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Ludwig N, Yerneni SS, Harasymczuk M, Szczepański MJ, Głuszko A, Kukwa W, Jordan T, Spanier G, Taxis J, Spoerl S, Meier JK, Hinck CS, Campbell PG, Reichert TE, Hinck AP, Whiteside TL. TGFβ carrying exosomes in plasma: potential biomarkers of cancer progression in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:1733-1741. [PMID: 36810911 PMCID: PMC10133391 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02184-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Contributions of TGFβ to cancer progression are well documented. However, plasma TGFβ levels often do not correlate with clinicopathological data. We examine the role of TGFβ carried in exosomes isolated from murine and human plasma as a contributor to disease progression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS The 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO) mouse model was used to study changes in TGFβ expression levels during oral carcinogenesis. In human HNSCC, TGFβ and Smad3 protein expression levels and TGFB1 gene expression were determined. Soluble TGFβ levels were evaluated by ELISA and TGFβ bioassays. Exosomes were isolated from plasma using size exclusion chromatography, and TGFβ content was quantified using bioassays and bioprinted microarrays. RESULTS During 4-NQO carcinogenesis, TGFβ levels in tumour tissues and in serum increased as the tumour progressed. The TGFβ content of circulating exosomes also increased. In HNSCC patients, TGFβ, Smad3 and TGFB1 were overexpressed in tumour tissues and correlated with increased soluble TGFβ levels. Neither TGFβ expression in tumours nor levels of soluble TGFβ correlated with clinicopathological data or survival. Only exosome-associated TGFβ reflected tumour progression and correlated with tumour size. CONCLUSIONS Circulating TGFβ+ exosomes in the plasma of patients with HNSCC emerge as potential non-invasive biomarkers of disease progression in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Ludwig
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Mirosław J Szczepański
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Głuszko
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kukwa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Theresa Jordan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerrit Spanier
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Juergen Taxis
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Spoerl
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Johannes K Meier
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Cynthia S Hinck
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Phil G Campbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Engineering Research Accelerator, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Torsten E Reichert
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andrew P Hinck
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Theresa L Whiteside
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Departments of Immunology and Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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Jonsdottir-Buch SM, Gunnarsdottir K, Sigurjonsson OE. Human Embryonic-Derived Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells (hES-MP Cells) are Fully Supported in Culture with Human Platelet Lysates. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:bioengineering7030075. [PMID: 32698321 PMCID: PMC7552691 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7030075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal progenitor (hES-MP) cells are mesenchymal-like cells, derived from human embryonic stem cells without the aid of feeder cells. They have been suggested as a potential alternative to mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in regenerative medicine due to their mesenchymal-like proliferation and differentiation characteristics. Cells and cell products intended for regenerative medicine in humans should be derived, expanded and differentiated using conditions free of animal-derived products to minimize risk of animal-transmitted disease and immune reactions to foreign proteins. Human platelets are rich in growth factors needed for cell culture and have been used successfully as an animal serum replacement for MSC expansion and differentiation. In this study, we compared the proliferation of hES-MP cells and MSCs; the hES-MP cell growth was sustained for longer than that of MSCs. Growth factors, gene expression, and surface marker expression in hES-MP cells cultured with either human platelet lysate (hPL) or fetal bovine serum (FBS) supplementation were compared, along with differentiation to osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages. Despite some differences between hES-MP cells grown in hPL- and FBS-supplemented media, hPL was found to be a suitable replacement for FBS. In this paper, we demonstrate for the first time that hES-MP cells can be grown using platelet lysates from expired platelet concentrates (hPL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M. Jonsdottir-Buch
- The Blood Bank, Landspitali—The National University Hospital of Iceland, Snorrabraut 60, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; (S.M.J.-B.); (K.G.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Platome Biotechnology, Alfaskeid 27, 220 Hafnarfjordur, Iceland
| | - Kristbjorg Gunnarsdottir
- The Blood Bank, Landspitali—The National University Hospital of Iceland, Snorrabraut 60, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; (S.M.J.-B.); (K.G.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Olafur E. Sigurjonsson
- The Blood Bank, Landspitali—The National University Hospital of Iceland, Snorrabraut 60, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; (S.M.J.-B.); (K.G.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Platome Biotechnology, Alfaskeid 27, 220 Hafnarfjordur, Iceland
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Reykjavik, Menntavegur 1, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +354-543-5523 or +354-694-9427
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Betaglycan drives the mesenchymal stromal cell osteogenic program and prostate cancer-induced osteogenesis. Oncogene 2019; 38:6959-6969. [PMID: 31409900 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0913-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bone metastatic prostate cancer provokes extensive osteogenesis by driving the recruitment and osteoblastic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). The resulting lesions greatly contribute to patient morbidity and mortality, underscoring the need for defining how prostate metastases subvert the MSC-osteoblast differentiation program. To gain insights into this process we profiled the effects of co-culture of primary MSCs with validated bone metastatic prostate cancer cell line models. These analyses revealed a cast of shared differentially induced genes in MSC, including betaglycan, a co-receptor for TGFβ. Betaglycan has not been studied in the context of bone metastatic disease previously. Here we report that loss of betaglycan in MSC is sufficient to augment TGFβ signaling, proliferation and migration, and completely blocks the MSC-osteoblast differentiation program. Further, betaglycan was revealed as necessary for prostate cancer-induced osteogenesis in vivo. Mechanistically, gene expression analysis revealed betaglycan controls the expression of a large repertoire of genes in MSCs, and that betaglycan loss provokes >60-fold increase in the expression of Wnt5a that plays important roles in stemness. In accord with the increased Wnt5a levels, there was a marked induction of canonical Wnt signaling in betaglycan ablated MSCs, and the addition of recombinant Wnt5a to MSCs was sufficient to impair osteogenic differentiation. Finally, the addition of Wnt5a neutralizing antibody was sufficient to induce the expression of osteogenic genes in betaglycan-ablated MSCs. Collectively, these findings suggest a betaglycan-Wnt5a circuit represents an attractive vulnerability to ameliorate prostate cancer-induced osteogenesis.
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Chung CL, Wang SW, Martin R, Knölker HJ, Kao YC, Lin MH, Chen JJ, Huang YB, Wu DC, Chen CL. Pentachloropseudilin Inhibits Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) Activity by Accelerating Cell-Surface Type II TGF-β Receptor Turnover in Target Cells. Chembiochem 2018; 19:851-864. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ling Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences; National Sun Yat-sen University; Kaohsiung 80424 ROC Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences; National Sun Yat-sen University; Kaohsiung 80424 ROC Taiwan
| | - René Martin
- Department of Chemistry; Technische Universität Dresden; Bergstrasse 66 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Knölker
- Department of Chemistry; Technische Universität Dresden; Bergstrasse 66 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Yu-Chen Kao
- Department of Biological Sciences; National Sun Yat-sen University; Kaohsiung 80424 ROC Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hong Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Faculty of Medicine; Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital; Kaohsiung 80708 ROC Taiwan
| | - Jih-Jung Chen
- Faculty of Pharmacy; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei 11221 ROC Taiwan
| | - Yaw-Bin Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences; National Sun Yat-sen University; Kaohsiung 80424 ROC Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy; School of Pharmacy; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung 80708 ROC Taiwan
- Center for Stem Cell Research; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung 80708 ROC Taiwan
| | - Deng-Chyang Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology; Department of Internal Medicine; Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital; Kaohsiung 80708 ROC Taiwan
- Center for Stem Cell Research; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung 80708 ROC Taiwan
| | - Chun-Lin Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences; National Sun Yat-sen University; Kaohsiung 80424 ROC Taiwan
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology; National Sun Yat-sen University and Academia Sinica; Kaohsiung 80424 ROC Taiwan
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Shen T, Shi H, Xu Q, Song Q, Xu Y, Huang Y. Effects of TGF-β on uterine fibroids of women of childbearing age and uterine artery embolization. MINIM INVASIV THER 2017; 26:292-299. [PMID: 28318365 DOI: 10.1080/13645706.2017.1300174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) on uterine fibroids of women of childbearing age and uterine artery embolization (UAE) using Embosphere microspheres. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 128 eligible women were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group (n = 64) who received UAE using Embosphere microspheres and panhysterectomy, respectively. Another 128 healthy women receiving physical examination in the same period were also enrolled. Serum TGF-β levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Serum TGF-β level, size of uterine fibroid and prognosis were followed up. RESULTS The serum TGF-β level of patients was significantly higher than that of healthy subjects. After treatment, the red blood cell counts and hemoglobin levels of the two patient groups significantly increased compared with those before (p < .05). After UAE, the diameter of uterine fibroids was significantly smaller than that before treatment, and the TGF-β level significantly decreased (p < .05). The expression of TGF-β in uterine fibroids was significantly higher than that in surrounding normal tissue (p < .05). CONCLUSION With the uterus retained, the therapeutic effect of UAE was similar to that of panhysterectomy. TGF-β expression level was associated with growth of uterine fibroid in women of childbearing age, which can be used as a target for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Shen
- a Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology , Wujin People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University , Changzhou , China
| | - Hongjian Shi
- a Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology , Wujin People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University , Changzhou , China
| | - Qiang Xu
- a Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology , Wujin People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University , Changzhou , China
| | - Qian Song
- a Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology , Wujin People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University , Changzhou , China
| | - Yuanfen Xu
- a Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology , Wujin People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University , Changzhou , China
| | - Youhua Huang
- a Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology , Wujin People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University , Changzhou , China
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Ahmed S, Bradshaw AD, Gera S, Dewan MZ, Xu R. The TGF-β/Smad4 Signaling Pathway in Pancreatic Carcinogenesis and Its Clinical Significance. J Clin Med 2017; 6:jcm6010005. [PMID: 28067794 PMCID: PMC5294958 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most fatal human cancers due to its complicated genomic instability. PDAC frequently presents at an advanced stage with extensive metastasis, which portends a poor prognosis. The known risk factors associated with PDAC include advanced age, smoking, long-standing chronic pancreatitis, obesity, and diabetes. Its association with genomic and somatic mutations is the most important factor for its aggressiveness. The most common gene mutations associated with PDAC include KRas2, p16, TP53, and Smad4. Among these, Smad4 mutation is relatively specific and its inactivation is found in more than 50% of invasive pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Smad4 is a member of the Smad family of signal transducers and acts as a central mediator of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathways. The TGF-β signaling pathway promotes many physiological processes, including cell growth, differentiation, proliferation, fibrosis, and scar formation. It also plays a major role in the development of tumors through induction of angiogenesis and immune suppression. In this review, we will discuss the molecular mechanism of TGF-β/Smad4 signaling in the pathogenesis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma and its clinical implication, particularly potential as a prognostic factor and a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunjida Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, and Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Azore-Dee Bradshaw
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, and Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Shweta Gera
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, and Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - M Zahidunnabi Dewan
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, and Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Ruliang Xu
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, and Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Katz LH, Likhter M, Jogunoori W, Belkin M, Ohshiro K, Mishra L. TGF-β signaling in liver and gastrointestinal cancers. Cancer Lett 2016; 379:166-72. [PMID: 27039259 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) plays crucial and complex roles in liver and gastrointestinal cancers. These include a multitude of distinct functions, such as maintaining stem cell homeostasis, promoting fibrosis, immune modulating, as a tumor suppressor and paradoxically, as a tumor progressor. However, key mechanisms for the switches responsible for these distinct actions are poorly understood, and remain a challenge. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) analyses and genetically engineered mouse models now provide an integrated approach to dissect these multifaceted and context-dependent driving roles of the TGF-β pathway. In this review, we will discuss the molecular mechanisms of TGF-β signaling, focusing on colorectal, gastric, pancreatic, and liver cancers. Novel drugs targeting the TGF-β pathway have been developed over the last decade, and some have been proven effective in clinical trials. A better understanding of the TGF-β pathway may improve our ability to target it, thus providing more tools to the armamentarium against these deadly cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Katz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sheba Medical Center, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - M Likhter
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sheba Medical Center, Israel
| | - W Jogunoori
- Institute for Clinical Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - M Belkin
- Institute for Clinical Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - K Ohshiro
- Institute for Clinical Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - L Mishra
- Department of Surgery and GWU Cancer Center, George Washington University and DVAMC, Washington, DC, USA.
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Overexpression of transforming growth factor type III receptor restores TGF-β1 sensitivity in human tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells. Biosci Rep 2015. [PMID: 26205654 PMCID: PMC4613683 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20150141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Down-expression of transforming growth factor type III receptor (TβRIII) in tong squamous cell carcinoma clinical specimens. Overexpression of TβRIII restores TGF-β1 sensitivity in human CAL-27 tong squamous cell carcinoma cell. TβRIII over-expression affects TGF-β1-mediated activation of p38 and CDKN2b in CAL-27 cells. The transforming growth factor type III receptor (TβRIII), also known as β-glycan, is a multi-functional sensor that regulates growth, migration and apoptosis in most cancer cells. We hereby investigated the expression of TβRIII in clinical specimens of tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) and the underlying mechanism that TβRIII inhibits the growth of CAL-27 human oral squamous cells. The TSCC tissues showed a significant decrease in TβRIII protein expression as detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blot analysis. Transfection of TβRIII-containing plasmid DNA dramatically promoted TGF-β1 (10 ng/ml)-induced decrease in cell viability, apoptosis and cell arrest at the G0-/G1-phase. Moreover, transient overexpression of TβRIII enhanced the TGF-β1-induced cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2b (CDKN2b) and p38 protein activity, but did not affect the activities of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2 (JNK1/2) in CAL-27 cells. These results suggest overexpression of TβRIII receptor restored TGF-β1 sensitivity in CAL-27 cells, which may provide some new insights on exploiting this molecule therapeutically.
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Gómez-Gil V, Pascual G, Pérez-Köhler B, Cifuentes A, Buján J, Bellón JM. Involvement of transforming growth factor-β3 and betaglycan in the cytoarchitecture of postoperative omental adhesions. J Surg Res 2013; 187:699-711. [PMID: 24332552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adhesions commonly appear in patients after abdominal surgery, with considerable individual variation in adhesion composition and severity of the repair process. Here, we address the influence of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β3 and betaglycan in this response, in relation to TGF-β1, in an adhesiogenic rabbit model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Omental adhesions were recovered 3, 7, 14, and 90 d after the implantation of a polypropylene mesh on the parietal peritoneum in New Zealand White rabbits. Omentum from nonoperated animals served as control. Tissue specimens were examined for TGF-β3 and TGF-β1 (Western blotting, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction), and TGF-β1:TGF-β3 messenger RNA and protein expression ratios were analyzed. Immunohistochemical detection of TGF-β3 and betaglycan was performed. RESULTS Injury to the omentum led to mobilization of TGF-β3 and betaglycan-expressing cells from milky spots. Fibrous zones in adhesions were simultaneous to the presence of TGF-β1 and the membrane-bound form of betaglycan (7-d adhesions), whereas soluble betaglycan appeared in TGF-β1-positive areas showing limited fibrosis (3-d adhesions). The elevated expression of TGF-β3 concurrent with the presence of membrane-bound form of betaglycan was observed in zones of adipose regeneration (14-d adhesions), whereas zones of fibrous consistency were negative for TGF-β3. CONCLUSIONS Milky spots on the omentum contain inflammatory/immune cells positive for TGF-β3, TGF-β1, and betaglycan, playing a role in the damaged omentum repair. Our observations support the contribution of TGF-β3 to tissue repair through adipose tissue regeneration and the profibrotic role of TGF-β1 and suggest that these effects on the local wound repair response could be driven by the expression of betaglycan in its soluble or membrane-bound form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Gómez-Gil
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Pascual
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bárbara Pérez-Köhler
- Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences, Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Cifuentes
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Buján
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan M Bellón
- Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences, Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway has a pivotal role in tumor suppression and yet, paradoxically, in tumor promotion. Functional context dependent insights into the TGF-β pathway are crucial in developing TGF-β-based therapeutics for cancer. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the molecular mechanism of the TGF-β pathway and describes the different ways of tumor suppression by TGF-β. It is then explained how tumors can evade these effects and how TGF-β contributes to further growing and spreading of some of the tumors. In the last part of the review, the data on targeting TGF-β pathway for cancer treatment is assessed. This review focuses on anti-TGF-β based treatment and other options targeting activated pathways in tumors where the TGF-β tumor suppressor pathway is lost. Pre-clinical as well up to date results of the most recent clinical trials are given. EXPERT OPINION Targeting the TGF-β pathway can be a promising direction in cancer treatment. However, several challenges still exist, the most important are differentiating between the carcinogenic effects of TGF-β and its other physiological roles, and delineating the tumor suppressive versus the tumor promoting roles of TGF-β in each specific tumor. Future studies are needed in order to find safer and more effective TGF-β-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior H Katz
- Visiting Scientist, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, & Nutrition, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Assistant Professor (Research), The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, & Nutrition, Dr. Lopa Mishra’s Lab, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jiun-Sheng Chen
- Research Assistant II, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, & Nutrition, Dr. Lopa Mishra’s Lab, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nina M Muñoz
- Research Scientist, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, & Nutrition, Dr. Lopa Mishra’s Lab, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Avijit Majumdar
- Postdoctoral Fellow, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, & Nutrition, Dr.Lopa Mishra’s Lab, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jian Chen
- Instructor, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, & Nutrition, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lopa Mishra
- Del and Dennis McCarthy Distinguished Professor and Chair, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, & Nutrition, Houston, TX, USA, Tel: +1 713 794 3221; Fax: +1 713 745 1886
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Transient overexpression of TGFBR3 induces apoptosis in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE-2Z cells. Biosci Rep 2013; 33:e00029. [PMID: 23387308 PMCID: PMC3596095 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20120047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
NPC (nasopharyngeal carcinoma) is a common malignancy in southern China without defined aetiology. Recent studies have shown that TGFBR3 (transforming growth factor type III receptor, also known as betaglycan), exhibits anticancer activities. This study was to investigate the effects of TGFBR3 on NPC growth and the mechanisms for its actions. Effects of TGFBR3 overexpression on cell viability and apoptosis were measured by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide], AO/EB (acridine orange/ethidium bromide) staining and electron microscopy in human NPC CNE-2Z cells. The expression of apoptosis-related proteins, p-Bad, Bad, XIAP (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis), AIF (apoptosis-inducing factor), Bax and Bcl-2, was determined by Western blot or immunofluorescence analysis. Caspase 3 activity was measured by caspase 3 activity kit and [Ca2+]i (intracellular Ca2+ concentration) was detected by confocal microscopy. Transfection of TGFBR3 containing plasmid DNA at concentrations of 0.5 and 1 μg/ml reduced viability and induced apoptosis in CNE-2Z in concentration- and time-dependent manners. Forced expression of TGFBR3 up-regulated pro-apoptotic Bad and Bax protein, and down-regulated anti-apoptotic p-Bad, Bcl-2 and XIAP protein. Furthermore, transient overexpression of TGFBR3 also enhanced caspase 3 activity, increased [Ca2+]i and facilitated AIF redistribution from the mitochondria to the nucleus in CNE-2Z cells, which is independent of the caspase 3 pathway. These events were associated with TGFBR3-regulated multiple targets involved in CNE-2Z proliferation. Therefore transient overexpression of TGFBR3 may be a novel strategy for NPC prevention and therapy.
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Pei L, Bao Y, Liu S, Zheng J, Chen X. Material basis of Chinese herbal formulas explored by combining pharmacokinetics with network pharmacology. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57414. [PMID: 23468985 PMCID: PMC3585395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical application of Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), using several herbs in combination (called formulas), has a history of more than one thousand years. However, the bioactive compounds that account for their therapeutic effects remain unclear. We hypothesized that the material basis of a formula are those compounds with a high content in the decoction that are maintained at a certain level in the system circulation. Network pharmacology provides new methodological insights for complicated system studies. In this study, we propose combining pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis with network pharmacology to explore the material basis of TCM formulas as exemplified by the Bushen Zhuanggu formula (BZ) composed of Psoralea corylifolia L., Aconitum carmichaeli Debx., and Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cuss. A sensitive and credible liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was established for the simultaneous determination of 15 compounds present in the three herbs. The concentrations of these compounds in the BZ decoction and in rat plasma after oral BZ administration were determined. Up to 12 compounds were detected in the BZ decoction, but only 5 could be analyzed using PK parameters. Combined PK results, network pharmacology analysis revealed that 4 compounds might serve as the material basis for BZ. We concluded that a sensitive, reliable, and suitable LC-MS/MS method for both the composition and pharmacokinetic study of BZ has been established. The combination of PK with network pharmacology might be a potent method for exploring the material basis of TCM formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Pei
- Pharmacology Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Shen WD, Liu PF, Liu BT, Xiang B, Zhang W. Expression of TGF-β1 and Smad2 in human gastric cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:1238-1241. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i14.1238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the correlation of the expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 (Smad2) with the carcinogenesis and tumor progression of human gastric cancer.
METHODS: Western blot and real-time PCR were used to detect the expression of TGF-β1 and Smad2 protein and mRNA in 45 cases of gastric cancer and matched normal gastric mucosal tissues.
RESULTS: The positive rates of TGF-β1 and Smad2 protein expression were significantly higher in gastric cancer than in normal gastric mucosa (77.8% vs 33.3%, 73.3% vs 26.7%, both P < 0.05). The positive rates of TGF-β1 and Smad2 mRNA expression were also significantly higher in gastric cancer than in normal tissue (88.9% vs 35.6%, 84.4% vs 31.1%, both P < 0.05). The protein expression of TGF-β1 and Smad2 was correlated with pathological grade, lesion depth, lymph node metastasis and vessel invasion.
CONCLUSION: Overexpression of TGF-β1 and Smad2 may play an important role in the development and progression of gastric cancer.
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