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Liu S, Tao Z, Lou J, Li R, Fu X, Xu J, Wang T, Zhang L, Shang W, Mao Y, Wang F. CD4 +CCR8 + Tregs in ovarian cancer: a potential effector Tregs for immune regulation. J Transl Med 2023; 21:803. [PMID: 37950246 PMCID: PMC10638792 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04686-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tregs are key drivers of immunosuppression in solid tumors. As an important chemokine receptor on Tregs, the regulatory effect of CCR8 on tumor immunity has received more and more attention. However, the current research on CCR8 in the immune microenvironment of ovarian cancer has not been clear. METHODS Bioinformatics analysis was used to compare the transcriptome differences between CD4+ T cells in the peripheral circulation and infiltrated in ovarian tumor tissues. RT-PCR was used to detect the expression levels of chemokine receptor-related differential genes on CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood and ovarian tumor tissues. Multiparameter flow cytometry was used to detect the proportion and phenotypic characteristics of CD4+CCR8+ Tregs and CD4+CCR8- Tregs in different sample types. The expression level of CCR8 ligands was detected at multiple levels. To explore the important role of CCR8-CCL1 and CCR8-CCL18 axis in the migration and invasion of CD4+CCR8+ Tregs into ovarian tumor tissues by establishing a chemotaxis system in vitro. RESULTS In this study, significantly different gene expression profiles were found between peripheral circulating CD4+ T cells and infiltrating CD4+ T cells in ovarian tumor tissues, in which chemokine-chemokine receptor signaling pathway was significantly enriched in all three groups of differential genes. The expression level of CCR8 in infiltrating CD4+ T cells of ovarian cancer tissue was significantly higher than that in peripheral blood of healthy controls and ovarian cancer patients, and high expression of CCR8 was significantly correlated with advanced tumor stage and poor differentiation. CD4+CCR8+ Tregs are the main type of infiltrating CD4+ Tregs in ovarian tumor tissues, which have stronger immunosuppressive phenotypes, secrete more inhibitory cytokines and have stronger proliferation ability. The ligands CCL1 and CCL18 corresponding to CCR8 were significantly overexpressed in ovarian tumor tissues, and the CCR8-CCL1 and CCR8-CCL18 axis played a key role in the migration and infiltration of CD4+CCR8+ Tregs into ovarian tumor tissues. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study may help to understand the phenotypic characteristics and recruitment process of Tregs in the tumor, and provide new ideas for improving the immunosuppressive status of the ovarian cancer microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuna Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Ziqi Tao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Jianfang Lou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Xin Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Juan Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Huaian NO.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, 223300, China
| | - Wenwen Shang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yepeng Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China.
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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Li H, Wu M, Zhao X. Role of chemokine systems in cancer and inflammatory diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e147. [PMID: 35702353 PMCID: PMC9175564 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are a large family of small secreted proteins that have fundamental roles in organ development, normal physiology, and immune responses upon binding to their corresponding receptors. The primary functions of chemokines are to coordinate and recruit immune cells to and from tissues and to participate in regulating interactions between immune cells. In addition to the generally recognized antimicrobial immunity, the chemokine/chemokine receptor axis also exerts a tumorigenic function in many different cancer models and is involved in the formation of immunosuppressive and protective tumor microenvironment (TME), making them potential prognostic markers for various hematologic and solid tumors. In fact, apart from its vital role in tumors, almost all inflammatory diseases involve chemokines and their receptors in one way or another. Modulating the expression of chemokines and/or their corresponding receptors on tumor cells or immune cells provides the basis for the exploitation of new drugs for clinical evaluation in the treatment of related diseases. Here, we summarize recent advances of chemokine systems in protumor and antitumor immune responses and discuss the prevailing understanding of how the chemokine system operates in inflammatory diseases. In this review, we also emphatically highlight the complexity of the chemokine system and explore its potential to guide the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of EducationWest China Second HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of North DakotaGrand ForksNorth DakotaUSA
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of EducationWest China Second HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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Li H, Xing J, Tang X, Sheng X, Chi H, Zhan W. Two bicistronic DNA vaccines against Vibrio anguillarum and the immune effects on flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. JOURNAL OF OCEANOLOGY AND LIMNOLOGY 2022; 40:786-804. [PMID: 35018224 PMCID: PMC8739378 DOI: 10.1007/s00343-021-1092-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are cytokines that can promote the activation and migration of immune cells, and increase the recognition of antigen by antigen-presenting cells (APC). Previous studies showed that a DNA vaccine can induce humoral and cellular immune responses of flounder after immunization. To explore the improvement of chemokines on the efficiency of OmpK vaccine, two bicistronic DNA candidate vaccines were constructed and the immune responses they induced in the flounder were investigated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), indirect immunofluorescent assay (IFA), H&E staining, flow cytometry (FCM), and quantificational real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). pBudCE4.1 plasmid as an expression vector, bicistronic DNA vaccines encoding OmpK gene and CC-motif ligand 4 gene (p-OmpK-CCL4), or Ompk gene and CC-motif ligand 19 gene (p-OmpK-CCL19) were successfully constructed. The results showed that two bicistronic DNA vaccines expressed Ompk protein of Vibrio anguillarum and CCL4/CCL19 proteins of flounder both in vitro and in vivo. After immunization, a large number of leucocytes in muscle were recruited at the injection site in treatment groups. The constructed vaccines induced significant increases in CD4-1+ and CD4-2+ T lymphocytes, and sIgM+ B lymphocytes in peripheral blood, spleen, and head kidney. The percentage of T lymphocytes peaked on the 14th post-vaccination day whereas that of B lymphocytes peaked in the 6th post-vaccination week. Moreover, the expression profiles of 10 immune-related genes increased in muscles around the injection site, spleen, and head kidney. After the challenge, p-OmpK-CCL4 and p-OmpK-CCL19 conferred a relative percentage survival (RPS) of 74.1% and 63.3%, respectively, higher than p-OmpK alone (40.8%). In conclusion, both CCL4 and CCL19 can improve the protection of p-OmpK via evoking local immune response and then humoral and cellular immunity. CCL4 and CCL19 will be potential molecular adjuvants for use in DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Li
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266071 China
| | - Xiaoqian Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266071 China
| | - Xiuzhen Sheng
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Heng Chi
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Wenbin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266071 China
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Takacs GP, Flores-Toro JA, Harrison JK. Modulation of the chemokine/chemokine receptor axis as a novel approach for glioma therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 222:107790. [PMID: 33316289 PMCID: PMC8122077 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are a large subfamily of cytokines known for their ability to facilitate cell migration, most notably leukocytes, throughout the body. Chemokines are necessary for a functioning immune system in both health and disease and have received considerable attention for their roles in orchestrating temporal-spatial regulation of immune cell populations in cancer. Gliomas comprise a group of common central nervous system (CNS) primary tumors that are extremely challenging to treat. Immunotherapy approaches for highly malignant brain tumors offer an exciting new avenue for therapeutic intervention but so far, have seen limited successful clinical outcomes. Herein we focus on important chemokine/chemokine receptor systems in the regulation of pro- and anti-tumor mechanisms, highlighting potential therapeutic advantages of modulating these systems in malignant gliomas and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P Takacs
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Joseph A Flores-Toro
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jeffrey K Harrison
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Arab A, Yazdian-Robati R, Behravan J. HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Immunotherapy: A Focus on Vaccine Development. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2020; 68:2. [PMID: 31915932 PMCID: PMC7223380 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-019-00566-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Clinical progress in the field of HER2-positive breast cancer therapy has been dramatically improved by understanding of the immune regulatory mechanisms of tumor microenvironment. Passive immunotherapy utilizing recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), particularly trastuzumab and pertuzumab has proved to be an effective strategy in HER2-positive breast cancer treatment. However, resistance to mAb therapy and relapse of disease are still considered important challenges in clinical practice. There are increasing reports on the induction of cellular and humoral immune responses in HER2-positive breast cancer patients. More recently, increasing efforts are focused on using HER2-derived peptide vaccines for active immunotherapy. Here, we discuss the development of various HER2-derived vaccines tested in animal models and human clinical trials. Different formulations and strategies to improve immunogenicity of the antigens in animal studies are also discussed. Furthermore, other immunotherapeutic approaches to HER2 breast cancer including, CTLA-4 inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, anti PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Arab
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Rezvan Yazdian-Robati
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Javad Behravan
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada. .,Theraphage Inc., Kitchener, ON, Canada.
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Halama N, Zoernig I, Berthel A, Kahlert C, Klupp F, Suarez-Carmona M, Suetterlin T, Brand K, Krauss J, Lasitschka F, Lerchl T, Luckner-Minden C, Ulrich A, Koch M, Weitz J, Schneider M, Buechler MW, Zitvogel L, Herrmann T, Benner A, Kunz C, Luecke S, Springfeld C, Grabe N, Falk CS, Jaeger D. Tumoral Immune Cell Exploitation in Colorectal Cancer Metastases Can Be Targeted Effectively by Anti-CCR5 Therapy in Cancer Patients. Cancer Cell 2016; 29:587-601. [PMID: 27070705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The immune response influences the clinical course of colorectal cancer (CRC). Analyzing the invasive margin of human CRC liver metastases, we identified a mechanism of immune cell exploitation by tumor cells. While two distinct subsets of myeloid cells induce an influx of T cells into the invasive margin via CXCL9/CXCL10, CCL5 is produced by these T cells and stimulates pro-tumoral effects via CCR5. CCR5 blockade in patient-derived functional in vitro organotypic culture models showed a macrophage repolarization with anti-tumoral effects. These anti-tumoral effects were then confirmed in a phase I trial with a CCR5 antagonist in patients with liver metastases of advanced refractory CRC. Mitigation of tumor-promoting inflammation within the tumor tissue and objective tumor responses in CRC were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Halama
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Tissue Imaging and Analysis Center, National Center for Tumor Diseases, BIOQUANT, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Inka Zoernig
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Berthel
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Tissue Imaging and Analysis Center, National Center for Tumor Diseases, BIOQUANT, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Kahlert
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Surgery, University Hospital Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Fee Klupp
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Meggy Suarez-Carmona
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Suetterlin
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Tissue Imaging and Analysis Center, National Center for Tumor Diseases, BIOQUANT, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karsten Brand
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Juergen Krauss
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Lasitschka
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tina Lerchl
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Tissue Imaging and Analysis Center, National Center for Tumor Diseases, BIOQUANT, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Luckner-Minden
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexis Ulrich
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Moritz Koch
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Juergen Weitz
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Schneider
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus W Buechler
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- INSERM U1015, Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR), 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Thomas Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Klinikum Idar-Oberstein, 55743 Idar Oberstein, Germany
| | - Axel Benner
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christina Kunz
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Luecke
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Springfeld
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Niels Grabe
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Tissue Imaging and Analysis Center, National Center for Tumor Diseases, BIOQUANT, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine S Falk
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dirk Jaeger
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Tissue Imaging and Analysis Center, National Center for Tumor Diseases, BIOQUANT, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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CCL4 as an adjuvant for DNA vaccination in a Her2/neu mouse tumor model. Cancer Gene Ther 2016; 23:162-7. [PMID: 27056671 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2016.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are key regulators of both innate and adaptive immune responses. CCL4 (macrophage inflammatory protein-1β, MIP-1β) is a CC chemokine that has a broad spectrum of target cells including immature dendritic cells, which express the cognate receptor CCR5. We asked whether a plasmid encoding CCL4 is able to improve tumor protection and immune responses in a Her2/neu+ mouse tumor model. Balb/c mice were immunized twice intramuscularly with plasmid DNA on days 1 and 15. On day 25, a tumor challenge was performed with 2 × 10(5) syngeneic Her2/neu+ D2F2/E2 tumor cells. Different groups of mice were vaccinated with pDNA(Her2/neu) plus pDNA(CCL4), pDNA(Her2/neu), pDNA(CCL4) or mock vector alone. Our results show that CCL4 is able to (i) improve tumor protection and (ii) augment a TH1-polarized immune response against Her2/neu. Although Her2/neu-specific humoral and T-cell immune responses were comparable with that induced in previous studies using CCL19 or CCL21 as adjuvants, tumor protection conferred by CCL4 was inferior. Whether this is due to a different spectrum of (innate) immune cells, remains to be clarified. However, combination of CCL19/21 with CCL4 might be a reasonable approach in the future, particularly for DNA vaccination in Her2/neu+ breast cancer in the situation of minimal residual disease.
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Targeting the Immune System for Cancer Therapy: Lessons for Perioperative Management? CURRENT ANESTHESIOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40140-015-0111-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
The regulatory approval of ipilimumab (Yervoy) in 2011 ushered in a new era of cancer immunotherapies with durable clinical effects. Most of these breakthrough medicines are monoclonal antibodies that block protein-protein interactions between T cell checkpoint receptors and their cognate ligands. In addition, genetically engineered autologous T cell therapies have also recently demonstrated significant clinical responses in haematological cancers. Conspicuously missing from this class of therapies are traditional small-molecule drugs, which have previously served as the backbone of targeted cancer therapies. Modulating the immune system through a small-molecule approach offers several unique advantages that are complementary to, and potentially synergistic with, biologic modalities. This Review highlights immuno-oncology pathways and mechanisms that can be best or solely targeted by small-molecule medicines. Agents aimed at these mechanisms--modulation of the immune response, trafficking to the tumour microenvironment and cellular infiltration--are poised to significantly extend the scope of immuno-oncology applications and enhance the opportunities for combination with tumour-targeted agents and biologic immunotherapies.
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Tang Q, Jiang J, Liu J. CCR5 Blockade Suppresses Melanoma Development Through Inhibition of IL-6-Stat3 Pathway via Upregulation of SOCS3. Inflammation 2015; 38:2049-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0186-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Li M, Knight DA, A Snyder L, Smyth MJ, Stewart TJ. A role for CCL2 in both tumor progression and immunosurveillance. Oncoimmunology 2014; 2:e25474. [PMID: 24073384 PMCID: PMC3782157 DOI: 10.4161/onci.25474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine CCL2, which is best known for its chemotactic functions, is expressed not only by immune cells, but also by several types of malignant and stromal cells. CCL2 has been shown to exert both pro- and anti-tumor effects. However, recent results demonstrate a main role for CCL2 in tumor progression and metastasis, suggesting that this chemokine may constitute a therapeutic target for anticancer drugs. Mammary carcinoma models, including models of implantable, transgenic, and chemically-induced tumors, were employed in the setting of Ccl2 or Ccr2 knockout mice or CCL2 neutralization with a monoclonal antibody to further investigate the role of the CCL2/CCR2 signaling axis in tumor progression and metastatic spread. In our implantable tumor models, an anti-CCL2 monoclonal antibody inhibited the growth of primary malignant lesions in a biphasic manner and reduced the number of metastases. However, in Ccl2-/- or Ccr2-/- mice developing implanted or transgenic tumors, the number of pulmonary metastases was increased despite a reduction in the growth rate of primary neoplasms. Transgenic Mtag.Ccl2-/- or Mtag.Ccr2-/- mice also exhibited a significantly earlier of disease onset. In a chemical carcinogenesis model, anti-CCL2 monoclonal antibody inhibited the growth of established lesions but was ineffective in the tumor induction phase. In contrast to previous studies indicating a role for CCL2 in the establishment of metastases, we have demonstrated that the absence of CCL2/CCR2-signaling results in increased metastatic disease. Thus, the CCL2/CCR2 signaling axis appears to play a dual role in mediating early tumor immunosurveillance and sustaining the growth and progression of established neoplasms. Our findings support the use of anti-CCL2 therapies for the treatment of established breast carcinoma, although the complete abrogation of the CCL2 signaling cascade may also limit immunosurveillance and support metastatic spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Cancer Immunology Program; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre; East Melbourne, VIC Australia ; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; The University of Melbourne; East Melbourne, VIC Australia
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Ying H, Wang J, Gao X. CCL5-403, CCR5-59029, and Delta32 polymorphisms and cancer risk: a meta-analysis based on 20,625 subjects. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:5895-904. [PMID: 24687549 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1780-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Associations between CCL5-403, CCR5-59029, and Delta32 polymorphisms and cancer risk are inconclusive. To derive a more precise estimation of the association, we performed a meta-analysis by searching PubMed, EMBASE, Google scholar, and WanFang databases. A total of 20 eligible articles with 39 studies were included. Of those studies, there were 21 studies for CCR5-Delta32 polymorphism, 9 studies for CCR5-59029 polymorphism, and 9 studies for CCL5-403 polymorphism. Combined analysis revealed no associations between these polymorphisms and cancer risk. However, subgroup analysis by ethnicity suggested that CCR5-59029 polymorphism was associated with the risk of cancer among Asian populations (A vs. G: odds ratio (OR)=1.36, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.13-1.65, P H=0.27; AA vs. GG: OR=2.07, 95 % CI 1.37-3.12, P H=0.17; GA+AA vs. GG: OR=1.35, 95 % CI 1.03-1.77, P H=0.92; AA vs. GA+GG: OR=1.98, 95 % CI 1.01-3.88, P H=0.08), but not among Caucasian populations. CCL5-403 polymorphism was associated with the risk of cancer among African populations (A vs. G: OR=0.68, 95 % CI 0.55-0.83, P H=0.14; AA vs. GG: OR=0.51, 95 % CI 0.33-0.77, P H=0.52; AG vs. GG: OR=0.58, 95 % CI 0.42-0.80, P H=0.14; AG+AA vs. GG: OR=0.56, 95 % CI 0.41-0.75, P H=0.13), but not among Caucasian populations and Asian populations. Overall, this meta-analysis indicated that CCR5-Delta32 was not associated with the risk of cancer. CCR5-59029 polymorphism contributed to cancer risk among Asian populations, and CCL5-403 polymorphism was associated with the decreased risk of cancer among African populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houqun Ying
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Medical College of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
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Knight DA, Ngiow SF, Li M, Parmenter T, Mok S, Cass A, Haynes NM, Kinross K, Yagita H, Koya RC, Graeber TG, Ribas A, McArthur GA, Smyth MJ. Host immunity contributes to the anti-melanoma activity of BRAF inhibitors. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:1371-81. [PMID: 23454771 DOI: 10.1172/jci66236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The BRAF mutant, BRAF(V600E), is expressed in nearly half of melanomas, and oral BRAF inhibitors induce substantial tumor regression in patients with BRAF(V600E) metastatic melanoma. The inhibitors are believed to work primarily by inhibiting BRAF(V600E)-induced oncogenic MAPK signaling; however, some patients treated with BRAF inhibitors exhibit increased tumor immune infiltration, suggesting that a combination of BRAF inhibitors and immunotherapy may be beneficial. We used two relatively resistant variants of Braf(V600E)-driven mouse melanoma (SM1 and SM1WT1) and melanoma-prone mice to determine the role of host immunity in type I BRAF inhibitor PLX4720 antitumor activity. We found that PLX4720 treatment downregulated tumor Ccl2 gene expression and decreased tumor CCL2 expression in both Braf(V600E) mouse melanoma transplants and in de novo melanomas in a manner that was coincident with reduced tumor growth. While PLX4720 did not directly increase tumor immunogenicity, analysis of SM1 tumor-infiltrating leukocytes in PLX4720-treated mice demonstrated a robust increase in CD8(+) T/FoxP3(+)CD4(+) T cell ratio and NK cells. Combination therapy with PLX4720 and anti-CCL2 or agonistic anti-CD137 antibodies demonstrated significant antitumor activity in mouse transplant and de novo tumorigenesis models. These data elucidate a role for host CCR2 in the mechanism of action of type I BRAF inhibitors and support the therapeutic potential of combining BRAF inhibitors with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Knight
- Cancer Immunology Program, Trescowthick Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St. Andrews Place, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Mohit E, Rafati S. Chemokine-based immunotherapy: delivery systems and combination therapies. Immunotherapy 2013; 4:807-40. [PMID: 22947009 DOI: 10.2217/imt.12.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A major role of chemokines is to mediate leukocyte migration through interaction with G-protein-coupled receptors. Various delivery systems have been developed to utilize the chemokine properties for combating disease. Viral and mutant viral vectors expressing chemokines, genetically modified dendritic cells with chemokine or chemokine receptors, engineered chemokine-expressing tumor cells and pDNA encoding chemokines are among these methods. Another approach for inducing a targeted immune response is fusion of a targeting antibody or antibody fragment to a chemokine. In addition, chemokines induce more effective antitumor immunity when used as adjuvants. In this regard, chemokines are codelivered along with antigens or fused as a targeting unit with antigenic moieties. In this review, several chemokines with their role in inducing immune response against different diseases are discussed, with a major emphasis on cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Mohit
- Molecular Immunology & Vaccine Research Lab, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 13164, Iran
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15
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Nguyen-Hoai T, Hohn O, Vu MD, Baldenhofer G, Sayed Ahmed MS, Dörken B, Norley S, Lipp M, Pezzutto A, Westermann J. CCL19 as an adjuvant for intradermal gene gun immunization in a Her2/neu mouse tumor model: improved vaccine efficacy and a role for B cells as APC. Cancer Gene Ther 2012; 19:880-7. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2012.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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16
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Abstract
This review provides an overview of chemokines and their receptors, with an emphasis on general features and nomenclature along with a short summary of their properties and functions. It is intended as an introduction to the subject and a reference point for those wishing to learn key facts about chemokines and their role in biology.
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Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors have a multifaceted role in tumor biology and are implicated in nearly all aspects of cancer growth, survival and dissemination. Modulation of the interaction between chemokines and their cell surface receptor is, therefore, a promising area for the development of new cancer medicines. In this review, we look at the compelling evidence that is emerging to support targeting CXC chemokines, also known as family α chemokines, as novel therapeutic strategies in the treatment of cancer.
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18
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Zhu Q, Han X, Peng J, Qin H, Wang Y. The role of CXC chemokines and their receptors in the progression and treatment of tumors. J Mol Histol 2012; 43:699-713. [PMID: 22752457 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-012-9435-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are a class of functional chemotactic peptides that contribute to a number of tumor-related processes. They are functionally defined as soluble factors that are able to control the directional migration of leukocytes, in particular, during infection and inflammation. It appears, however, that the biological effects mediated by chemokines are far more complex, and virtually all cells, including many tumor cell types, can express chemokines and chemokine receptors. A growing body of evidence indicates that they also contribute to a number of tumor-related processes, such as tumor cell growth, angiogenesis/angiostasis, local invasion, and mediate organ-specific metastases of cancer. The CXC chemokine class is a subfamily of a large family of chemokines. During the occurrence and development of tumor cells, this chemokine class is often accompanied by a series of molecular and biological changes. The CXC chemokine subfamily is closely related to the body's immune response to tumors and biological behaviors of tumors. In this paper, CXC chemokines and their role in the progression and treatment of tumors will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchao Zhu
- Department of Surgery, The Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Lechner MG, Russell SM, Bass RS, Epstein AL. Chemokines, costimulatory molecules and fusion proteins for the immunotherapy of solid tumors. Immunotherapy 2012; 3:1317-40. [PMID: 22053884 DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, the role of chemokines and costimulatory molecules in the immunotherapy of experimental murine solid tumors and immunotherapy used in ongoing clinical trials are presented. Chemokine networks regulate physiologic cell migration that may be disrupted to inhibit antitumor immune responses or co-opted to promote tumor growth and metastasis in cancer. Recent studies highlight the potential use of chemokines in cancer immunotherapy to improve innate and adaptive cell interactions and to recruit immune effector cells into the tumor microenvironment. Another critical component of antitumor immune responses is antigen priming and activation of effector cells. Reciprocal expression and binding of costimulatory molecules and their ligands by antigen-presenting cells and naive lymphocytes ensures robust expansion, activity and survival of tumor-specific effector cells in vivo. Immunotherapy approaches using agonist antibodies or fusion proteins of immunomodulatory molecules significantly inhibit tumor growth and boost cell-mediated immunity. To localize immune stimulation to the tumor site, a series of fusion proteins consisting of a tumor-targeting monoclonal antibody directed against tumor necrosis and chemokines or costimulatory molecules were generated and tested in tumor-bearing mice. While several of these reagents were initially shown to have therapeutic value, combination therapies with methods to delete suppressor cells had the greatest effect on tumor growth. In conclusion, a key conclusion that has emerged from these studies is that successful immunotherapy will require both advanced methods of immunostimulation and the removal of immunosuppression in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa G Lechner
- Department of Pathology, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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20
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Nguyen-Hoai T, Baldenhofer G, Sayed Ahmed MS, Pham-Duc M, Vu MD, Lipp M, Dörken B, Pezzutto A, Westermann J. CCL21 (SLC) improves tumor protection by a DNA vaccine in a Her2/neu mouse tumor model. Cancer Gene Ther 2011; 19:69-76. [PMID: 21997231 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2011.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Secondary lymphoid-tissue chemokine (SLC/CCL21) is a CC chemokine that is constitutively expressed in various lymphoid tissues and binds to chemokine receptor CCR7 on mature dendritic cells (DCs) and distinct T-and B-cell sub-populations. In vivo, CCL21 regulates the encounters between DC and T cells and thus is a key regulator of adaptive immune responses. We asked whether CCL21 is able to augment immunogenicity of a DNA-based vaccine against Her2/neu in a Balb/c mouse model with syngeneic Her2/neu+ tumor cells (D2F2/E2). Mice were vaccinated intramuscularly with plasmid DNA (pDNA) on day 1 and boosted on day 15; tumor challenge was performed subcutaneously on day 25. Coexpression of CCL21 and Her-2/neu resulted in induction of a TH1-polarized immune response and substantial improvement of the protective effect of the DNA vaccine. Coexpression of tumor antigen pDNA(Her2/neu) with both pDNA(GM-CSF) and pDNA(CCL21) as adjuvants led to further improvement of protection by the vaccine (70% tumor-free mice on day 35 vs 40% with either adjuvant alone vs 5-10% with tumor antigen alone). Our results show that CCL21 is a potent adjuvant for DNA vaccination, particularly in combination with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Clinical use of a pDNA(Her2/neu/CCL21/GM-CSF) vaccine might be particularly promising in minimal residual Her2/neu+ breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nguyen-Hoai
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Berlin-Buch and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
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21
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Abstract
The status of a host's immune response influences both the development and progression of a malignancy such that immune responses can have both pro- and anti-tumorigenic effects. Cancer immunotherapy is a form of treatment that aims to improve the ability of a cancer-bearing individual to reject the tumor immunologically. However, antitumor immunity elicited by the host or by immunotherapeutic strategies, can be actively attenuated by mechanisms that limit the strength and/or duration of immune responses, including the presence of immunoregulatory cell types or the production of immunosuppressive factors. As our knowledge of tumor-induced immune suppression increases, it has become obvious that these mechanisms are probably a major barrier to effective therapy. The identification of multiple mechanisms of tumor-induced immune suppression also provides a range of novel targets for new cancer therapies. Given the vital role that a host's immune response is known to play in cancer progression, therapies that target immune suppressive mechanisms have the potential to enhance anticancer immune responses thus leading to better immune surveillance and the limitation of tumor escape. In this review, mechanisms of tumor-associated immune suppression have been divided into four forms that we have designated as (1) regulatory cells; (2) cytokines/chemokines; (3) T cell tolerance/exhaustion and (4) metabolic. We discuss select mechanisms representing each of these forms of immunosuppression that have been shown to aid tumors in evading host immune surveillance and overview therapeutic strategies that have been recently devised to "suppress these suppressors."
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22
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Bizzini B, Drouet B, Zagury D, Abitbol M, Burny A, Boissier MC. Kinoids: a family of immunogens for active anticytokine immunotherapy applied to autoimmune diseases and cancer. Immunotherapy 2010; 2:347-65. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.10.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex homeostasis of tissues is coordinated by the cytokine network and imbalances in this network may result in chronic immune disorders. Key specific cytokines, such as TNF-α, IFN-α, IL-4 or VEGF have been demonstrated to be overproduced or abnormally released in the microenvironment of pathologic tissues. These findings have opened up the way to passive immunotherapy with anticytokine monoclonal antibodies. Even though passive immunotherapy has proved to be efficient, it is hampered by specific limitations. The discovery of a family of immunogens, the kinoids, consisting of inactivated cytokine derivatives, has led some to propose them for active immunotherapy as an alternative to passive immunotherapy. This review focuses on kinoids – on their validation in experimental mouse models and ongoing clinical trials. The advantages offered by this active immune therapy in terms of efficacy, safety and patient compliance will be stressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Bizzini
- Honorary Head of Department of the Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Marie-Christophe Boissier
- CHU Avicenne (APHP), Rheumatology Department, Bobigny, France
- University of Paris 13, Li2P, EA 4222, Paris, France
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