1
|
Dinas PC, Koutedakis Y, Ioannou LG, Metsios G, Kitas GD. Effects of Exercise and Physical Activity Levels on Vaccination Efficacy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:769. [PMID: 35632525 PMCID: PMC9146578 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: We examined whether different intensities of exercise and/or physical activity (PA) levels affected and/or associated with vaccination efficacy. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted and registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021230108). The PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library (trials), SportDiscus, and CINAHL databases were searched up to January 2022. Results: In total, 38 eligible studies were included. Chronic exercise increased influenza antibodies (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.49, confidence interval (CI) = 0.25−0.73, Z = 3.95, I2 = 90%, p < 0.01), which was mainly driven by aerobic exercise (SMD = 0.39, CI = 0.19−0.58, Z = 3.96, I2 = 77%, p < 0.01) as opposed to combined (aerobic + resistance; p = 0.07) or other exercise types (i.e., taiji and qigong, unspecified; p > 0.05). PA levels positively affected antibodies in response to influenza vaccination (SMD = 0.18, CI = 0.02−0.34, Z = 2.21, I2 = 76%, p = 0.03), which was mainly driven by high PA levels compared to moderate PA levels (Chi2 = 10.35, I2 = 90.3%, p < 0.01). Physically active individuals developed influenza antibodies in response to vaccination in >4 weeks (SMD = 0.64, CI = 0.30−0.98, Z = 3.72, I2 = 83%, p < 0.01) as opposed to <4 weeks (p > 0.05; Chi2 = 13.40, I2 = 92.5%, p < 0.01) post vaccination. Conclusion: Chronic aerobic exercise or high PA levels increased influenza antibodies in humans more than vaccinated individuals with no participation in exercise/PA. The evidence regarding the effects of exercise/PA levels on antibodies in response to vaccines other than influenza is extremely limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petros C. Dinas
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece;
| | - Yiannis Koutedakis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece;
- Faculty of Education Health & Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall WS1 3BD, UK;
| | - Leonidas G. Ioannou
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece;
| | - George Metsios
- Faculty of Education Health & Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall WS1 3BD, UK;
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece
- Dudley Group NHS Foundation Trust and School of Sports and Exercise Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - George D. Kitas
- Dudley Group NHS Foundation Trust and School of Sports and Exercise Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rüthrich MM, Giesen N, Mellinghoff SC, Rieger CT, von Lilienfeld-Toal M. Cellular Immune Response after Vaccination in Patients with Cancer-Review on Past and Present Experiences. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:182. [PMID: 35214642 PMCID: PMC8875094 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with cancer are at particular risk for infection but also have diminished vaccine responses, usually quantified by the level of specific antibodies. Nonetheless, vaccines are specifically recommended in this vulnerable patient group. Here, we discuss the cellular part of the vaccine response in patients with cancer. We summarize the experience with vaccines prior to and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in different subgroups, and we discuss why, especially in patients with cancer, T cells may be the more reliable correlate of protection. Finally, we provide a brief outlook on options to improve the cellular response to vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Madeleine Rüthrich
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany;
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institut, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 23, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Nicola Giesen
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Sibylle C. Mellinghoff
- Centre for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Christina T. Rieger
- Hemato-Oncology Germering & Interdisciplinary Tumorcenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany;
| | - Marie von Lilienfeld-Toal
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany;
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institut, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 23, 07745 Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Arsenović-Ranin N, Petrović R, Živković I, Bufan B, Stoiljković V, Leposavić G. Influence of aging on germinal centre reaction and antibody response to inactivated influenza virus antigens in mice: sex-based differences. Biogerontology 2019; 20:475-496. [PMID: 31049769 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-019-09811-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The study examined sex-specificities in age-related changes in BALB/c mice IgG antibody responses to immunisation with trivalent inactivated split-virus influenza bulk. Aging diminished the total serum IgG antibody responses to H1N1 and H3N2 and B influenza virus antigens in mice of both sexes, but they remained greater in aged females. This sex difference in aged mice correlated with the greater post-immunisation increase in the frequency of spleen germinal centre (GC) B cells and more favourable T follicular regulatory (Tfr)/GC B cell ratio, as Tfr cells are suggested to control antibody production through suppression of glycolysis. The greater post-immunisation GC B cell response in aged females compared with males correlated with the greater proliferation of B cells and CD4+ cells in splenocyte cultures from aged females restimulated with inactivated split-virus influenza from the bulk. To support the greater post-immunisation increase in the frequency GC B cell in aged females was more favourable Tfr/T follicular helper (Tfh) cell ratio. Additionally, compared with aged males, in age-matched females the greater avidity of serum IgG antibodies was found. However, in aged females IgG2a/IgG1 antibody ratio, reflecting spleen Th1/Th2 cytokine balance, was shifted towards IgG1 when compared with age-matched male mice. This shift was ascribed to a more prominent decline in the titres of functionally important IgG2a antibodies in females with aging. The study suggest that biological sex should be considered as a variable in designing strategies to manipulate with immune outcome of immunisation in aged animals, and possibly, at very long distance, humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nevena Arsenović-Ranin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Raisa Petrović
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", 458 Vojvode Stepe, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Irena Živković
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", 458 Vojvode Stepe, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Bufan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vera Stoiljković
- Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", 458 Vojvode Stepe, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Leposavić
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yoo BW, Kim CO, Izu A, Arora AK, Heijnen E. Phase 4, Post-Marketing Safety Surveillance of the MF59-Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccines FLUAD® and VANTAFLU® in South Korean Subjects Aged ≥65 Years. Infect Chemother 2018; 50:301-310. [PMID: 30600653 PMCID: PMC6312896 DOI: 10.3947/ic.2018.50.4.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Backgroud Influenza vaccination is recommended for adults aged ≥65 years as they are at high risk of significant morbidity and mortality. This open-label, multicenter, post-marketing surveillance study assessed the safety of the MF59-adjuvanted trivalent inactivated subunit influenza vaccine, which is marketed as FLUAD® and VANTAFLU®, in South Korean subjects aged ≥65 years. Materials and Methods Solicited local and systemic adverse events (AEs) were collected from day 1 to 4 of the study. All unsolicited AEs and serious AEs (SAEs) were recorded from day 1 until study termination (day 29). Results Of the 770 subjects enrolled (FLUAD®, n = 389; VANTAFLU®, n = 381), 39% overall experienced any solicited AE. Local AEs were reported by 33% of subjects overall; with the most common events being injection-site pain (30%) and tenderness (27%). Systemic AEs were reported by 19% of subjects overall with the most common events being myalgia (11%) and fatigue (8%). Conclusion These results show that the MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccine known as FLUAD® or VANTAFLU® had acceptable safety profiles in older adults (aged ≥65 years) in South Korea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byung Wook Yoo
- Department of Family Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Oh Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Allen Izu
- Novartis Vaccines, Seqirus USA Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Esther Heijnen
- Novartis Vaccines, Seqirus Netherlands, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
García M, Misplon JA, Price GE, Lo CY, Epstein SL. Age Dependence of Immunity Induced by a Candidate Universal Influenza Vaccine in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153195. [PMID: 27055234 PMCID: PMC4824498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza has a major impact on the elderly due to increased susceptibility to infection with age and poor response to current vaccines. We have studied universal influenza vaccine candidates based on influenza A nucleoprotein and matrix 2 (A/NP+M2). Long-lasting protection against influenza virus strains of divergent subtypes is induced, especially with mucosal immunization. Here, we tested universal vaccination in BALB/c mice of different ages. Vaccination used intramuscular DNA priming to A/NP+M2 followed by intranasal (i.n.) boosting with recombinant adenoviruses (rAd) expressing the same antigens, or only A/NP+M2-rAd given i.n. Antigen-specific systemic antibody responses were induced in young, middle-aged, and elderly mice (2, 11-17, and 20 months old, respectively), but decreased with age. Antibody responses in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were detected only in young mice. Antigen-specific T cell responses were seen in young and middle-aged but not elderly mice. A/NP+M2 vaccination by the two regimens above protected against stringent challenge in young and middle-aged mice, but not in elderly mice. However, mice vaccinated with A/NP-rAd or A/M2-rAd during their youth were partially protected against challenge 16 months later when they were elderly. In addition, a regimen of two doses of A/NP+M2-rAd given i.n. one month apart beginning in old age protected elderly mice against stringent challenge. This study highlights the potential benefit of cross-protective vaccines through middle age, and suggests that their performance might be enhanced in elderly individuals who had been exposed to influenza antigens early in life, as most humans have been, or by a two-dose rAd regimen given later in life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayra García
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julia A. Misplon
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Graeme E. Price
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chia-Yun Lo
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Suzanne L. Epstein
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
The success of vaccines developed since the beginning of the 20th century, has enabled the conquest of several childhood diseases preventing death and or disability for millions of children. But, globally, the number of children will soon be surpassed by the number of adults over the age of 65. The active lifestyle of these older individuals, coupled with a degree of immune deficiency recognised within this population will lead to a change in the profile of diseases affecting the elderly. The challenge for policy makers and also those involved in primary healthcare is how to protect this population from communicable diseases and keep them healthy, autonomous and independent when vaccines in the main have been developed for use on children and young adults.
Collapse
|
7
|
Belongia EA, Sundaram ME, McClure DL, Meece JK, Ferdinands J, VanWormer JJ. Waning vaccine protection against influenza A (H3N2) illness in children and older adults during a single season. Vaccine 2014; 33:246-51. [PMID: 24962752 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have suggested that vaccine-induced protection against influenza may decline within one season. We reanalyzed data from a study of influenza vaccine effectiveness to determine if time since vaccination was an independent predictor of influenza A (H3N2). METHODS Patients with acute respiratory illness were actively recruited during the 2007-2008 season. Respiratory swabs were tested for influenza, and vaccination dates were determined by a validated immunization registry. The association between influenza RT-PCR result and vaccination interval (days) was examined using multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for calendar time, age and other confounders. RESULTS There were 629 vaccinated participants, including 177 influenza A (H3N2) cases and 452 test negative controls. The mean (SD) interval from vaccination to illness onset was 101.7 (25.9) days for influenza cases and 93.0 (29.9) days for controls. There was a significant association between vaccination interval and influenza result in the main effects model. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for influenza was 1.12 (CI 1.01, 1.26) for every 14 day increase in the vaccination interval. Age modified the association between vaccination interval and influenza (p=0.005 for interaction). Influenza was associated with increasing vaccination interval in young children and older adults, but not in adolescents or non-elderly adults. Similar results were found when calendar week of vaccine receipt was assessed as the primary exposure variable. CONCLUSIONS Identification of influenza A (H3N2) was associated with increasing time since vaccination among young children and older adults during a single influenza season.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Belongia
- Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, 1000 North Oak Ave Marshfield, WI 54449, USA.
| | - Maria E Sundaram
- Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, 1000 North Oak Ave Marshfield, WI 54449, USA
| | - David L McClure
- Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, 1000 North Oak Ave Marshfield, WI 54449, USA
| | - Jennifer K Meece
- Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, 1000 North Oak Ave Marshfield, WI 54449, USA
| | - Jill Ferdinands
- Influenza Division, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; Battelle Memorial Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeffrey J VanWormer
- Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, 1000 North Oak Ave Marshfield, WI 54449, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Aspinall R, Govind S, Lapenna A, Lang PO. Dose response kinetics of CD8 lymphocytes from young animals transfused into old animals and challenged with influenza. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2013; 10:34. [PMID: 23947636 PMCID: PMC3765176 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-10-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Transfusion of autologous leukocytes after prolonged storage has been proposed as a means of rejuvenating the immune system of older individuals. The rationale for this approach is that age related immune decline is associated with a diminished pool of naïve T cells following atrophy of the thymus and reduction in thymic output. The presence of high levels of naïve T cells within the blood of young individuals could provide a boost to the immune system of an older “self” through a rejuvenation of the naïve T cell pool. However what remains unresolved is whether the cells could be incorporated effectively into the T cell pool of the host and whether effectors could be generated. Using CD45 congenic mice in our experiments we show that the transfusion of young donor cells into older congenic host animals leads to their successful incorporation into the peripheral T cell pool. When the recipients were challenged with influenza virus, specific effector CD8 cells were generated which were of both host and donor origin. We found no relationship between the number of responder cells of donor origin at the time of assay and the number of cells injected.
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
The decline of the immune system appears to be an intractable consequence of aging, leading to increased susceptibility to infections, reduced effectiveness of vaccination and higher incidences of many diseases including osteoporosis and cancer in the elderly. These outcomes can be attributed, at least in part, to a phenomenon known as T cell replicative senescence, a terminal state characterized by dysregulated immune function, loss of the CD28 costimulatory molecule, shortened telomeres and elevated production of proinflammatory cytokines. Senescent CD8 T cells, which accumulate in the elderly, have been shown to frequently bear antigen specificity against cytomegalovirus (CMV), suggesting that this common and persistent infection may drive immune senescence and result in functional and phenotypic changes to the T cell repertoire. Senescent T cells have also been identified in patients with certain cancers, autoimmune diseases and chronic infections, such as HIV. This review discusses the in vivo and in vitro evidence for the contribution of CD8 T cell replicative senescence to a plethora of age-related pathologies and a few possible therapeutic avenues to delay or prevent this differentiative end-state in T cells. The age-associated remodeling of the immune system, through accumulation of senescent T cells has farreaching consequences on the individual and society alike, for the current healthcare system needs to meet the urgent demands of the increasing proportions of the elderly in the US and abroad.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer P Chou
- Dept of Pathology &Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1732, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chou JP, Effros RB. T cell replicative senescence in human aging. Curr Pharm Des 2013; 19:1680-98. [PMID: 23061726 PMCID: PMC3749774 DOI: 10.2174/138161213805219711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The decline of the immune system appears to be an intractable consequence of aging, leading to increased susceptibility to infections, reduced effectiveness of vaccination and higher incidences of many diseases including osteoporosis and cancer in the elderly. These outcomes can be attributed, at least in part, to a phenomenon known as T cell replicative senescence, a terminal state characterized by dysregulated immune function, loss of the CD28 costimulatory molecule, shortened telomeres and elevated production of proinflammatory cytokines. Senescent CD8 T cells, which accumulate in the elderly, have been shown to frequently bear antigen specificity against cytomegalovirus (CMV), suggesting that this common and persistent infection may drive immune senescence and result in functional and phenotypic changes to the T cell repertoire. Senescent T cells have also been identified in patients with certain cancers, autoimmune diseases and chronic infections, such as HIV. This review discusses the in vivo and in vitro evidence for the contribution of CD8 T cell replicative senescence to a plethora of age-related pathologies and a few possible therapeutic avenues to delay or prevent this differentiative end-state in T cells. The age-associated remodeling of the immune system, through accumulation of senescent T cells has farreaching consequences on the individual and society alike, for the current healthcare system needs to meet the urgent demands of the increasing proportions of the elderly in the US and abroad.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer P Chou
- Dept of Pathology &Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1732, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
van Assen S, Bijl M. Immunization of patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases (the EULAR recommendations). Lupus 2012; 21:162-7. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203311429555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) recommendations for vaccination in adult patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases (AIIRD) have been recently published. These evidence-based recommendations were based on existing literature in combination with expert opinion. Although patients with AIIRD are at increased risk of suffering from (complicated) infectious diseases – and vaccination seems a tool to reduce this risk – still many questions and controversies remain for the individual patient. In this overview, taking influenza as an example, the background of the recommendations, their clinical implications, and the direction of future research are discussed. The increase in knowledge on vaccine-preventable infections will allow us to further improve vaccination strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S van Assen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - M Bijl
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Schneider-Ohrum K, Giles BM, Weirback HK, Williams BL, DeAlmeida DR, Ross TM. Adjuvants that stimulate TLR3 or NLPR3 pathways enhance the efficiency of influenza virus-like particle vaccines in aged mice. Vaccine 2011; 29:9081-92. [PMID: 21963872 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
There is intense interest in the design and use of vaccine strategies against influenza to enhance protective immune responses in the elderly. To address the need for improved influenza vaccines for the aged, two inflammatory adjuvants, Imject(®) alum (a stimulator of the Nod-like receptor, Nalp3) and poly I:C (a toll-like receptor type 3 ligand), were used during vaccination with novel influenza virus-like particles (VLP). Adult (4 month old) or aged (24 month old) mice were vaccinated with VLPs alone or in combination with adjuvant. VLP-vaccinated adult mice were protected from a lethal influenza virus challenge without the use of either adjuvant. In contrast, only aged mice that were vaccinated with VLPs plus adjuvant survived challenge, whereas ∼33% of the mice vaccinated with VLP only survived challenge. Mice vaccinated with adjuvant only did not survive challenge despite similar levels of activation of CD11b(+)/CD11c(+) dendritic cells in the lungs. The protection was not associated with HAI titers or HA specific CD8(+) T cells, since both adjuvants boosted the VLP-induced serum HAI titers and CD8(+) responses in adult mice, but not aged mice. Influenza VLPs used in combination with two different inflammatory adjuvants during vaccination allow for the immune system to overcome the deficiency in the aged immune system to influenza virus infection.
Collapse
|
13
|
Poland GA, Ovsyannikova IG, Kennedy RB, Haralambieva IH, Jacobson RM. Vaccinomics and a new paradigm for the development of preventive vaccines against viral infections. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2011; 15:625-36. [PMID: 21732819 PMCID: PMC3166201 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2011.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this article we define vaccinomics as the integration of immunogenetics and immunogenomics with systems biology and immune profiling. Vaccinomics is based on the use of cutting edge, high-dimensional (so called "omics") assays and novel bioinformatics approaches to the development of next-generation vaccines and the expansion of our capabilities in individualized medicine. Vaccinomics will allow us to move beyond the empiric "isolate, inactivate, and inject" approach characterizing past vaccine development efforts, and toward a more detailed molecular and systemic understanding of the carefully choreographed series of biological processes involved in developing viral vaccine-induced "immunity." This enhanced understanding will then be applied to overcome the obstacles to the creation of effective vaccines to protect against pathogens, particularly hypervariable viruses, with the greatest current impact on public health. Here we provide an overview of how vaccinomics will inform vaccine science, the development of new vaccines and/or clinically relevant biomarkers or surrogates of protection, vaccine response heterogeneity, and our understanding of immunosenescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Blomberg BB, Frasca D. Quantity, not quality, of antibody response decreased in the elderly. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:2981-3. [PMID: 21785210 DOI: 10.1172/jci58406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The burden of disease during seasonal influenza epidemics is felt most keenly among the very young and the elderly. Although vaccination effectively protects children and young adults against infection, it has limited efficacy in elderly individuals. This has been linked to a reduced ability to induce a robust serum antibody response. In this issue of the JCI, Sasaki et al. identify some of the cellular and molecular deficits that underlie the reduced serum antibody response induced by influenza vaccination in elderly individuals. Importantly, they show that it is the quantity of the response, and not its quality, that needs to be improved if we are to enhance the success of influenza vaccination in this vulnerable population.
Collapse
|
15
|
Frasca D, Diaz A, Romero M, Landin AM, Blomberg BB. Age effects on B cells and humoral immunity in humans. Ageing Res Rev 2011; 10:330-5. [PMID: 20728581 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Both humoral and cellular immune responses are impaired in aged individuals, leading to decreased vaccine responses. Although T cell defects occur, defects in B cells play a significant role in age-related humoral immune changes. The ability to undergo class switch recombination (CSR), the enzyme for CSR, AID (activation-induced cytidine deaminase) and the transcription factor E47 are all decreased in aged stimulated B cells. We here present an overview of age-related changes in human B cell markers and functions, and also discuss some controversies in the field of B cell aging.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for heterosubtypic immunity to influenza virus are not well understood but might hold the key for new vaccine strategies capable of providing lasting protection against both seasonal and pandemic strains. Memory CD4 T cells are capable of providing substantial protection against influenza both through direct effector mechanisms and indirectly through regulatory and helper functions. Here, we discuss the broad impact of memory CD4 T cells on heterosubtypic immunity against influenza and the prospects of translating findings from animal models into improved human influenza vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K K McKinstry
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Aging represents a complex remodeling in which both innate and adaptive immunities deteriorate. Age-related changes in humoral immunity are responsible for the reduced vaccine responses observed in elderly individuals. Although T cell alterations play a significant role in age-related humoral immune changes, alterations in B cells also occur. We here provide an overview of age-related changes in B cell markers and functions. Our studies have shown that intrinsic changes in B cells with age contribute to reduced antibody responses such as those to the influenza vaccine.
Collapse
|
18
|
Frasca D, Diaz A, Romero M, Landin AM, Phillips M, Lechner SC, Ryan JG, Blomberg BB. Intrinsic defects in B cell response to seasonal influenza vaccination in elderly humans. Vaccine 2010; 28:8077-84. [PMID: 20974306 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We have evaluated the serum response to seasonal influenza vaccination in subjects of different ages and associated this with the specific B cell response to the vaccine in vitro. Although the serum response has previously been shown to decrease with age, this has largely been associated to decreased T cell functions. Our results show that in response to the vaccine, the specific response of B cells in vitro, as measured by AID (activation-induced cytidine deaminase), the in vivo serum HI (hemagglutination inhibition) response, and the in vivo generation of switch memory B cells are decreased with age, as evaluated in the same subjects. This is the first report to demonstrate that intrinsic B cell defects with age contribute to reduced antibody responses to the influenza vaccine. The level of AID in response to CpG before vaccination can also predict the robustness of the vaccine response. These results could contribute to developing more effective vaccines to protect the elderly as well as identifying those most at risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Frasca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Keeping the memory of influenza viruses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 58:e79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
20
|
McElhaney JE, Effros RB. Immunosenescence: what does it mean to health outcomes in older adults? Curr Opin Immunol 2009; 21:418-24. [PMID: 19570667 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2009.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The most profound consequences of immune senescence with respect to human health are the increased susceptibility to infectious diseases and decreased vaccine efficacy. Changes in both innate and adaptive immune function converge in the reduced response to vaccination and protection against infection and related diseases. The decline in thymic output of naïve T cells diminishes responses to novel antigens, such as West Nile Virus, while clonal expansions leading to defects in the T cell repertoire are associated with blunted responses of memory T cells to conserved epitopes of the influenza virus. Recent studies on how immunologic mechanisms of protection change during aging have led to novel strategies for improving vaccine responsiveness and outcomes of infectious diseases in older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet E McElhaney
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|