely used because they are extremely challenging to design and construct. Using a spiropyran derivative functioning as both a photoswitch and a fluorophore to launch its periodically modulated red fluorescence excitation energy into a NIR acceptor, we fabricated core-shell polymer nanoparticles exhibiting a photoswitchable fluorescence signal within the biological window (∼700-1000 nm) with a peak maximum of 776 nm. Live cells constantly synthesize new molecules, including fluorescent molecules, and also endocytose exogenous particles, including fluorescent particles. Upon excitation at different wavelengths, these fluorescent species bring about background noises and interferences covering nearly the whole visible region and therefore render many intracellular targets unaddressable. The oscillating NIR fluorescence signal with an on/off ratio of up to 67 that the polymer nanoparticles display is beyond the typical background noises and interferences, thus producing superior sharpness, reliability, and signal-to-noise ratios in cellular imaging. Taking these salient features, we anticipate that these types of nanoparticles will be useful for in vivo imaging of biological tissue and other complex specimens, where two-photon activation and excitation are used in combination with NIR-fluorescence photoswitching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yanlin Lv
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Materials Research, Washington State University Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Xuefei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Alexander D Q Li
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Materials Research, Washington State University Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Zhiyuan Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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7
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Niu W, Fan L, Nan M, Li Z, Lu D, Wong MS, Shuang S, Dong C. Ratiometric Emission Fluorescent pH Probe for Imaging of Living Cells in Extreme Acidity. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2788-93. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504109h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weifen Niu
- Institute
of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People’s Republic of China
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, Fuling 408100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Fan
- Institute
of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Nan
- Institute
of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zengbo Li
- Institute
of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongtao Lu
- Institute
of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Man Shing Wong
- Institute
of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People’s Republic of China
- Department
of Chemistry and Institute of Advanced Materials, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaomin Shuang
- Institute
of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institute
of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People’s Republic of China
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8
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Feng G, Ding D, Li K, Liu J, Liu B. Reversible photoswitching conjugated polymer nanoparticles for cell and ex vivo tumor imaging. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:4141-7. [PMID: 24604130 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr06663k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent photoswitchable conjugated polymer nanoparticles (PCPNPs) bearing poly(9,9-dihexylfluorene-alt-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole) (PFBD) as the fluorescent host polymer and the photochromic diarylethene as toggle are synthesized via a modified nano-precipitation method using 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[amino(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (DSPE-PEG-NH₂) as the encapsulation matrix. The PCPNPs are spherical in shape with diameters around 34 nm. The fluorescence switching processes upon UV and white light illumination are successfully demonstrated with high contrast up to 90-fold, recovery efficiency of 95%, and excellent repeatability in solution. The cationic PCPNPs can be easily internalized into cancer cells, and accumulate in tumor tissues, where the fluorescence photoswitching processes can be used to self-validate the imaging results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxue Feng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576, Singapore
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9
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Depan D, Misra RDK. Structural and physicochemical aspects of silica encapsulated ZnO quantum dots with high quantum yield and their natural uptake in HeLa cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:2934-41. [PMID: 24115677 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Photoluminescent semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are of significant interest for bioimaging and fluorescence labeling. In this regard, we describe here the design of high sensitivity and high specificity non-toxic ZnO QDs (∼5 nm) with long-term stability of up to 12 months. The embedding of ZnO QDs on silica nanospheres led to significant increase in photoluminescence intensity rendering them highly bright QD-based probes. The QDs were characterized in vitro with respect to cancer cells (HeLa) and evaluated in terms of viability, fluorescence and cytoskeletal organization. The immobilization of ZnO QDs on silica nanospheres promoted the internalization and enhanced fluorescence emission of HeLa cells. The fluorescence emission from QDs was stable for 3 days, indicating excellent stability toward photobleaching. Cytoskeletal reorganization was observed after internalization of QDs such that the ZnO QDS on silica nanospheres resulted in broadening of the actin cytoskeleton. The study underscores that ZnO QDs immobilized on Si nanospheres are promising for tracking cancer cells in cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Depan
- Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering Research Laboratory, Center for Structural and Functional Materials, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, 70504-4130
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10
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Tian Z, Li ADQ. Photoswitching-enabled novel optical imaging: innovative solutions for real-world challenges in fluorescence detections. Acc Chem Res 2013; 46:269-79. [PMID: 23095042 DOI: 10.1021/ar300108d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Because of its ultrasensitivity, fluorescence offers a noninvasive means to investigate biomolecular mechanisms, pathways, and regulations in living cells, tissues, and animals. However, real-world applications of fluorescence technologies encounter many practical challenges. For example, the intrinsic heterogeneity of biological samples always generates optical interferences. High background such as autofluorescence can often obscure the desired signals. Finally, the wave properties of light limit the spatial resolution of optical microscopy. The key to solving these problems involves using chemical structures that can modulate the fluorescence output. Photoswitchable fluorescent molecules that alternate their emissions between two colors or between bright-and-dark states in response to external light stimulation form the core of these technologies. For example, molecular fluorescence modulation can switch fluorophores on and off. This feature supports super-resolution, which enhances resolution by an order of magnitude greater than the longstanding diffraction-limit barrier. The reversible modulation of such probes at a particular frequency significantly amplifies the frequency-bearing target signal while suppressing interferences and autofluorescence. In this Account, we outline the fundamental connection between constant excitation and oscillating fluorescence. To create molecules that will convert a constant excitation into oscillating emission, we have synthesized photoswitchable probes and demonstrated them as proofs of concept in super-resolution imaging and frequency-domain imaging. First, we introduce the design of molecules that can convert constant excitation into oscillating emission, the key step in fluorescence modulation. Then we discuss various technologies that use fluorescence modulation: super-resolution imaging, dual-color imaging, phase-sensitive lock-in detection, and frequency-domain imaging. Finally, we present two biological applications to demonstrate the power of photoswitching-enabled fluorescence imaging. Because synthetic photoswitchable probes can be much smaller, more versatile, and more efficient at high-performance modulation experiments, they provide a complement to photoswitchable fluorescent proteins. Although new challenges remain, we foresee a bright future for photoswitching-enabled imaging and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Alexander D. Q. Li
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Materials Research, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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11
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Badwaik VD, Vangala LM, Pender DS, Willis CB, Aguilar ZP, Gonzalez MS, Paripelly R, Dakshinamurthy R. Size-dependent antimicrobial properties of sugar-encapsulated gold nanoparticles synthesized by a green method. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2012; 7:623. [PMID: 23146145 PMCID: PMC3533927 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-7-623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The antimicrobial properties of dextrose-encapsulated gold nanoparticles (dGNPs) with average diameters of 25, 60, and 120 nm (± 5) and synthesized by green chemistry principles were investigated against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Studies were performed involving the effect of dGNPs on the growth, morphology, and ultrastructural properties of bacteria. dGNPs were found to have significant dose-dependent antibacterial activity which was also proportional to their size. Experiments revealed the dGNPs to be bacteriostatic as well as bactericidal. The dGNPs exhibited their bactericidal action by disrupting the bacterial cell membrane which leads to the leakage of cytoplasmic content. The overall outcome of this study suggests that green-synthesized dGNPs hold promise as a potent antibacterial agent against a wide range of disease-causing bacteria by preventing and controlling possible infections or diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek D Badwaik
- Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 4210, USA
| | - Lakshmisri M Vangala
- Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 4210, USA
| | - Dillon S Pender
- Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 4210, USA
| | - Chad B Willis
- Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 4210, USA
| | | | - Matthew S Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 4210, USA
| | - Rammohan Paripelly
- Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 4210, USA
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12
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Nanoparticle-based artificial RNA silencing machinery for antiviral therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:12387-92. [PMID: 22802676 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1207766109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference is a fundamental gene regulatory mechanism that is mediated by the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). Here we report that an artificial nanoparticle complex can effectively mimic the function of the cellular RISC machinery for inducing target RNA cleavage. Our results show that a specifically designed nanozyme for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) can actively cleave HCV RNA in a sequence specific manner. This nanozyme is less susceptible to degradation by proteinase activity, can be effectively taken up by cultured human hepatoma cells, is nontoxic to the cultured cells and a xenotransplantation mouse model under the conditions studied, and does not trigger detectable cellular interferon response, but shows potent antiviral activity against HCV in cultured cells and in the mouse model. We have observed a more than 99% decrease in HCV RNA levels in mice treated with the nanozyme. These results show that this nanozyme approach has the potential to become a useful tool for functional genomics, as well as for combating protein-expression-related diseases such as viral infections and cancers.
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13
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Tian Z, Wu W, Wan W, Li ADQ. Photoswitching-induced frequency-locked donor-acceptor fluorescence double modulations identify the target analyte in complex environments. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:16092-100. [PMID: 21863862 DOI: 10.1021/ja205124g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Precisely identifying biological targets and accurately extracting their relatively weak signals from complicated physiological environments represent daunting challenges in biological detection and biomedical diagnosis. Fluorescence techniques have become the method of choice and offer minimally invasive and ultrasensitive detections, thus, providing a wealth of information regarding the biological mechanisms in living systems. Despite fluorescence analysis has advanced remarkably, conventional detections still encounter considerable limitations. This stems from the fact that the fluorescence intensity signal (I) is sensitive and liable to numerous external factors including temperature, light source, medium characteristics, and dye concentration. The interferences exasperatingly undermine the precision of measurements, and frequently render the signal undetectable. For example, fluorescence from single-molecule emitters can be measured on glass substrates under optimum conditions, but single-molecule events in complicated physiological environments such as live cells can hardly be detected because of autofluorescence interference and other factors. Furthermore, traditional intensity (I) and wavelength (λ) measurements do not reveal the interactive nature between the donor and the acceptor. Thus, innovative detection strategies to circumvent these aforementioned limitations of the conventional techniques are critically needed. With the use of photoswitching-induced donor-acceptor-fluorescence double modulations, we present a novel strategy that introduces three additional physical parameters: modulation amplitude (A), phase shift (ΔΦ), and lock-in frequency (ω), and demonstrate that such a strategy can circumvent the limitation of the conventional fluorescence detection techniques. Together, these five physical quantities (I, λ, A, ΔΦ, ω) reveal insightful information regarding molecular interactive strength between the probe and the analyte and enable extracting weak-fluorescence spectra from large interfering noises in complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Tian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China 100049.
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14
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Badwaik VD, Bartonojo JJ, Evans JW, Sahi SV, Willis CB, Dakshinamurthy R. Single-step biofriendly synthesis of surface modifiable, near-spherical gold nanoparticles for applications in biological detection and catalysis. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:5549-54. [PMID: 21480600 DOI: 10.1021/la105041d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
There is an increased interest in understanding the toxicity and rational design of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) for biomedical applications in recent years. Such efforts warrant reliable, viable, and biofriendly synthetic methodology for GNPs with homogeneous sizes and shapes, particularly sizes above 30 nm, which is currently challenging. In the present study, an environmentally benign, biofriendly, single-step/single-phase synthetic method using dextrose as a reducing and capping agent in a buffered aqueous solution at moderate temperature is introduced. The resulting GNPs are near-spherical, stable, catalytically active, place exchangeable, and water-soluble within the size range of 10-120 nm. The added advantage of the biologically friendly reaction medium employed in this new synthetic approach provides a method for the direct embedment/integration of GNPs into biological systems such as the E. coli bacterium without additional capping ligand or surface modification processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek D Badwaik
- Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101, United States
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Abstract
Biological imaging applications often employ molecular probes or nanoparticles for enhanced contrast. However, resolution and detection are still often limited by the intrinsic heterogeneity of the sample, which can produce high levels of background that obscure the signals of interest. Herein, we describe approaches to overcome this obstacle based on the concept of dynamic contrast: a strategy for elucidating signals by the suppression or removal of background noise. Dynamic contrast mechanisms can greatly reduce the loading requirement of contrast agents, and may be especially useful for single-probe imaging. Dynamic contrast modalities are also platform-independent, and can enhance the performance of sophisticated biomedical imaging systems or simple optical microscopes alike. Dynamic contrast is performed in two stages: 1) a signal modulation scheme to introduce time-dependent changes in amplitude or phase, and 2) a demodulation step for signal recovery. Optical signals can be coupled with magnetic nanoparticles, photoswitchable probes, or plasmon-resonant nanostructures for modulation by magnetomotive, photonic, or photothermal mechanisms, respectively. With respect to image demodulation, many of the strategies developed for signal processing in electronics and communication technologies can also be applied toward the editing of digital images. The image-processing step can be as simple as differential imaging, or may involve multiple reference points for deconvolution by using cross-correlation algorithms. Periodic signals are particularly amenable to image demodulation strategies based on Fourier transform; the contrast of the demodulated signal increases with acquisition time, and modulation frequencies in the kHz range are possible. Dynamic contrast is an emerging topic with considerable room for development, both with respect to molecular or nanoscale probes for signal modulation, and also to methods for more efficient image processing and editing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2084 (USA)
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Bera D, Qian L, Tseng TK, Holloway PH. Quantum Dots and Their Multimodal Applications: A Review. MATERIALS 2010. [PMCID: PMC5445848 DOI: 10.3390/ma3042260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Semiconducting quantum dots, whose particle sizes are in the nanometer range, have very unusual properties. The quantum dots have band gaps that depend in a complicated fashion upon a number of factors, described in the article. Processing-structure-properties-performance relationships are reviewed for compound semiconducting quantum dots. Various methods for synthesizing these quantum dots are discussed, as well as their resulting properties. Quantum states and confinement of their excitons may shift their optical absorption and emission energies. Such effects are important for tuning their luminescence stimulated by photons (photoluminescence) or electric field (electroluminescence). In this article, decoupling of quantum effects on excitation and emission are described, along with the use of quantum dots as sensitizers in phosphors. In addition, we reviewed the multimodal applications of quantum dots, including in electroluminescence device, solar cell and biological imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasis Bera
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (D.B.); (P.H.H.); Tel.: 352-846-3331; Fax: 352-392-4911 202
| | | | | | - Paul H. Holloway
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (D.B.); (P.H.H.); Tel.: 352-846-3331; Fax: 352-392-4911 202
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Roming M, Lünsdorf H, Dittmar KEJ, Feldmann C. ZrO(HPO(4))(1-x)(FMN)(x): quick and easy synthesis of a nanoscale luminescent biomarker. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:632-7. [PMID: 20029854 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200902893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Roming
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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18
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Roming M, Lünsdorf H, Dittmar K, Feldmann C. ZrO(HPO4)1âx(FMN)x: schnelle und einfache Synthese eines nanoskaligen Lumineszenzbiomarkers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200902893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Tian Z, Wu W, Li ADQ. Photoswitchable Fluorescent Nanoparticles: Preparation, Properties and Applications. Chemphyschem 2009; 10:2577-91. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200900492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Solanki A, Kim JD, Lee KB. Nanotechnology for regenerative medicine: nanomaterials for stem cell imaging. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2009; 3:567-78. [PMID: 18694318 DOI: 10.2217/17435889.3.4.567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although stem cells hold great potential for the treatment of many injuries and degenerative diseases, several obstacles must be overcome before their therapeutic application can be realized. These include the development of advanced techniques to understand and control functions of microenvironmental signals and novel methods to track and guide transplanted stem cells. The application of nanotechnology to stem cell biology would be able to address those challenges. This review details the current challenges in regenerative medicine, the current applications of nanoparticles in stem cell biology and further potential of nanotechnology approaches towards regenerative medicine, focusing mainly on magnetic nanoparticle- and quantum dot-based applications in stem cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddh Solanki
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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